Abstract: Method and apparatus for detection and selective after-quenching of red hot pockets in previously quenched hot coke lying on a coke bench, in which the temperature of the coke is sensed and recorded over the entire surface or area of the coke bench by temperature sensors installed thereabove, and if excessively hot coke portions or local areas are found, only those excessively hot coke portions are acted upon for after-quenching automatically in controlled manner with a focused water jet or spray using only a minimum amount of water for as short a time as possible.

Abstract: The flow of gases given off by a coke mass during the production of coke in a coke oven having a coke side collector main and a pusher side collector main is controlled by measuring temperature, pressure, carbon equivalent thickness and rate of carbon formation at selected locations. Electrical signals indicative of the temperature, pressure and carbon measurements are fed to an instrument system and into a computer where the measurements are compared to target values, processed and the resultant information used to control the flow of gases by regulating the gooseneck damper, standpipe control valve and/or the control valves which control collector main pressures.

Abstract: A method of monitoring the reversal system of coke oven batteries comprises monitoring the position of the air valves, waste heat discs, and gas cocks in each of the coke ovens of a battery, measuring and centrally registering the temperatures and/or flow rates of the fluids supplied into and discharged from the oven, namely of combustion air, gases and waste gases, comparing the measured values with the desired values corresponding to the position of the system elements, and upon an undue deviation, signals for carrying out safety measures, such as actuating a gas deficiency safety, are automatically delivered. Also measured may be the oil pressure in the lines for supplying the hydraulic signals actuating the reversal mechanism, with again a release of alarm signals. A device for monitoring the reversal system includes an apparatus connected to the valves for shifting all of the valves between an operating position in one characteristic way to an operating condition in another characteristic way.

Abstract: In the operation of a by-product coke oven, in order to provide a coking cycle that meets an aim push time and also includes a coke soaking period of pre-selected length, the method of obtaining a plurality of liquid catch specimens having condensed therein volatiles from samples of gas withdrawn from the oven; determining a light-transmitting value for such liquid catch specimens for the coke devolatilizing period and for the coke soaking period; determining the end of the devolatilizing period based upon the light-transmitting values so determined; and, if necessary, adjusting the heating rate of the coke oven on subsequent coking cycles. Apparatus for obtaining such liquid catch specimens, and for determining such light-transmitting values is disclosed.

Abstract: At a coke oven of a coking plant, each operating machine is provided with a U-shaped detector unit equipped with infrared light gates. Each operating station of the coke oven is provided with a signal plate carrying positioning marker elements for fine tuning the positioning of the operating machine at the operating station and with identification marker elements for identifying the respective operating stations. Each infrared light gate includes an infrared light source and an infrared light sensor connected to an electronic evaluation circuit comprising a memory with a reading monitor for detecting and correlating the coded identification markers on the signal plates.

Abstract: The amount of flexure of a heating wall of a coke oven is determined during operation of the coke oven by providing an observation hole through the oven roof into a heating flue, the observation hole having an axis. On at least one of the binder walls defining the heating flue is formed a vertical measuring strip extending throughout substantially the entire height of the binder wall at a position to be visible through the observation hole. The measuring strip defines, prior to heating during operation of the coke oven, a rectilinear reference line extending parallel to and spaced from the axis of the observation hole. Upon operation of the coke oven, during which time the heating wall is heated and flexes, the degree of such flexure is determined by measuring through the observation hole the extent of deviation of the measuring strip from the reference line.

Abstract: Process and apparatus for wet-quenching of hot-coke unloaded from a coke producing oven use water quenching from exclusive overhead tanks in two distinct consecutive phases so as to minimize the wasteful coke-dust generated and so as to limit the final maximum-water content in the produced coke. A high rate of water flow under controlled pressure head is used for a short period of time in the initial phase wherein coke-dust particles generated and rising in the water vapor cloud are washed down and prevented from entering the quenching hood; in a second and final stage, a low rate of water flow is maintained for a longer period of time wherein owing to the hot surface of coke having been already cooled in the first phase, coke-dust is not generated as much, and, the required limits for final water content can easily be maintained.

Abstract: Cooling of a gas-permeable loose material having highly temperature-dependent coefficient of thermal conductivity is performed in a shaft-shaped chamber with use of a gaseous cooling medium so that the loose material is fed from above downwardly in a counter stream against a stream of the gaseous medium supplied from below upwardly. The stream of the gaseous medium is subdivided into two partial streams, and one of the partial streams is supplied into the lower part of the chamber, whereas the other of the partial streams is supplied into a region in which the loose material has at least a temperature above which the coefficient of thermal conductivity of the loose material in dependence upon the temperature greatly increases.

