Abstract: A hand-actuated earth auger of the type used to drill water wells, for taking soil samples, or other similar purposes is disclosed. It consists of a spiral or bladed earth drill, extended with one stem rod consisting of one or more stem segments, and one tee handle mounted on a handle collar. The handle collar can be clamped at any height along the stem rod, while the tee handle can be attached to the handle collar in two configurations, resulting in two different heights of the handle. These features allow the operator to lift the auger out of the ground by doing a seated calf raise in two quick increments, corresponding to the two configurations of the tee handle. It also allows the stem rod to be assembled of fewer, but longer stem segments, thus saving on cost.

Abstract: The present invention provides a pneumatic hand tool with adjustable operating angle, comprising a grip body and a tool head body interconnected with each other. The grip body has a grip flow channel, and said tool head body has a tool head flow channel. The grip body and said tool head body are interconnected through two rotary joint faces to form a joint portion capable of adjustment of the operating angle. The two rotary joint faces respectively have connecting areas for uniform circumferential motion and high pressure air ports configured along the rotation center. And the two rotary joint faces are inclined to facilitate adjustment of the operating angle of said tool head, and to ensure good air tightness of the high pressure air ports inside the joint portion.

Abstract: A mast and rack assembly for a mining machine includes a mast and a rack assembly coupled to the mast. The rack assembly includes outer rails and rack segments disposed between the outer rails and the mast. At least one of the outer rails overlaps two of the rack segments.

Abstract: A drilling rig system for obtaining high trip rates separates the transport of tubular stands in and out of their setback position into a first function, delivery and retrieval of tubular stands in well center position as a second function; and the functions intersect at a stand hand-off position where tubular stands are set down for exchange between tubular handling equipment. A drilling rig has a tubular delivery arm that vertically translates the mast in a non-conflicting path with a top drive. The tubular delivery arm is operable to deliver tubular stands between a catwalk, stand hand-off, mousehole, and/or well center positions. An upper racking arm moves tubular stands between a racked position in the racking module and a stand hand-off position between the mast and racking module. An upper support constraint stabilizes tubular stands at the stand hand-off position.

Abstract: The disclosed embodiments provide a drilling rig having a tubular delivery arm that vertically translates the mast in a non-conflicting path with a retractable top drive. The retractable top drive translates a well center path and a rearward retracted path. The tubular delivery arm is operable to deliver tubular stands between a catwalk, stand hand-off, mousehole, and well center positions. An upper racking mechanism moves tubular stands between a racked position of the racking module and a stand hand-off position between the mast and racking module. A lower racking mechanism controls the movement of the lower end of the tubular stand being moved coincident to the movements of the upper racking mechanism. An upper support constraint stabilizes tubular stands at the stand hand-off position. A lower stabilizing arm guides the lower end of tubular stands between the catwalk, stand hand-off, mousehole, and well center positions.

Abstract: The drilling rig includes a first substructure and a second substructure. The second substructure is positioned generally parallel to and spaced apart from the first substructure and generally the same height as the first substructure. The drilling rig further includes a drill floor coupled to the first and second substructures, where the drill floor positioned substantially at the top of the first and second substructures.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an electromechanical locker system may include providing a set of lockers with coin-operated locks. The coin-operated locks may be removed from the set of lockers. A conduit may be extended along and connected to a frame member from which the coin-operated locks had previously been positioned. Electromechanical lock units may be attached to the conduit so as to replace the coin-operated locks. A retrofitted coin-operated locker bank may include a coin-operated locker bank including a multiple lockers having respective doors, where the coin-operated locker bank is free of coin-operated locks. A conduit may be connected to a frame member and extend vertically adjacent to the hinged doors of a column of lockers. Multiple electromechanical lock units may be attached to the conduit so as to replace the coin-operated locks.

Abstract: Disclosed is a five axis machining apparatus. The five axis machining apparatus comprises a base member, a support member, a stationary base, a first moving plate, a second moving plate, a third moving plate, a fourth moving frame, a fifth moving frame and a controller (not shown). The five axis machining apparatus is designed to hold together A, C and X axes thereby resulting in a reduced size without compromising on rigidity that is required for processing metallic job components. The five axis machining apparatus allows independent as well as simultaneous control of X, Y, Z, A and C axes.

