Abstract: A tubing hanger suspension assembly for an oil and gas well completion system and a method of installing same. The tubing hanger suspension assembly includes a tubing hanger housing which is positioned in the wellhead housing. The tubing hanger assembly includes a sealing and lockdown mechanism capable of providing sealing and load support of the production tubing in the production casing string. A stab sub assembly connected to the upper end of the tubing hanger suspension assembly and lower end of the Christmas tree assembly provides downhole hydraulic and electric functionality and annulus access to the production tubing.

Abstract: A securing device comprises an axially reciprocable drive shaft which has a head adapted to pass forwards through a detent plate. The head is adapted to engage the plate after rotation. A cam slot is defined in a drive housing and is engageable by a cam follower carried on the drive shaft. The cam slot has two end portions extending parallel to the axis of the drive shaft and an oblique intermediate part such that the drive shaft is rotated when the follower moves along the intermediate part and the drive shaft moves only axially when the follower moves along either of the end portions. A subsea assembly including the securing device includes a fixed stab plate including a central collar, and a free stab plate having an aperture through which said collar extends, the collar including an chamber defined by the detent plate.

Abstract: A locking tree cap for use on a subsea tree. The tree cap may be installed and retrieved using a remote operated vehicle. The tree cap may include deflectable collet fingers that lock the tree cap to a tree spool. The deflectable collet fingers may be adapted, such as with enlarged heads, to extend into recesses of the tree spool when the tree cap has been landed on the tree spool. The tree cap may be locked onto a tree spool before energizing sealing members within the bores of the subsea tree, thereby protecting the sealing members from damage during the installation of the tree cap onto the tree spool. The tree cap may include soft landing means such as a plastic cap, on the end of stabs to protect the sealing members as the tree cap is landed. The tree cap may include a secondary locking mechanism used to further secure the tree cap to the tree spool.

Abstract: A technique for subsea intervention operations enables pressure control to be accomplished at the surface while borehole fluid control is exercised at the seabed. A compliant guide extends between a subsea well installation and a surface location, such as a surface intervention vessel. A buffer fluid is deployed within the compliant guide to maintain the borehole fluids proximate the seabed. The buffer fluid also enables pressure control over the buffer fluid and the borehole fluid to be performed from the surface. Additionally, a flexible conveyance can be used to move intervention tools through the compliant guide.

Abstract: Described herein a single bore, high flow junction plate and flow line assembly adapted for use subsea. This junction plate may be adapted for use with a torque tool manipulated by a remotely operated vehicle (“ROV”).

Abstract: A blowout preventer stack landing assist tool and landing tool adapter joint for use with a standard telescoping joint used in oil and gas drilling operations that allows lifting and moving of the riser string and blowout preventer stack without requiring disconnection of the telescoping joint, tensioning lines and associated piping from the riser string connection.

Abstract: An anchoring method and device, for anchoring a pipeline to a seabed. The pipeline may extend from a well which is located on a seabed to a floating platform. Tension forces which are exerted on the pipeline by the platform are diverted into the seabed by the anchoring device.

Abstract: A jacking frame for an oil well offshore platform is provided that includes a support structure; a coiled tubing injector supported by the support structure and having a longitudinal axis; and a centralizer attached to the support structure, which moves a wellhead of the platform into alignment with the longitudinal axis of the coiled tubing injector.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a whipstock assembly (100) for use in forming a lateral borehole from a parent wellbore. The whipstock assembly comprises a body (122) and a deflection member 120) above the body. The deflection member includes a concave portion (111) for deflecting a milling bit during a milling operation. Disposed on a perforation plate (110) portion of the concave portion is a raised surface feature (116). The raised surface supports a milling bit above the perforation plate portion during a milling operation. This, in turn, substantially prevents frictional contact between the milling bits and the perforation plate portion during a milling operation. The present invention also provides a novel method for manufacturing a whipstock in which a cavity portion is formed behind the perforation plate by milling out the backside of the deflection member and then joining a second back cover member to the whipstock body to complete the assembly.