Abstract: An apparatus and process are provided for depressurizing, cooling, and, optionally, moisturizing retorted oil shale produced in an oil shale retort operated at superatmospheric pressure. Hot retorted oil shale particles are gravitated from the retort and into an elongated, multichambered vessel. In the upper chambers of the vessel the particles are partially cooled by contact with a controlled flow of liquid water. The water, having been totally vaporized, is removed from the particles at a rate which prevents the substantial flow of gases between the vessel and the retort. In the lower chambers of the vessel, the particles are first stripped of entrained hydrocarbon gas by gravitating through a countercurrently flowing stream of stripping gas and then brought to ambient pressure by gravitating through a long, narrow seal leg. Optionally, the depressurized and partially cooled particles are then further cooled and moisturized by admixing with a controlled flow of liquid water.

Abstract: In an array of coke ovens each including a plurality of combustion chambers having a plurality of flue nozzles, a measuring car equipped with a temperature measuring member runs above the array in a direction of the array or in a longitudinal direction of the combustion chambers so as to detect thermal radiations passing through the flue nozzles to measure combustion chamber temperature. The measured temperature is sent to a remote control room through antennae. Where a coal charging car of a Rahmen construction is used an antenna is also provided for the coal charging car so that even when the measuring car runs beneath the coal charging car, radio communication can be assured. The temperature of the combustion chambers can be readily and accurately measured by linearly running the measuring car whether combustion is effected in one or the other side of the combustion chambers.

Abstract: The quality of coke is improved by measuring the width of a plastic zone of a given type of coal, comparing said measured zone with a predetermined zone width known to result in good quality coke, adjusting certain characteristics of said given coal prior to charging it into the coke oven to cause a change in said zone width of the coal that will ultimately result in improved coke quality. Typical adjusting steps include preheating the coal and/or the addition of coal binders, such as, various carbon and petro-based binding agents, for example, pitch.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for assisting an operator in a coke cutting operation wherein both a graphic and audio display of the operation are provided. The vibration of the coke drum is measured and after filtering, is recorded on a chart recorder and its amplitude converted to a related audio signal.

Abstract: A column of hot coke from a shaft furnace moves downwardly into a vessel which it fills and forms a pile. A gap is left between the angle of repose of the coke surface and the upper portion of the vessel. Water is sprayed onto hot coke as it enters the vessel. The gap is vented to an exhaust duct. A baffle near the center of the vessel deflects the material to the sides and creates a void in the center of the vessel, which void is also vented to the exhaust duct. More water is sprayed on the coke adjacent the void. Steam pressure in the vessel is reduced by a fan which pulls steam through the exhaust ducts. The steam pressure is regulated by a pressure controller which modulates a damper in the exhaust duct. A temperature controller regulates the flow of quench water to the vessel. This regulates the temperature and moisture content of the material being cooled.

Abstract: A temperature measuring probe and method of detecting infrared radiation from flue walls and transmitting the detected infrared radiation through fiber optic cables to photoelectric detection-conversion cells which convert the radiation to electrical signals which are measured and translated into temperatures. Concentric metallic flexible hose mounted on a carriage for mobility provides water cooling for the fiber optic cable with a portable reeling machine for controlling the movement of the cable, hose, and probe head. The probe head provides viewing ports for the terminal ends of the fiber optic cable.

Abstract: A method of testing additives for the ability to prevent coal particles from freezing and adhering to the sides of coal cars and metal storage devices which comprises the steps of:(a) coating the treatment to be tested on the inside of a small interior diameter steel or aluminum cylinder;(b) soaking the thus-treated cylinder in water for a short time to simulate exposure to precipitation;(c) immediately loading the water-treated cylinder with coal particles;(d) compressing the coal within the cylinder;(e) freezing the coal within the cylinder;(f) removing the coal from the cylinder using means capable of measuring the force required to remove the coal; and(g) comparing that force against the force required to remove the coal from a similar non-treated cylinder.

Abstract: A process is described for maintaining the proportions of each coal in a coal blend at a desired level. The process involves(1) making a spectral analysis, preferably by infrared spectrometry, of at least one sample of the coal blend, the sample having known desired proportions of each coal,(2) making a spectral analysis of the coal blend sample of unknown proportions of each coal,(3) comparing the spectral analyses of steps (1) and (2), and(4) upon noting a significant difference between the spectral analyses of steps (1) and (2), making adjustments to achieve a final coal blend having proportions of each coal closer to those of the blend of known desired proportions of each coal. The relationship of the aromatic to aliphatic groupings is preferably determined by spectral analysis of each coal sample.This process is particularly useful on-line in the production of blast furnace coke of high strength and high stability.