Abstract: An electric tool includes a gripping portion, a working portion rotatably connected to the gripping portion about an axis, an output shaft moving in a reciprocating manner and accommodated in the working portion, and a gear box accommodated in the gripping portion for driving the output shaft. The gear box has an opening so that the output shaft is moveable from one end to the other end of the opening when the working portion is rotated relative to the gripping portion about the axis. A leakage-preventing device, such as a bushing, is arranged at the opening so that the lubricating grease can be avoided from leaking.

Abstract: The present invention is an articulating hand power tool with a main housing having a longitudinal axis, a head portion rotatably engaged with the main housing for placement at a plurality of angles with respect to the longitudinal axis of the main housing, an integrated circuit board located within the main housing and at least one controller accessible from outside of the main housing for controlling the integrated circuit board.

Abstract: An articulating head of a power tool is disclosed in the present invention, which includes a base member adapted to couple to a main body of the power tool, an articulating member pivotably connected to the base member, and a locking device coupled to the articulating member for locking an orientation of the articulating member with respect to the base member. The base member contains a first power transmission part which is capable of receiving mechanical driving power from the main body of the power tool. The articulating member contains a second power transmission part mechanically coupled to the first power transmission part. The locking device has an actuation lever rotatable about a pivot axis between a free position and a lock position.

Abstract: Present embodiments are directed to a top drive system having a top drive, a bogey chassis, wherein the top drive is coupled with the bogey chassis, an upper bushing coupling the bogey chassis to a torque track, and a lower bushing coupling the bogey chassis to the torque track, wherein the upper and lower bushings are configured to translate along the torque track.

Abstract: The present invention is an articulating hand power tool with a main housing having a longitudinal axis, a head portion rotatably engaged with the main housing for placement at a plurality of angles with respect to the longitudinal axis of the main housing, an integrated circuit board located within the main housing and at least one controller accessible from outside of the main housing for controlling the integrated circuit board.

Abstract: An excavation machine including —a mast having a longitudinal direction, —a bar presenting a first end provided with an excavation tool, and —a carriage movable along the longitudinal direction of the mast and including a first holder member for holding the bar relative to the carriage, the carriage being suitable for moving the bar along the longitudinal direction of the mast. The first holder member is pivotable relative to the carriage and by the fact that the first holder member presents a locked state in which the bar is prevented from moving in translation relative to the carriage, and an unlocked state in which the bar is free to move in translation relative to the carriage.

Abstract: The present invention is an articulating hand power tool with a main housing having a longitudinal axis, a head portion rotatably engaged with the main housing for placement at a plurality of angles with respect to the longitudinal axis of the main housing, an integrated circuit board located within the main housing and at least one controller accessible from outside of the main housing for controlling the integrated circuit board.

Abstract: A piling device including a support frame, a pile-gripping mechanism for gripping a pile and a pile-driving mechanism for driving the pile into the ground. The pile-gripping mechanism and the pile-driving mechanism are connected to and supported by the frame. The piling device also includes a rotation assembly to facilitate rotation of the support frame relative to a rotation footing about a rotation axis.

Abstract: An apparatus for machining a workpiece with a tool has a columnar housing having an upright front face and a pair of upright and parallel side walls extending horizontally rearward from the front face, a carriage movable at least vertically on the front face carries a first holder for the workpiece or the tool. A U-shaped frame juxtaposed with the housing front face has two rigid arms each extending rearward adjacent the housing side walls with interfitting guides between each of the arms and the respective side wall enabling horizontal movement of the frame toward and away from the front face. A second holder on the frame and in front of the front wall holds the tool or the workpiece and is engageable with the workpiece or the tool, respectively, in the first holder.

Abstract: A remote-controlled actuator assembly includes a distal end member fitted to a tip end of a spindle guide section for alteration in attitude, a tool rotatably provided in the distal end member, a tool rotation drive source for rotating the tool, and an attitude altering drive source for operating the attitude of the distal end member. The spindle guide section has a rotary shaft for transmitting a rotation of the tool rotation drive source to the spindle and an attitude altering member to alter the attitude of the distal end member. The attitude altering drive source includes a reduction unit to reduce a speed of input rotation from the attitude altering drive source, a motion converter mechanism to convert a rotational output from the reduction unit to advance/retraction motion, and an output member to cause the attitude altering member to advance/retract according to an output of the motion converter mechanism.