Abstract: An assembly for connecting a jumper to a subsea structure. The assembly comprises a jumper connector attached to an end of the jumper that has a vertically disposed main body adapted for receiving a plurality of lines, which connect into a corresponding plurality of vertically oriented female couplers disposed within the main body. The connector assembly further comprises a mating socket attached to the subsea structure that has a substantially cylindrically shaped main housing formed with a longitudinal slot and a corresponding plurality of vertically oriented male couplers. A remotely operated vehicle (ROV) vertically aligns the jumper connector with the mating socket and connects the plurality of female couplers to the corresponding plurality of male couplers.

Abstract: A distributed function control module adapted for use in a modular blowout preventer (BOP) stack for use subsea comprises a housing, adapted to be manipulated by a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) with a stab portion adapted to be received into a BOP stack control module receiver. Control electronics, adapted to control a predetermined function with respect to the BOP stack, are disposed within the housing and connected to one or more controllable devices by a wet mateable connector interface.

Abstract: Method intended for automatic control of an underwater pipe for connecting the lower end of the pipe to a wellhead, wherein the following stages are carried out: Stage 1: determining a mathematical model expressing the position of the lower end of the pipe as a function of the position of the upper end of the pipe, Stage 2: determining a reference path leading to the wellhead, Stage 3: from the mathematical model determined in stage 1, determining control laws allowing to control the path of the lower end of the pipe, Stage 4: applying determined motions to the upper end of the pipe so that the position of the lower end is as close as possible to the reference path determined in stage 2.

Abstract: An outer wellhead housing has an external locator member initially oriented in a desired direction. An inner wellhead housing lands in the outer wellhead housing. A BOP orientation spool with an external orientation member and an internal orientation member lands on the inner wellhead housing and orients via the external locator member. A tubing hanger with an orientation member and associated tubing hanger running tool with another orientation member lower through the BOP orientation spool and orient as they land in the inner wellhead housing. A production tree with an orientation member on a lower end lands on the inner wellhead housing. The orientation member of the production tree engages the orientation member of the tubing hanger to rotate the tree to a desired orientation.

Abstract: A running tool 10, a lockdown sleeve 27, and a seal ring 24 are provided for axially fixing upward movement of a tubular hanger with respect to a subsea wellhead. The running tool 10 includes a tool latching and unlatching mechanism 51 for axially connecting the running tool to the subsea wellhead housing, a tool force applicator 64 for exerting a downward setting force, and a sleeve latching mechanism 73 for securing the lockdown sleeve to the subsea wellhead housing 20. The seal 24 is provided between the lockdown sleeve and one of the tubular hanger and the wellhead housing. The method of the invention includes running the tool and sleeve in open water to the subsea wellhead housing, locking the tool to the housing, setting the seal, locking the sleeve to the housing, then retrieving the tool in open water.

Abstract: A subsea well assembly has a guideframe that receives a control pod. The guideframe is in fluid communication with either a blow-out preventer (BOP), a lower marine riser package (LMRP), or both. The control pod is in communication with a vessel, and is used to control the functions of the BOP, the LMRP, or both. Electrical and hydraulic communications are established between the control pod with little or no assistance from a remote operated vehicle. A piston is used to extend a stab assembly into engagement with control panels that are in communication with the BOP and LMRP. The stab assembly can be locked in its upper position while being lowered and landed in the guideframe, and in its lower position after registering with the control panels. Springs and slideable plates help align electrical connections to the BOP and LMRP upon engagement of stab assemblies and stab receptor assemblies.

Abstract: A latchdown mechanism 11 latches a control pod 10 to a lower mounting plate 14 of a subsea tree. A receptacle housing 12 secured to subsea tree receives the control pod therein and has an interior latching surface 13 at an upper end of the receptacle housing. A latchdown actuator 15 is supported on the control pod, and moves a plurality of gripping arms 22 for engagement and disengagement with the latching surface to selectively connect and disconnect the control pod 12 to the structure in response to the latchdown actuator.

Abstract: A rotatable pipeline end termination. A conduit is attached to an end of the pipeline. One or more collars are attached to the conduit. A ring is rotatably received on the collar. A pipeline support structure such as a flat bottom closed skid having the function of a mud mat is attached to the ring. The ring may be free floating for rotation or may be manually activated to rotate the termination to the correct orientation so as to be flat on the sea floor for full bearing contact.

