Abstract: The disclosure belongs to the technical field of solid fuel utilization and discloses a gasification reactor adaptable for feedstock with wide particle size distribution, including a reactor body. The reactor body is composed of a first reaction chamber, a second reaction chamber, and a third reaction chamber, which are connected with each other. The side wall of the first reaction chamber is provided with a first vent for introducing a gasification agent to fluidize the fine feedstock particles in the first reaction chamber and the gasification reaction occurs. The bottom of the second reaction chamber is provided with a second vent for introducing an oxidant to react with the coarse feedstock particles in the second reaction chamber. The bottom of the third reaction chamber is provided with a third vent for introducing a gasification agent to fluidize and gasify the incompletely reacted particles in the third reaction chamber.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process and apparatus for converting feedstock comprising biomass and/or carbon-containing solid waste material to synthesis gas. The process comprises supplying the feedstock to a gasifier comprising a fluidized bed zone and a post-gasification zone and contacting the feedstock with a gasification agent at a plurality of different operating temperatures based on the ash softening temperature of the feedstock and finally recovering the synthesis gas. The apparatus is configured to perform the process and comprises a plurality of nozzles arranged at an acute angle relative to a horizontal plane of the gasifier.

Abstract: Processes and systems for converting biomass into high-carbon biogenic reagents that are suitable for a variety of commercial applications. Pyrolysis in the presence of an inert gas is employed to generate hot pyrolyzed solids, condensable vapors, and non-condensable gases, followed by separation of vapors and gases, and cooling of the hot pyrolyzed solids in the presence of the inert gas. Additives may be introduced during processing or combined with the reagent, or both. The biogenic reagent may include at least 70 wt %, 80 wt %, 90 wt %, 95 wt %, or more total carbon on a dry basis. The biogenic reagent may have an energy content of at least 12,000 Btu/lb, 13,000 BtU/lb, 14,000 Btu/lb, or 14,500 Btu/lb on a dry basis. The biogenic reagent may be formed into fine powders, or structural objects. The structural objects may have a structure and/or strength that derive from the feedstock, heat rate, and additives.

Abstract: A device for proportioning of secondary combustion air into the secondary air soles of coke oven chamber ovens is shown. The device is formed by a slide gate or a parallelepiped device or by plates moved by means of a thrust bar, the thrust bar being moved longitudinally in parallel to the coke oven chamber wall so that the plates move away from the secondary air apertures and open or close these. The thrust bar is moved by means of a positioning motor, with the power transmission being effected hydraulically or pneumatically. Via suitable measuring parameters, it is thus possible to optimize secondary heating so that heating is provided evenly from all sides, thus achieving an improvement in coke quality.

Abstract: A method of treating untreated low calorific coal containing moisture and organic volatiles includes feeding untreated coal to a dryer, and drying the coal. The dried coal is subjected to a pyrolyzing step where oxygen-deficient gases are brought into contact with the coal, thereby lowering the volatile content of the coal and producing a stream of pyrolysis effluent gases. The pyrolysis effluent gases are subjected to a separation process to separate lean fuel gases from liquids and tars, wherein the separation process removes less than about 20 percent of the pyrolysis effluent gases as the liquids and tars, with the remainder being the lean fuel gases. The lean fuel gases are returned to the dryer combustor, the pyrolyzer combustor, or the pyrolyzer.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of manufacturing charcoal. It is characterized in that: first hot gases are generated by at least one heating means; its first gases are mixed with second gases in order to form a gas mixture; this mixture is sent into a charge of wood in order to generate therein a pyrolysis front; an overpressure is created between the upstream end and the downstream end of the charge so as to force this front to pass through it in one direction, namely from the upstream end to the downstream end; and third gases are recovered downstream of the charge, at least a first portion of said third gases, in the form of a stream of said second gases, is conveyed by a conveying means. The invention also relates to a device for implementing this method.

Abstract: Process and reactor for the production of synthesis gas by partial combustion of a hydrocarbon feed. A burner is used with a plurality of coaxial burner channels, wherein at least one channel supplies a flow of a non-gaseous hydrocarbon feed, at least one other channel supplies a flow containing a gaseous hydrocarbon feed and at least one further channel supplies a non-hydrocarbon moderator gas.

Abstract: The present technology is generally directed to systems and methods for controlling air distribution in a coke oven. In a particular embodiment, a coke oven air distribution system comprises an oven chamber having an oven floor configured to support a coal bed, a plurality of sidewalls extending upward from the oven floor, and an oven crown covering a top portion of the oven chamber. The air distribution system further includes an air inlet positioned above the oven floor and a distributor proximate to the inlet. The inlet is configured to introduce air into the oven chamber and the distributor is configured to at least one of preheat, redirect, or spread air within the oven chamber.