Abstract: In view of the above problem, the present invention is to provide an electrical power tool which enables a user to intuitively grasp a rotation direction and a rotation speed of a tip tool. The electrical power tool 1 comprises a chuck 2 provided at a tip of a tool body 3, and rotatable with a tip tool held, and an operation switch 7 having operation protrusions 6 exposed to both side surfaces of a tool body 3 so as to be able to operate, respectively bilaterally symmetrically protruded with a rotation axis of the chuck 2 therebetween, coaxially rotatable with the chuck 2, and urged so as to be self-restored to a neutral position. The chuck 2 is rotated in a direction according to a rotation direction of the switch 7 at a speed according to a rotation angle from the neutral position of the operation switch 7.

Abstract: A remote controlled actuator includes an elongated spindle guide section (3), a distal end member (2) fitted to the distal end thereof for alteration in attitude, and a drive unit housing (4a) connected with a base end of the spindle guide section (3). The distal end member (2) rotatably support a spindle (13) holding a tool (1). The spindle guide section (3) includes a rotary shaft (22) for transmitting a rotation of the spindle (13) and an attitude altering member (31) for altering the attitude of the distal end member (2) both within an outer shell pipe (25) forming an outer shell. The attitude altering member (31) is reciprocally movably inserted in a guide pipe (30) within the outer shell pipe (25). A guide pipe restraining unit (50) is provided for restraining the guide pipe (30) from moving within the outer shell pipe (25).

Abstract: The object of the invention is to provide a telescopic feeder which is easier to handle. A first beam is intended to be used in sliding cooperation with a second beam in a telescopic feeder for a rock drilling machine. The first beam comprises at least one guiding stud intended to be guided into a recess in the second beam as the second beam and the first beam are retracted to an end position. The guiding stud is used for locking the first beam in relation to the second beam in a fixed position as the telescopic feeder is fully retracted to an end position.

Abstract: The present invention is an articulating hand power tool with a head portion including a head housing, a bit holder rotatably positioned within the head housing, and a bearing member operable to transfer a first axial force from the bit holder to the head housing. A frame is rotatably connected to the head portion for placement in a plurality of positions with respect to the head portion and operably connected to the head housing for receiving the first axial force transferred to the head housing. The tool further includes an articulating gear system for transferring rotational force generated by a motor to the bit holder at each of the plurality of positions.

Abstract: The disclosure describes, in part, apparatuses and methods for installing structures (e.g., foundations, footings, anchors, abutments, etc.) at work sites, such as difficult-access work sites. In some instances, a rotating drill assembly is assembled over a target location in order to excavate a radial array of batter-angled shafts associated with the target location in preparation for the installation of a radial array of micropiles. An operator utilizes the rotating drill in combination with a foundation pile schedule/decision matrix to design and install the radial array of batter-angled micropiles. This disclosure also describes techniques for designing, fabricating and installing structural caps to be coupled to the installed radial array batter angled micropiles. These structural caps are lightweight and, thus, more portable to difficult-access sites where they are coupled to the micropiles forming a foundation for structure to be installed at the difficult-access site.

Abstract: A manipulator apparatus carries tools for connecting drillpipes to the drillstring in a wellbore on a drilling platform. A telescopically extendable horizontal work arm is carried on a telescopically extendable vertical column, and the tools are to be mounted on a free end of the work arm. The column is manually rotatable about a vertical axis. The column and the work arm are each respectively formed of a fixed element and a telescopically extendable element. The fixed element is preferably formed of two U-profile members arranged back-to-back, and the extendable element includes an H-profile member with its web received between the webs of the two U-profile members. This forms a telescopic slide bearing of the H-profile member sliding along the two U-profile members. The hydraulic cylinders are received in the recessed spaces of the profile members.

Abstract: A deep-hole boring machine (100) includes a base (11) to be fitted to an upper face of a floor, a pillar (14), a fixing mechanism (40), a guide member (15), a rotary tool (17), a tool rotation driving section (16), a rising/descending mechanism (50), a guide base (60) and a tool guide mechanism (30). The deep-hole boring machine 100 can be used to bore a vertical hole or an inclined hole in a concrete in a construction site.