Abstract: In the continuous production of coke or semicoke from coal grains and/or fines an inclined air-tight rotating tubular oven is fed with coal grains and/or fines from a hopper. As the coal grains and/or fines progress down the rotating oven they are heated by a stoichiometric mixture from a burner and converted into coke or semicoke having a volatile content of from 1% to 20%. During the heating of the coal grains and/or fines the interior of the oven is maintained under a slightly elevated pressure in relation to the atmosphere. The coke or semicoke is then extracted from the oven and passed to an extinguishing device where the coke or semicoke is extinguished to prevent recombustion.

Abstract: A method and a system for disposing of the pyrolysis gas generated in a pyrolyzing system to refine the same are presented in which an absorbing agent for eliminating harmful gas is introduced into a thermal reactor in such an amount that a large percent of such agent is unreacted but it is efficiently recovered together with char from the pyrolysis gas and also these recovered materials are utilized to remove oil and tar from water used in cleaning the pyrolysis gas, the recovered solid particles of the char and unreacted absorbing agent and the oil and tar separated from the cleaning water being recirculated in the pyrolyzing system.

Abstract: A method and apparatus of preventing generation of smoke from a coke oven including a plurality of juxtaposed and alternately disposed combustion chambers and carbonization chambers so that the carbonization chambers are heated by heat generated in adjacent combustion chambers and exhaust gas is exhausted from the combustion chambers through a common smoke duct and a chimney, the exhaust gas is passed through a common exhaust gas duct including a dust collector for a predetermined interval after loading raw material coal into the carbonization chambers. At the end of this interval, the exhaust gas is again passed through the common smoke duct.

Abstract: Preheated bulk material capable of coking is quenched by flowing the quenching liquid through the loose bulk material, whereby the bulk material is substantially closed off relative to the atmosphere. The liquid is applied to the top of the bulk material in a quenching chamber which is closed at its top by a sealed cover and which has an open grating for a horizontal bottom. The steam formed by the quenching liquid and, if formed, any excess quenching liquid are drawn off from the quenching chamber through the open grating. The total quantity of quenching liquid to be supplied as a function of time is controlled by a valve through a control signal depending on the chemical and physical properties constituting bulk material characteristics prior to the heating of the coal. The control signal also takes into account the type of the intended heat treatment in the form of quenching characteristics.

Abstract: The endpoint of devolatilization of a coal mass in a coke oven during a coking cycle is determined by providing a probe which is capable of supplying an electrical signal which indicates the effective thickness of a layer of carbon deposited on the probe by gas released from the coal mass and in addition indicates the rate of devolatilization of the coal mass which is a measure of the heat input to the coal mass and can be used to control heat input to the coke oven.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for sealing the drive end of a chamber for the preparation and hydrogenation of coal with hydrogen to form hydrocarbons in which the chamber comprises a hollow cylinder with a rotatable element therein having a conveying web thereon and in a sealing region a pressurized sealing substance such as coal particles mixed with oil is fed from a storage container through a feed passage into an annular recess at a pressure higher than that in the chamber so that the scaling substance passes through a conical annular gap which tapers towards the chamber. A further narrower gap on the drive side of the recess leads to a further annular recess from which the sealing substance can be extracted through a return pipe. Pressure comparison means control the feed pressure in the feed passage. The recesses and the annular gap can be provided by machining the rotatable element rather than the hollow cylinder and forward feed screw forms may be provided on the rotatable element in the sealing region.

Abstract: In plant for hydrogenating coal to form hydrocarbons, wherein coal in powder or piece form is fed from a hopper into a preparation chamber, is compressed, conveyed and heated by a rotor comprising a rotating friction element and passed, through a feed aperture, into a hydrogenation chamber wherein hydrogen is injected into it by nozzles, monitoring and controlling means are provided whereby upon the pressure in the hydrogenation chamber rising above that in the end of the preparation chamber adjacent the hydrogenation chamber, as measured by sensors and gauges, the feed aperture is closed and the rotor is stopped. Preferably the feed aperture is closed by providing a conical portion on the rotor and a conical seat on the cylinder forming the chamber, the rotor normally being held in a position to keep the feed aperture open by an hydraulic cylinder but upon the pressure sensors sensing over pressure in the chamber, the cylinder is vented by control means to close the feed aperture.