Abstract: The present technology is generally directed to non-perpendicular connections between coke oven uptakes and a hot common tunnel, and associated systems and methods. In some embodiments, a coking system includes a coke oven and an uptake duct in fluid communication with the coke oven. The uptake duct has an uptake flow vector of exhaust gas from the coke oven. The system also includes a common tunnel in fluid communication with the uptake duct. The common tunnel has a common flow vector and can be configured to transfer the exhaust gas to a venting system. The uptake flow vector and common flow vector can meet at a non-perpendicular interface to improve mixing between the flow vectors and reduce draft loss in the common tunnel.

Abstract: The present invention provides a system for conversion of organic matter into a torrefied product, wherein the system comprises a direct fired rotary kiln.

Abstract: The present technology is generally directed to systems and methods of controlling or reducing the output rate of a coke oven through gas sharing providing an extended process cycle. In some embodiments, a method of gas sharing between coke ovens to decrease a coke production rate includes operating a plurality of coke ovens to produce coke and heated exhaust gases. In some embodiments, a first coke oven is offset in operation cycle from a second coke oven. The method further includes directing the heated exhaust gases from the first coke oven to the second coke oven while the second coke oven is mid-cycle. The heat transfer allows the second coke oven to extend its cycle while staying above a critical operating temperature. By extending the operational cycle while generally maintaining output per cycle, overall production is decreased.

Abstract: A volatile matter sharing system includes a first stamp-charged coke oven, a second stamp-charged coke oven, a tunnel fluidly connecting the first stamp-charged coke oven to the second stamp-charged coke oven, and a control valve positioned in the tunnel for controlling fluid flow between the first stamp-charged coke oven and the second stamp-charged coke oven.

Abstract: Disclosed is a device and a method for feeding primary combustion air for the combustion of coke oven gas into a coking chamber of a coke oven of the non-recovery or heat recovery type, the coke oven is provided with openings in the oven chamber through which the oven chamber can be charged with primary air, and heating flues in the oven chamber sole with openings through which the heating flues can be charged with secondary air, and downcomer-channels which allow for guiding partially burned gas for combustion with secondary air from the oven chamber into the heating flues, wherein in the oven wall above the door or in the upper door area there are one or more non-controlled openings comprised of a heat-proof material through which part of the primary air can be guided, and in the top area of the oven there are further controllable air feeder ducts conducting primary air through the oven top.

Abstract: A system and corresponding process for treating biomass, including by use of a plurality of pyrolysis treatment steps. The process can be used to provide a first pyrolysis product (e.g., intermediate), in the form of a carbon enriched material that contains substantially less hemicellulose content than the initial biomass, while substantially retaining and optionally enriching cellulose and/or lignin content as compared to the initial biomass. The process also includes a second pyrolysis device, adapted to further pyrolyze the first pyrolysis product in order to provide one or more gasses and/or vapors (e.g., providing condensable or non-condensable bio-products) and solid ash byproduct.

Abstract: A process for treating coal includes introducing coal into a chamber and passing an oxygen deficient sweep gas into contact with the coal, the sweep gas being at a higher temperature than the temperature of the coal so that heat is supplied to the coal. The process further includes providing additional heat to the coal indirectly by heating the chamber, wherein the heating of the coal by the sweep gas and by the indirect heating from the chamber causes condensable volatile components to be released into the sweep gas. The proportion of heat supplied to the coal by the sweep gas is less than 40% of the total heat supplied to the coal. The sweep gas is then removed from the chamber and treated to remove condensable components of the coal.

Abstract: A process for treating coal includes introducing coal into a chamber and passing an oxygen deficient sweep gas into contact with the coal, the sweep gas being at a higher temperature than the temperature of the coal so that heat is supplied to the coal. The process further includes providing additional heat to the coal indirectly by heating the chamber, wherein the heating of the coal by the sweep gas and by the indirect heating from the chamber causes condensable volatile components to be released into the sweep gas. The proportion of heat supplied to the coal by the sweep gas is less than 40% of the total heat supplied to the coal. The sweep gas is then removed from the chamber and treated to remove condensable components of the coal.