Abstract: A hand-held power tool for driving a working tool (1) includes a drive belt (3), first and second arms (5a, 5b) longitudinally displaceable relative to each other and carrying respective deflection rollers (6) of the drive belt (3), a belt tensioning device (4) located between the first and second arms (5a, 5b) and including a spring (8) preloaded against the first arm (5a), and a displaceable pressure piston (9) located between the spring (8) and the second arm (56).

Abstract: A power assist lever arm attachment includes a drill, an L-shaped drilling head carried by the drill, an arm actuation cylinder carried by the drill, an arm piston extendable from the arm actuation cylinder, a lever arm pivotally carried by the arm piston and the drilling head and a bracket-engaging arm extending from the lever arm.

Abstract: The object of the invention is to provide a telescopic feeder which is easier to handle. A first beam is intended to be used in sliding cooperation with a second beam in a telescopic feeder for a rock drilling machine. The first beam comprises at least one guiding stud intended to be guided into a recess in the second beam as the second beam and the first beam are retracted to an end position. The guiding stud is used for locking the first beam in relation to the second beam in a fixed position as the telescopic feeder is fully retracted to an end position.

Abstract: A method and a software product for positioning a drilling unit in a rock drilling rig, and a rock drilling rig. The drilling unit (5) included in the rock drilling rig (1) is manually displaced towards a starting point (14) of a hole (19) to be drilled next. A control unit (11) in the rock drilling rig (1) performs after the manual displacement (A) an automatic positioning (B) accurately to the starting point in order to initiate drilling.

Abstract: A power tool includes a driving unit for performing screw tightening operations; a motor for rotatably driving the driving unit; a rechargeable battery pack; a trigger switch for turning on and off the motor; and a control circuit, accommodated in a main body of the power tool, for monitoring the screw tightening operations. The control circuit has a screw tightening completion detection unit for detecting completion of a screw tightening operation, a screw tightening count unit for counting the number of detected tightening operations, a screw tightening number setting unit for presetting the number of screws to be tightened, a screw tightening completion notifying unit for notifying completion of the screw tightening operations when the number of detected tightening operations reaches the preset number. Further, the screw tightening number setting unit and the screw tightening completion notifying unit is disposed at a lower front portion of a grip portion.

Abstract: A deep-hole boring machine (100) includes a base (11) to be fitted to an upper face of a floor, a pillar (14), a fixing mechanism (40), a guide member (15), a rotary tool (17), a tool rotation driving section (16), a rising/descending mechanism (50), a guide base (60) and a tool guide mechanism (30). The deep-hole boring machine 100 can be used to bore a vertical hole or an inclined hole in a concrete in a construction site.

Abstract: A lifting device such as a mobile crane having a main body and a boom, such as a lattice boom, for supporting a pile lead for, e.g., pile driving or continuous flight auger drilling, and a method of using same. A hydraulically operated mechanical spotter arm may be attached between the device body and the pile lead. Electronic position sensors on the spotter arm may be used to measure angular relationships between the pile lead and the spotter arm. Position sensors on a boom box on the boom may also be used. When the pile lead is swung, information from the sensors may be used by an electronic control system to automatically maintain the pile lead in a desirable position, limiting torque induced in the boom. The boom box position sensors may be used to counter-steer the spotter arm to further limit torque. The boom box may also be fitted with rubber springs to permit controlled pile lead deflection while limiting load transmitted to the boom.

Abstract: A power tool (2) comprising a handle (6), a tool body (4) pivotably coupled to the handle (6), a motor (16) mechanically coupled to a rotary output (20) housed in the tool body (4), a trigger switch (32) housed in the handle (6) and a locking mechanism for permitting or preventing pivotal movement of the tool body (4) relative to the handle (6), wherein the tool body (4) can pivot relative to the handle through an angle greater than 90°.

Abstract: A power tool (2) has a first body (6), a second body (4) connected to the first body (6), and a locking mechanism. One of the bodies (4;6) is moveable with respect to the other body (4;6). The locking mechanism is capable of locking the movement of the one body (4;6) with respect to the other body (4;6). The locking mechanism is a two part system having a first part, a locking member (119), and a second part, receiving member (82). Engagement between the first part and the second part locks the first body (6) and the second body (4) against movement with respect to each other. One part is moveable with respect to the other part between a first position and a second position. The first part and the second part are engaged when the one part is in the first position. The first part and the second part are disengaged when the one part is in the second position.