Abstract: Instruments measure and periodically store coke vertical temperature profile data sets at multiple coke guide levels within expected level range. Computer detects highest level in each data set above a reference temperature and terminal plots coke level as a function thereof.

Abstract: A plant for pre-heating by fluidizing and for milling coking coal in a treatment chamber is combined, by means of heat a exchanger interposed in a circuit for recirculating heat-conveying gas, with a plant for the dry quenching of hot coke in a quenching chamber. The flow, through the heat exchanger, of recycled quenching fumes of the coke is regulated in dependence on the rate at which the coal is introduced into the treatment chamber by a screw conveyor. An auxiliary heat combustion chamber permits precise control of the temperature in the treatment chamber.

Abstract: Continuous dry quenching of coke is carried out with an inert gas circulated through hot coke in a vertical chamber and through a heat exchanger. The vertical chamber comprises a top prechamber below a charging opening and a quenching chamber which is below the prechamber. The quenching chamber has a bottom gas entry and a bottom coke discharge. A gas exit between the prechamber and the quenching chamber supplies gas to the heat exchanger. A gas entry and/or a gas exit communicating with the top of the prechamber is used to control the flow of gas so that the temperature of the gas removed from the vertical chamber remains constant during quenching operations when there is a disturbance to the flow of coke.

Abstract: A pyrolyzing apparatus having a pyrolysis fluidized bed chamber and an incineration fluidized bed chamber or chambers each directly adjacent and communicated with the pyrolysis fluidized bed chamber through an opening or openings in a partition wall above a common perforated bottom plate, the respective levels of the fluidized beds being controlled by regulating the pressure(s) in free board(s) of the fluidized bed chambers.

Abstract: A pyrolysis process and system produces a solid residue and a clean, enriched fuel gas. In the process, the pyrolytic oil and filter cake are recycled in such a manner as to produce products of optimal value, and to minimize the need for servicing and downtime of the system. Recycling of water recovered in the process may also be employed to achieve enrichment of the gaseous product. The process may be carried out in such a manner as to produce a non-polluting wastewater stream that can be discharged directly from the system.

Abstract: Regenerative changeover of a coke oven battery is designed for operation according to a method wherein each regenerative half period is broken down into a time when gas is supplied at a constant pressure to the burners in heating flues and a time when no gas is supplied. A final control facility acts on the regenerative changeover facility to enable the regenerative half period to be broken down into these two time periods. A controller is responsive to variations in gas properties, such as the calorific value, density, humidity and temperature, to bring about operation of the final control element so that the heating time and the pause in every regenerative half period have values such that the heat supplied to the battery in each half period remains constant.

Abstract: A coking oven having a coking chamber and a combustion chamber with a high temperature flue gas outlet connected to a first heat exchanger for heating cool air to cool the flue gases to an intermediate temperature, a coal dryer using the intermediate temperature flue gases for drying wet coal to a water content of a few percent by weight and preheating the coal to a temperature below the boiling point of water, a coal oiler to oil the partially dried and preheated coal, and a gas cleaner system for removing particulate matter from the low temperature flue gas coming from the coal dryer; also disclosed is an improved method of coking coal and apparatus for preheating and partially drying coal that can be added to existing coke oven structures.

Abstract: A method of preheating coal for coking comprises bringing a hot operating gas into direct contact with the coal to preheat the coal. Both the coal and the operating gas are passed into a separator and the separator is operated so as to effect the separation of the coarse preheated coal for delivery to the coke oven from the operating gases and coal dust. The operating gases and coal dust are then passed into a deduster to remove the coal dust from the operating gases. A portion of the removed dust is continuously directed into an accumulator. The dust is either supplied from the deduster or the accumulator to a combustion furnace where it is burned to generate at least a portion of the operating gas.

Abstract: A coking plant in which steam is injected into the ascension pipe of each coking chamber during charging of coal into the chamber and during an initial portion of the coking time, in order to maintain a slightly sub-atmospheric pressure in the chamber. Timing means which stops the injection of steam at the end of a suitable period of time after charging is actuated to start timing this period by a command signal sent from the coke pusher machine, which also levels the coal after charging, via induction coils provided for ascertaining the correct alignment of the coke pusher machine and the coke chambers.