Abstract: A method of sequestering carbon dioxide emissions during recovery of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbonaceous materials can include forming a constructed permeability control infrastructure. This constructed infrastructure defines a substantially encapsulated volume. A comminuted hydrocarbonaceous material can be introduced into the control infrastructure to form a permeable body of hydrocarbonaceous material. The permeable body can be heated sufficient to remove hydrocarbons therefrom. During heating, the hydrocarbonaceous material is substantially stationary as the constructed infrastructure is a fixed structure. Additionally, during heating, any carbon dioxide that is produced can be sequestered. Removed hydrocarbons can be collected for further processing, use in the process, and/or use as recovered.

Abstract: A system and method are described for torrefaction of particulate biomass. The system comprises a reactor having mass flow characteristics, containing particulate biomass, and further is equipped with a heated gas input; a gas discharge output; a particulate solids inlet; and a particulate solids discharge.

Abstract: In one aspect, the inventive process comprises a process for pyrolyzing a hydrocarbon feedstock containing nonvolatiles in a regenerative pyrolysis reactor system. The inventive process comprises: (a) heating the nonvolatile-containing hydrocarbon feedstock upstream of a regenerative pyrolysis reactor system to a temperature sufficient to form a vapor phase that is essentially free of nonvolatiles and a liquid phase containing the nonvolatiles; (b) separating said vapor phase from said liquid phase; (c) feeding the separated vapor phase to the pyrolysis reactor system; and (d) converting the separated vapor phase in said pyrolysis reactor system to form a pyrolysis product.

Abstract: Improvement in carbonization in a carbonization furnace and simultaneous reduction in NOx emissions is achieved by recirculation of waste gas from a coking oven back to the oven chamber, the downcomers, or the sole channel system.

Abstract: Dosed proportioning and cutoff of combustion air into the primary heating space of a horizontal coke oven is provided by apertures in the ceiling of the coke oven chamber, the apertures covered with a withdrawable cover device which controls the amount of air admitted, manually or in an automatic mode. By way of this device, ventilation of a coke oven chamber with primary air can be so controlled that primary air is introduced in an exactly dosed manner and, depending on its place of installation, exactly distributed into the primary heating space of a coke oven chamber.

Abstract: Heat from a concentrated solar power source is applied to the conversion of carbonaceous materials such as heavy petroleum crude oils, coals and biomass to liquid hydrocarbons. The solar heat is applied to provide at least a portion of the process heat used in the high temperature, short contact time hydropyrolysis of the carbonaceous material which is supplied with hydrogen generated by a high temperature process such as high temperature steam electrolysis, the sulfur-iodine cycle, the hybrid sulfur cycle, the zinc-zinc oxide cycle or by methane steam cracking. The heat from the solar source may be used to generate electricity to operate high temperature steam electrolysis used in generation of the hydrogen. By the use of solar thermal energy sources, hydrocarbon resource utilization for process heat is eliminated along with carbon dioxide evolution associated with burning of the hydrocarbon resource to generate process heat.

Abstract: A device for feeding primary combustion air or a gas into an oven for the carbonization of coal is provided. The device has nozzle-shaped openings the inlet ports of which are made of a refractory material. These openings are situated above the door area or in the upper door area of the coke oven and having no adjusting devices for the air or gas flow. Part of the primary air or of a gas is passed through these openings. In the top area of the oven additional openings into the oven are provided through which another part of primary air or of a gas is passed and which are equipped with controlling units comprised of a folding mechanism or a helical spindle or a cone lock and connected to a mechanical actuator element. These openings in the oven top area are configured as pipes which pass through the top wall, the pipes being configured, for example, as U-pipes or as a siphon to provide protection from outer influences.

Abstract: A pyrolysis apparatus comprises a furnace (1) operating by fluidized bed combustion, a pyrolyzer (4) and flow paths, which connect the furnace (1) and the pyrolyzer (4) for arranging the circulation (C) of carrier material of the fluidized bed combustion between the furnace and the pyrolyzer The apparatus also comprises a supply inlet (14) for supplying fuel to be pyrolyzed to the pyrolyzer (4), fluidizing gas supply means (5) arranged in the pyrolyzer for fluidizing the mixture of carrier material and fuel, and an outlet (6) for taking condensible gaseous substances separated from the fuel to be pyrolyzed out of the pyrolyzer (4), and a condenser for condensing the condensible gaseous substances.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method for energy conversion of solid fuels in particular containing carbon comprising a first step which consists in reacting said fuels in a first energy conversion reactor (2, 20). The invention is characterized in that it comprises a second step which consists in injecting oxygen brought to the output of said reactor (2, 20), the reaction of the first step being carried out in at least a circulating fluidized bed (30, 31, 40) and in that the metal oxides circulate between two interconnected circulating fluidized beds (30, 31, 40) converting the fuel and oxidizing the oxides.