Abstract: An articulated boom arm for a rock boring machine, comprising a first kinked member having a drill guide at one end and a base pivot at the other end, and a pair of pivoted links. One of said links having a first end pivoted at said base pivot, the other of the links having a drill pivotally mounted at a first end thereof. The second ends of The first and second links being pivoted to each other whereby said drill is reciprocally linearly movable along said first member with a drill bit aligned with said drill guide and at one extremity of the reciprocal movement both said pair of links are substantially longitudinally aligned and extend towards said drill guide, and at the other extremity of the reciprocal movement both said pair of links are substantially longitudinally aligned and extend away from said drill guide.

Abstract: An articulating derrick having a back face, a pair of opposed sides with each side having at least one leg, and an open face. The back face of the derrick includes a plurality of pairs of back face cross supports. Each cross support has a first and a second opposed end. Each first end is pivotally attached to one of the legs. A bushing pivotally connects the second ends of each pair of cross supports in order to permit movement of the back face between a folded, storage position and an open position.

Abstract: A rock bolter has a drill and a bolt driver, both mounted to a turret that rotates relative to a base to align either the drill or the bolt driver with a work axis. A stinger/centralizer has two head elements, each advanced along a curvilinear path. When advanced, the head elements mate to provide a centralizer passage on the work axis. A supplementary stinger affixed to the base extends to engage the rock surface and provide stability as the head elements are retracted. The drill and the bolt driver are mounted on carriages activated by a common mechanism. A drill carriage disabling surface is affixed to the base to block the drill carriage when the drill is off the work axis, and a bolt driver carriage disabling surface is affixed to the base to block the bolt driver carriage when the bolt driver is off the work axis.

Abstract: Augering device is disclosed which is useful for drilling holes in the ground at various angles under relatively low overhead or ceiling conditions. The device is suitable for mounting on a wide variety of vehicles ranging from the bed of small pickup trucks to very large track type caterpillars with booms. The device has an extendable mast powered by a downcrowding mechanism, a kelly assembly, and a kelly rotating mechanism. The extendable mast has a first mast member and a second mast member. A downcrowding hydraulic cylinder extends the second mast member away from the first mast member and pulls the second mast member towards the first mast member. The telescoping kelly sections include at least an outer kelly section and an inner kelly section. The outer kelly section has an axis parallel to but spaced apart from the axis of the first mast member. A bearing rotatable supports the outer kelly section and prevents axial displacement of the outer kelly section relative thereto.

Abstract: A downcrowdable telescopic augering apparatus including a vehicle having a boom which carries a cradle in which a kelly tube is slidably mounted and on which a kelly winch and a service winch are mounted. A winch management system oversees the operation of said winches to prevent the kelly cable and the service cable from being broken or becoming slack when the kelly tube moves with respect to the cradle. A bottomhole kelly cable arresting system arrests the rotation of the drum of the kelly winch when the kelly cable is slack.

Abstract: A drilling machine includes a boom assembly which has two straight parallel longitudinal beams of extruded steel, each of a section defining straight parallel inwardly and outwardly facing ways, a drilling head in a carriage and rollers guiding said carriage for linear movement of said drilling head parallel to said inwardly facing ways, two straight parallel longitudinal boom extension members and rollers guiding said boom extension members in said outwardly facing ways, and cross members linking said boom extension members to form a frame, plate braces linking said beams in longitudinally spaced planes perpendicular to the axes of the beams, said plate braces being apertured to provide clearance for assembly and normal movement of said carriage, said drilling head, and drill tubes passing through said drilling head, and further longitudinal members linking said plate braces to form a cradle of the boom assembly, said cradle having brackets for pivotally supporting the boom assembly on a base.

Abstract: A Kelly bar adapter for use with earth anchor driving machinery is disclosed. The adapter allows for pivotal connection of an earth anchor or earth anchor extension rod thereto. Thus, a vertically hanging Kelly rod may be attached to an earth anchor or its associated extension rod while the same is diagonally extending out of the ground. The tool for removing earth anchors having an integral eyelet or an eyelet which is threaded onto an earth anchor is also disclosed.