Abstract: An ROV, wireline or diver installed subsea xmas tree debris cap has an integral corrosion inhibitor/biocide provided in the form of a solid block which is wrapped in a water soluble membrane bag. The block is suspended inside the debris cap in a basket or perforated container. After installation of the debris cap, the membrane and solid block will dissolve and sanitize the stagnant water, thereby protecting all materials from corrosion for a number of years. The debris cap also includes an environmental seal in the form of a single O ring. Furthermore, the debris cap is simplified in that it does not include a conventional debris cap-to-xmas tree lockdown mechanism.

Abstract: A system that is usable with subsea wells that extend beneath a sea floor includes a station that is located on the sea floor and an underwater vehicle. The underwater vehicle is housed in the station and is adapted to service at least one of the subsea wells.

Abstract: A frame is used to land on a base and soft land a connector receptacle on the end of a flowline to a mandrel protruding from the base. After the frame lands on the base, the frame and the receptacle are pushed toward the base, which causes frame latching members to latch the frame to the base. The frame holds the base and the receptacle is still above the mandrel. The frame and receptacle are pushed further towards the base and the connector receptacle abuts the mandrel. The connector receptacle moves relative to the frame as the frame is pushed closer to the base, which causes an actuator on the frame to move dogs on the receptacle to engage the mandrel and lock the receptacle to the mandrel. The frame can move away from the mandrel and continue to be latched to the base while disengaging the receptacle from the mandrel.

Abstract: A latchdown mechanism 11 latches a control pod 10 to a lower mounting plate 14 of a subsea tree. A receptacle housing 12 secured to subsea tree receives the control pod therein and has an interior latching surface 13 at an upper end of the receptacle housing. A latchdown actuator 15 is supported on the control pod, and moves a plurality of gripping arms 22 for engagement and disengagement with the latching surface to selectively connect and disconnect the control pod 12 to the structure in response to the latchdown actuator.

Abstract: An offshore drilling rig contains a heavy-duty support cart that straddles the moonpool and rides on rails. A funnel-shaped hole extends through the support cart, and a cutout on one side of the cart provides lateral access to the hole. The cart can be moved to the region of the rotary assembly, where a length of tubulars can be suspended from the cart. For instance, when the BOP is pulled out for installation of the Xmas tree assembly, the BOP and attached riser can be pulled up above the seabed and hung from the support cart, then moved laterally out of the way while the Xmas tree assembly is installed. This lateral movement lowers the possibility of collision between the BOP and Xmas tree assembly. The BOP assembly can then be disassembled and at a later time, or hung until is needed for an adjacent borehole. In a preferred embodiment, the cart is included on multi-activity rigs with more than one load path, hoist, and rotary assembly.

Abstract: A subsea oil and/or gas exploitation device, comprising at least one guide member (5) for guiding subsea equipment that is to be landed and connected to said device into a connecting position in relation to said device. Said at least one guide member (5) comprises an array of projections (6) provided for the purpose of engaging corresponding recesses (8) arranged in a corresponding guide member (7) of the subsea equipment.

Abstract: A riser guide is for use on a floating offshore platform, the platform comprises a topsides and a substructure having a lower pontoon, and at least one riser extends from a subsea location to the topsides. A number of riser guides are located in a guide housing which is secured to the platform. Each riser guide comprises a support arm rotatably mounted in the guide housing. A roller for laterally guiding the riser is rotatably mounted in an end of the support arm. A vertically movable wedge which is used for lifting the guide housing is connected to the support arm. During lifting of the guide housing the wedge lifts the support arm and the roller to an inactive position. When installing the riser guides, the guide housing and the riser guides are placed around the riser at the topsides, and lowered down in place by lifting gear connected to the wedges.

Abstract: Systems and methods for time, and labor efficient construction and production of subsea wells include a surface blowout preventer stack, a high pressure riser, and a drill thru Xmas tree. The systems may further comprise a subsea shut off and disconnect device.

Abstract: A modular control system having independently and separately retrievable parts for use on subsea equipment, including subsea Christmas trees, and subsea manifolds.

Abstract: A riser guide system is for use on a floating offshore platform, the platform comprises a topsides and a substructure having a lower pontoon, and at least one riser extends from a subsea location to the topsides. A permanent guide is secured to the pontoon, a primary guide is located in the permanent guide, a secondary guide is located in the primary guide, and riser guides are located in the secondary guide and face the riser. In a method for installing the riser guide system, both the primary guide, the secondary guide and the riser guides are placed around the riser at the topsides, and lowered down to the pontoon.