Abstract: Injection of steam into the ascension pipe of each coking chamber in a coking plant is continued for a period of time after charging of that chamber so as to create a slightly sub-atmospheric pressure in the chamber during the initial stage of the coking process, in order to reduce leakage of gas and fumes to the atmosphere past the doors and filling openings. A time clock operated by the coke pusher machine or by the coal charging machine stops this injection of steam after a desired period of time.

Abstract: A process for controlling emissions resulting from hot coke being discharged from an oven of a battery of coke ovens from the beginning of discharge until the time when the coke arrives at a quenching station. The coke from the oven passes through a coke guide and a fume hood into an open-top, one-spot quenching car. The hood covers the car during discharge and is connected to an exhaust system, including a gas cleaning device, which draws air into the hood in an amount sufficient to control emissions and for combustion of the volatile matter and other combustibles emitted from the coke during the time coke is discharged into the quenching car and for a short period of time thereafter. During the movement of the open-top, one-spot quenching car from under the hood to the quenching station, the visible emissions given off by the hot coke are less than 40% opacity.

Abstract: Coal is preheated prior to passing it into a coking installation by feeding measured amounts of the relatively wet coal into and through one or more circulation dryers heated to an elevated temperature and collecting the hot coal in a collecting bin and automatically measuring the level of the hot coal in said bin and automatically adjusting the amount of coal fed into said dryer depending on the level of coal measured in said collecting bin. Means are provided for preventing further adjustment of the coal feed rate should the exhaust gas temperature of a dryer fall outside the limits of a preselected preset temperature range and to bring the process back under level-actuated feed rate control once the exhaust gas temperature moves back within the preset range.

Abstract: The amount of solid carbon deposited on a surface by a gas during the coking cycle in a coke oven is determined by measuring the thickness by electrical resistance readings, as a function of time, of carbon deposited on a probe passing through the roof of the oven and into the path of the gases flowing out of the oven.

Abstract: A method for operating a battery of horizontal coke ovens which are connected to primary and secondary gas-collecting mains extending alongside the battery, wherein dust-laden gas which occurs during charging of an oven is caused to flow through the secondary main while the velocity of the gas in the secondary main is maintained at a level which will prevent settling of the dust and the temperature within the secondary main is maintained at a level which will prevent condensation of tars.

Abstract: In a dry type method and apparatus for quenching coke wherein hot coke charged in a coke quenching installation is cooled by circulating cooling gas in the installation through a closed circulating system including a blower and a heat exchanger, the composition of the cooling gas is analyzed and compared with a reference gas composition and air or nitrogen gas is supplemented to the closed circulating system in accordance with the result of comparison. A portion of the circulating gas is discharged to the atmosphere when air or nitrogen gas is supplemented. Air is supplemented on the high temperature discharge side of the circulating cooling gas while nitrogen gas is supplemented on the low temperature inlet side. The cooling gas is discharged to the atmosphere before the supplementation of the nitrogen gas.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for the heat treatment of volatile containing materials in a rotary hearth type furnace wherein the flue gases emanating from the calciner are employed to create either a positive or negative pressure within the calciner hearth as well as the soaking pit area of the said calciner.

Abstract: Continuously determining the bulk density of raw and retorted oil shale, the specific gravity of the raw oil shale and the richness of the raw oil shale provides accurate means to control process variables of the retorting of oil shale, predicting oil production, determining mining strategy, and aids in controlling shale placement in the kiln for the retorting.

Abstract: In gas-solids contacting processes involving the transfer of granular solids from a high-temperature, non-oxidizing treating zone through an enclosed conduit to a combustion zone, the transfer of gases between the treating zone and the combustion zone is prevented by using a novel steam sealing technique which avoids the use of mechanical sealing means and differential pressure controllers. Steam is injected into the system between the two contacting zones, and by the use of flow rate controllers and a pressure controller, a portion of such steam is forced at all times to flow through the combustion zone, while another portion thereof is withdrawn from the transfer conduit in admixture with a portion of net off-gas from the treating zone. The control system is particularly adapted for use in oil shale retorting, wherein coke on the retorted shale is burned in a combustion zone.

Abstract: A cokable substance such as coal is admitted into a coking chamber. A quantity of heat which is sufficient to cause coking of the cokable substance is supplied to the chamber during preselected time intervals within the coking period in which coking of the cokable substance progresses in response to the supply of heat. On the other hand, during other time intervals within the coking period in which coking of the cokable substance is essentially unaffected by the supply of heat, the quantity of heat supplied to the chamber is reduced to a level below that required to sustain coking of the cokable substance during the preselected time intervals. In this manner, savings in energy may be realized. The supply of heat to the chamber during those time intervals in which coking of the cokable substance is unaffected by the supply of heat may be discontinued completely.