Abstract: A pole driver 10 has a platform 12 on wheels 14 and 16 with leveling lift jacks 18 to assure horizontal orientation of the platform. A hammer drive assembly 24 is pivotally mounted on the platform 12 between a horizontal travel position and a vertical operating position. The hammer drive assembly includes a channel guide 34 and slide rail 36 with a weight 78 attached at a bottom end thereof. An operating handle 46 is mounted on the bottom section of the channel guide 34. A pair of brackets 66 are mounted under the slide rail assembly 24 to vertically orient a pole 74 under the weight 78 to be pounded into the soil by the slide rail 36 and weight 78.

Abstract: A hydraulic drilling outfit has a hydraulically driven hammer drill which is fastened pivotally to a hydraulic thrust unit. A control for the hydraulics utilizes the flushing water for the drill bit as the power-source for all of the motions executed by the drilling outfit. One hydraulic supply line to the control of the thrust unit and one line from the control to the hammer drill are sufficient for operating the system in an open circuit. A rotary slide valve simultaneously controls the thrust and withdrawal motions as well as the operational states of drilling and not drilling. The desired value adjustment for the speed of thrust is arranged on the rotary slide valve.

Abstract: A truck-mounted rock drilling machine for pole holes consists of a pivotable boom mounted on the truck bed and a jack-hammer-like mechanism mounted on the boom. The jack hammer like mechanism is driven from a compressor which is preferably mounted on a separate trailer.

Abstract: Device for positioning of a drill bit (1) at a positioning plane (2). A drill rig (3) is provided with two video cameras (9) for sensing the position of a light source (8) adjacent the drill bit. The video cameras are aligned in parallel. The image fields of the video cameras are displaced such relative to each other that the light source gives two points (20,21) on a monitor (10) common to the two cameras if the light source is situated outside the positioning plane and one point (11) if the light source is situated in the positioning plane.

Abstract: Drilling equipment including apparatus for laterally moving a direct drive drilling unit to a position offset from the centerline of a well. The drilling equipment includes a traveling block suspended for generally vertical travel within a derrick during drilling of a well, a direct drive drilling unit suspendable from the traveling block, means for guiding the drilling unit during drilling and apparatus connected to the derrick for moving the drilling unit laterally relative to the axis of the well to an offset position. The drilling unit includes a drill motor and a drive sleeve for threadably connecting the drill motor to a drill string in the well. The guide means includes a first pair of rails connected to the derrick and extending parallel to the axis of the well. The apparatus includes a second pair of rails and means for supporting the drilling unit. The second pair of rails is positionable below and in alignment with the first pair of rails when the support means is in the offset position.

Abstract: A machine tool head comprises a fork fitted to a support having a plurality of degrees of freedom, and a tool unit hinged to the fork. The tool unit contains equipment designed to control a tool carrier so that it can traverse along an axis, and equipment designed to perform controlled tool rotation around that axis. The tool carrier is in the form of a shaft which is mounted on a bushing to which a crown gear is connected. The crown gear engages a first pinion which meshes with a second pinion that is connected to a gear motor. The gear motor and the first and second pinions are mounted as a unit on a hinge to the structure which supports the bushing and a biasing mechanism is provided for urgening the first pinion into meshing engagement with the crown gear.

Abstract: A safety stabilizer for an auger having a screw, and an engine, and handles, and having two stabilizer legs, swingable upper joints on each leg, and anchors on the lower end of each leg.

Abstract: A feeding device for a rock drilling machine (3) comprising a cradle (1); and a feeding beam (2) mounted longitudinally displaceably with respect to the cradle (1), the drilling machine (3) being displaceable along the feeding beam. Displacing means comprise a chain (6) forming a closed loop, being arranged to move around turning wheels (4, 5) provided at both ends of the feeding beam (2), and connected stationary with respect to the drilling machine (3). The drilling machine (3) is arranged to be connected stationary with respect to the feeding beam (2) over its whole range of movement relative to the feeding beam (2) and the feeding beam (2) with respect to the cradle (1) over its whole range of movement relative to the cradle (1).

Abstract: A Kelly bar adapter for use with earth anchor driving machinery is disclosed. The adapter allows for pivotal connection of an earth anchor or earth anchor extension rod thereto. Thus, a vertically hanging Kelly rod may be attached to an earth anchor or its associated extension rod while the same is diagonally extending out of the ground. A tool for removing earth anchors having an integral eyelet or an eyelet which is threaded onto an earth anchor is also disclosed.