Abstract: The subsea intervention system (SIM) includes a BOP module 10 and CT module 20. A tool positioning system 76 is used for positioning a selected subsea tool 22 stored within a rack 18 with a tool axis in line with the BOP axis, while a marinized coiled string injector 80 is moved by positioning system 81 to an inactive position. Power to the subsea electric motors 162 is supplied by an electrical line umbilical extending from the surface for powering the pumps 164, with the hydraulic system controlled by power control unit 198. The injector 80 preferably includes a pressure compensator roller bearing 220 and a pressure compensated drive system case 254.

Abstract: A method for controlling subsea drilling operations including, in at least certain aspects, controlling the subsea drilling operations with a control system having three subsea pod containers of a control system, each with apparatus for controlling the subsea drilling operations, the system also having activation apparatus for activating a chosen one of the subsea pod containers and maintenance apparatus for maintaining the two subsea pod containers other than the chosen one in a standby mode providing triple redundancy of control of the subsea drilling operations.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a riser pipe element comprising a main tube (5), connection means (2) at both ends, at least one auxiliary pipe length (4) arranged substantially parallel to the tube. The auxiliary pipe length is secured at both ends to the connection means of the main tube so that the longitudinal mechanical stresses to which the connection means are subjected are distributed in the tube and in the pipe.

Abstract: The invention is a subsea umbilical termination assembly (UTA) for use with a launch system mounted on a vessel, wherein the UTA involves a lift point, a guide surrounding a connector attached to the lift point, a housing with a mandrel for engaging the connector and at least one interface, numerous flying leads connected to the housing, a base for the housing, and an emergency quick disconnect connected to the mandrel, wherein the disconnect has a hydraulic connector that engages hydraulic pistons that can then disengage numerous locking dogs enabling the hydraulic connector to disengage from the UTA, and wherein the interface in the housing connects to an electrical umbilical, a fiber optic cable, or hydraulic umbilical.

Abstract: A system and method for lessening impact on Christmas trees during downhole operations involving Christmas trees, by way of example and not limitation such as cementing processes. The system comprises an outer housing defining a chamber, a lubricator assembly disposed in the outer housing, and an inner sleeve slidably disposable within the chamber. The method uses the system of the present invention by inserting the inner sleeve into the lubricator assembly; lowering the inner sleeve into the Christmas tree to a predetermined position extending into a tubing hanger associated with the tree; introducing fluids through a fluid line coupled to the lubricator assembly, the fluids passing through a conduit within the inner sleeve into the wellbore; and retrieving the lubricator assembly upon completion of fluid introduction into the wellbore. In alternative embodiments, the inner sleeve may be retracted and withdrawn with the lubricator assembly upon completion of fluid introduction into the wellbore.

Abstract: The disclosure defined by this invention is a method and assembly for conducting wireline operations in a deep, subsea location, which includes providing a rig on the surface of a body of water, having a riser extending from the rig floor to the floor of the deep body of water; an annular preventer positioned on the end of the riser on the sea floor; a plurality of blowout preventers positioned below the riser to prevent a blowout into the riser; and, a wireline subsea blowout preventer control head assembly. A lubricator is lowered into the riser, with the control head assembly attached thereto, and wherein the wireline tool is disposed within the control head assembly. The lubricator is position within the annular preventer. Wireline operations may then be conducted. If a blowout occurs during wireline operations, any pressure would be prevented from entering the riser, and would be contained by the control head assembly. Thereafter, the assembly and lubricator is rigged down.

Abstract: A system and method for lessening impact on Christmas trees during downhole operations involving Christmas trees, by way of example and not limitation such as cementing processes. The system comprises an outer housing defining a chamber, a lubricator assembly disposed in the outer housing, and an inner sleeve slidably disposable within the chamber. The method uses the system of the present invention by inserting the inner sleeve into the lubricator assembly; lowering the inner sleeve into the Christmas tree to a predetermined position extending into a tubing hanger associated with the tree; introducing fluids through a fluid line coupled to the lubricator assembly, the fluids passing through a conduit within the inner sleeve into the wellbore; and retrieving the lubricator assembly upon completion of fluid introduction into the wellbore. In alternative embodiments, the inner sleeve may be retracted and withdrawn with the lubricator assembly upon completion of fluid introduction into the wellbore.