Abstract: A method for controlling the production of pitch and the like is disclosed comprising simultaneously measuring the viscosity and temperature of the pitch material from the production unit, comparing the measured value with a predetermined correlation of the viscosity and temperature for the pitch, and adjusting the parameters of the production operation in response to the comparison. An apparatus for carrying out the method is also disclosed comprising a means for withdrawing and returning a sample of the pitch material from the still, a chamber for holding the sample of the pitch material, the chamber having a means for heating and cooling the sample, a temperature sensing device and a viscosity measuring device located in the chamber, and a means for recording the temperature and viscosity values.

Abstract: In the operation of a conventional coke oven battery, a target flue temperature for each oven group is set on the basis of details of coal charge consisting of the weight, the particle size, the moisture content, the volatile matter content and the timing of charging of the coal charge, so as to achieve a target net coking time and a target soaking time given by a coke production schedule. Then, the temperature is measured for individual flues at certain intervals of time and deviations of thus measured flue temperatures from said target flue temperature are calculated by computer, to set a flow rate and a calorific value of the fuel gas for each oven group. A stack draft is set and controlled by computer so that an optimum combustion may take place in response to changes in the flow rate and the calorific value of the fuel gas.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for the production of coke from coal by a dry distillation operation wherein the coking plant is provided with a computer unit that receives signals from the coal leveling mechanism, the door mechanism, the quenching car mechanism, and a signal value for the time required to achieve the coking of the coal. The computer prevents the opening of any given coking chamber until the minimum coking time has lapsed and the opening of the chamber and discharging and quenching of the coke is correlated to the actual operating conditions rushing at that time. If desired, the charging and emptying operations may be carried out on a completely automatic basis.

Abstract: The control system includes a controller and a clocking circuit along with a computer for each one of the coke oven chambers. A first control signal is responsive to the occurrence of charging coal into a given oven chamber and starts the clock. A second control signal is responsive to the pushing of coke from the oven chamber and stops the clock. When the duration of the coking time for a given oven chamber exceeds a predetermined coking time, the controller provides a signal for operating valves to terminate the flow of combustion gases into heating flues at the sides of that coke oven chamber. In the system, the computer updates coking time and establishes from time-to-time from data fed to it, the thermal state of each heating flue in the battery.

Abstract: An improved two-step fluid bed process for conditioning sized, agglomerative, high volatile bituminous coal is disclosed. The agglomerative bituminous coal is first crushed and sized for fluidization. A first treatment is conducted under oxidizing conditions at below the fusion temperature of the coal, preferably at about 600.degree. F., followed immediately by a second treatment under a non-oxidizing or inert atmosphere at preferably 800.degree. F. .+-.50.degree. F. The resulting oxidized and heat treated coal particles have a volatile content of at least 15% and are thereby rendered non-agglomerative when thereafter subjected to even higher temperatures, e.g., when making activated carbon and/or synthesis gas.

Abstract: Separate temperature measuring elements are positioned on the outer wall surface of the riser of at least one oven chamber of a coke oven. During production of coke, the temperatures measured will be different. Upon completion of the coking process the difference between the measured temperatures will lessen to zero.

Abstract: Improvements in the process of producing coke from bituminous coal in high-efficiency coking ovens, whereby the size of the lumps of coke and their strength are both increased, which comprises maintaining a coking rate between 1.2 and 2.8, and preferably between 1.44 and 2.0, inches per hour, based upon the width in inches of the coking chamber and the time required to complete the coking operation, and maintaining a rate of temperature increase between 1.6 and 3.3 centigrade degrees per minute during the heating of the coal while it is in the plastic range. The coal preferably is also preliminarily heated to a temperature between 160.degree. and 250.degree.C, preferably between 180.degree. and 200.degree.C, before being charged to the high-efficiency coking oven, and the width of the coking chamber of the high-efficiency oven that is used is at least 500 millimeters (19.7 inches).

Abstract: An electrical pulsing unit in the pusher ram drive emits a pulse for every preselected incremental distance traveled by the ram from the face of the oven at the start of the push to the completion of the push. The pulses are received in the quench car locomotive and are converted to signals that show the position of the ram during its travel. The quench car has a similar pulsing unit, and pulses from this unit are converted to signals that show the position of the quench car. The quench car locomotive operator can then coordinate the signals to achieve proper coke distribution in the quenching car.