Abstract: A standard ROV/manual gate valve operating mechanism is used to move a bore selector between the production and annulus bores of a completion. The ROV operation could be via torsion or linear action. The positioning of the selector may be hydraulically linked to the functioning of retainer valves. Alternatively, the operating mechanism may be for one of the retainer valves, with a mechanical linkage for actuation of the bore selector.

Abstract: A connection between a riser and a receptacle of a floating platform may be preloaded to reduce fatigue. The platform has a receptacle with upper and lower grooved profiles. A hanger is connected to the upper end of the riser. The hanger has a latch that engages the lower grooved profile in the receptacle to resist downward pull of the riser. A tieback connection inserts from above into the receptacle. The tieback connection has an outer member that lands on the hanger. The outer member has a latch that engages the upper grooved profile. The tieback connection also has an inner member with a set of internal threads. Threads on the inner member engage threads on the latch, rotating the inner member relative to the outer member exerts an outward force on the tieback connection latch. As the latch is pushed into the tieback grooved profile, a downward preload force is created, which passes to the hanger latch.

Abstract: An underwater well system in which an initially vertical drilling riser conduit (5A) is fixed by a template at the seabed in a non-vertical orientation. Drilling is carried out through wellhead in the template which also includes a valve tree allowing the production fluid to be brought to the surface along a line separate from the drilling riser conduit. The template may be a junction template allowing several wells to be drilled from a single template, or allowing the template to be connected by one or more drilling conduits to further templates such that a wide area of the seabed can be covered for a single drilling riser conduit.

Abstract: An improvement in a side element of a drilling template for wells at sea for extracting hydrocarbons, wherein the side element is connected to a central section of the drilling template and projects horizontally out therefrom. The side element is arranged to carry equipment of various types. According to the invention the side element comprises a coupling section for releasable connection with a coupling section of the equipment.

Abstract: A subsea wellhead completion system and method for independently retrieving or deploying a subsea completion with a wellhead housing adapted to be supported on a seabed, a tree atop the wellhead housing with a fine alignment key for aligning the tree with the wellhead housing, a tubing hanger atop the tree with a production and an annular tubing string extending downwardly, numerous ports on the tree, engagable gates to open and close one or more of the ports, a deployable running tool that can manipulate the gates and wherein the tubing hanger is composed of the slidably ignitable gates connected to a way for retracting or extending outer seals of the tubing hanger and provide a blocking position against an inner seal and an unblocking position for fluid communication of the bores with each ports of the tubing hanger tree.

Abstract: A method of casing multilateral wells and associated apparatus provide increased diameter in wellbores drilled below a casing splitter. In a described embodiment, a casing splitter is positioned in a subsea wellbore with a minimum restriction of 18.565″, with the casing splitter attached at a lower end of a 13⅜″ casing string. Two 8½″ bores extend through a lower end of the casing splitter, whereby only one standard casing size is skipped due to the wellbore junction formed by the casing splitter.

Abstract: A method for retrieving a subsea pod from a lower marine riser package platform by connecting a buoyant pod retriever to the subsea pod and raising the subsea pod to the surface. In certain aspects, such a method is accomplished without an interruption of associated subsea drilling operations and/or without disconnecting the lower marine riser package from an associated subsea stack. Such a method, in certain aspects, includes: positioning a retrieval module above the pod container, the retrieval module having a pod holder releasably connected thereto; disconnecting the pod holder from the retrieval module; lowering the pod holder to the pod container and releasably connecting the pod holder to the pod container; releasing the pod container from the subsea lower marine riser platform; raising the pod holder to the retrieval module and releasably connecting the pod holder with the pod container to the retrieval module; and raising the retrieval module with the pod container to a location at the surface.

Abstract: A tubing handling for subsea oilfield tubing operations, includes an isolation tube to mechanically and/or chemically protect the drill string and improved passage of the drill string and fluid return line to the drilling vessel that further protects them during drilling use. In addition, the improvements include an automatic safety apparatus to hold against unintended movement of the tubular members under extreme length and weight conditions as well as against human error at the rig. Further, the invention includes multi-segment coiled tubing drill strings that can be adapted to drilling requirements in a deep wellbore.

Abstract: A mounting device for mounting a Christmas tree on a wellhead at sea, for use during a lowering of the Christmas tree from a platform to a drilling template which is located on the seabed. The mounting device includes an adaptor with end sections for connection with respective sections of the drilling template and the Christmas tree. The end sections of the adaptor have alignment bodies which are arranged for engagement with coacting alignment bodies of the drilling template and the Christmas tree.

Abstract: A flowline jumper handling apparatus for supporting a flowline jumper in a generally horizontal position as it is offloaded from a surface structure with a first lifting apparatus and then supporting the flowline jumper in a generally vertical position as it is lowered to a subsea structure with a second lifting apparatus. The flowline jumper handling apparatus comprises an elongated spreader bar, at least one first cable connecting the spreader bar to the flowline jumper, at least one second cable connecting the spreader bar to a through member, at least one third cable connecting the through member to the second lifting apparatus, at least one fourth cable passing through the through member and connecting the flowline jumper to the first lifting apparatus, and a restricting member for preventing a portion of the fourth cable from passing through the through member.

Abstract: A method and system of subsea intervention comprises lowering one or more assemblies of intervention equipment into the sea. Underwater marine units (such as remote operated vehicles or small submarines) may be employed to connect the assemblies to each other and to the subsea wellhead equipment. The subsea wellhead equipment includes a carrier line spool (e.g., coiled tubing spool, wireline spool, slickline spool) and equipment to inject a carrier line from the carrier line spool into the subsea well. The carrier line spool can be located underwater, such as on the sea floor or positioned above the subsea wellhead equipment. The carrier line spool can also be located on a sea vessel. Also, to switch tools, a carousel system having multiple chambers containing different types of tools can be used.

Abstract: An underwater or severe environment electrical connector, comprising first and second connector parts which are to be brought together in longitudinal alignment to establish electrical contact between respective contact portions of the first and second connector parts, the connector parts being relatively rotatable about a longitudinal axis when the connector parts are disconnected, and the contact portions being laterally spaced from said longitudinal axis and being arranged to make said electrical contact when the connector parts are connected, irrespective of the relative rotational positions of the first and second connector parts about said longitudinal axis.

Abstract: A device automatically makes up a riser string from riser spools, each having an ancillary line and dog-type connectors. A support member supports a second riser spool for connection. A torque arm above the support member hinges open to accept a first riser spool and hinges close to engage the first spool and rotate the first spool to align its ancillary line with the ancillary line of the second spool. A guide arm above the support member hinges open to accept the first spool and hinges closed to engage and radially position the first spool while allowing vertical movement of the first spool. Connector actuators are positioned around the support member to actuate the connectors when the first spool is lowered onto the second spool.

Abstract: A latching assembly includes a first mating portion and a second mating portion disposed adjacent and rotationally restrained relative to the first mating portion. A first cam member having a first cam profile is mounted on the first mating portion. A second cam member having a second cam profile is mounted on the second mating portion. The second cam profile is adapted to inter-fit with the first cam profile. Torque induced by the cam members when the cam profiles are engaging rotates the first cam member until the first cam profile is inter-fitted with the second cam profile.

Abstract: An apparatus for securing a mandrel of a well tool in an operative position in which the mandrel is packed off against a fixed-point in the well is described. The apparatus includes a mechanical lockdown mechanism to secure the tool to the wellhead and maintain the mandrel in proximity to the fixed-point for packoff, and a mechanical or a hydraulic mechanism to move the mandrel into the operative position while the mechanical lockdown mechanism is in a lockdown position. A second mechanical locking mechanism is provided to ensure the mandrel is maintained in the operative position in the event that hydraulic pressure is lost. The invention provides a mechanism to lock down well tools requiring fixed-point packoff in a well and advantageously improves the range of adjustment of the lockdown mechanism so that the length of a mandrel may be less precisely matched to a distance from a top of the wellhead to the fixed-point in the well.

Abstract: A bore selection apparatus (38) is described for facilitating access from a single bore riser to a production bore (34,34a) or annulus bore (36, 36a) without using a wireline-run whipstock. The bore selector apparatus disposed within the bore of a BOP stack (12) and which can be coupled between casing or tubing and a sub-sea test tree. The bore selector apparatus (38) can be actuated from the surface or from an ROV to provide a coupling between the tubing bore (44) and the production bore (34, 34a) or between the tubing bore (44) and the smaller annulus bore (36, 36a).