Abstract: A waste is dry-distilled in a gasification furnace and generated combustible gas is combusted in a combustion furnace. A temperature in the combustion furnace is set to be substantially constant at a first preset temperature or more. When the temperature in the combustion furnace is greater than the first preset temperature by combustion of other fuels, the combustible gas is introduced. When the temperature in the combustion furnace reaches a second preset temperature or more by the combustion of only the combustible gas, the combustion of the other fuels is finished. When the temperature in the combustion furnace falls below a third preset temperature the combustion of the other fuels is resumed. When the temperature in the gasification furnace falls below a fourth preset temperature, the combustion of the other fuels is finished.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a waste carbonization method which produces charcoal and/or activated carbon from solid wastes, such as wood waste, and renders produced gas completely harmless. Solid wastes B are exposed to gas generated in pyrolysis gasification of other wastes A in a gasification furnace 1 to produce charcoal and/or activated carbon from the solid wastes B.

Abstract: A process for producing a brightness stabilization mixture of water-soluble organic compounds from biomass pyrolysis oils comprising: a) size-reducing biomass material and pyrolyzing the size-reduced biomass material in a fluidized bed reactor; b) separating a char/ash component while maintaining char-pot temperatures to avoid condensation of pyrolysis vapors; c) condensing pyrolysis gases and vapors, and recovering pyrolysis oils by mixing the oils with acetone to obtain an oil-acetone mixture; d) evaporating acetone and recovering pyrolysis oils; e) extracting the pyrolysis oils with water to obtain a water extract; f) slurrying the water extract with carbon while stirring, and filtering the slurry to obtain a colorless filtrate; g) cooling the solution and stabilizing the solution against thermally-induced gelling and solidification by extraction with ethyl acetate to form an aqueous phase lower layer and an organic phase upper layer; h) discarding the upper organic layer and extracting the aqueous

Abstract: A method and apparatus is provided for the thermolysis of solid waste within an enclosed thermolysis chamber in the absence of free oxygen which produces a thermolysis off-gas. The thermolysis off-gas is removed from the thermolysis chamber and injected into a cyclone where it is washed with water and cooled. The washed and cooled thermolysis off-gas is divided into two portions. One portion of the washed thermolysis off-gas is further cooled in a heat exchanger and then injected into a burner and combusted, while the remaining portion of the washed thermolysis off-gas is passed into indirect heat exchange with the hot off-gas resulting from the combustion of the other portion of the thermolysis off-gas in the burner and recycled back into the enclosed thermolysis chamber. This in-situ recycling of hot thermolysis off-gas helps prevent the creation of hot spots in the thermolysis chamber and the possibility of an explosive reaction between oxygen and hydrogen.

Abstract: Process for treating industrial and/or urban waste comprising notably a drying stage, a waste thermolysis stage and a dechlorination stage by washing the solids resulting from the thermolysis.According to the invention, said thermolysis is achieved by direct contact of the waste with warm gases having a low oxygen content.The invention further relates to the plant for implementing the process.

Abstract: A high conversion of biomass, such as wood, sawdust, bark, or agricultural wastes, to liquids is obtained bypyrolysis at short reaction tines in a reactor capable of high heat transfer rates; the reactor being of the fluidized bed, circulating fluidized bed or transport type in which the conveying gas contains low and carefully controlled amounts of oxygen, allowing a reaction system with low concentrations of carbon monoxide or flammable gases with a resulting improvement in operating safety and potential improvement in thermal efficiency and capital costs. The oxidation steps may be carried out in one or two stages. The resulting liquid product may be used as an alternative liquid fuel or as a source of high-value chemicals.

Abstract: The biomass, particularly lump wood, is supplied to a shaft reactor at its top and is initially preheated to temperatures of about 150.degree. to 280.degree. C. and dried by a counterflowing hot gas. This is followed by a treatment in an underlying carbonizing zone, the upper portion of which is supplied with hot purging gas at a temperature of 250.degree. to 600.degree. C. The hot purging gas flows downwardly through the carbonizing zone co-currently with the wood. A gas mixture which contains purging gas and gas produced by carbonization is withdrawn from the lower portion of the carbonizing zone and is at least in part combusted outside the shaft reactor to produce a combustion gas, which is used at least in part as hot purging gas.

Abstract: According to this invention there is provided a process for the heat treatment of noncaking, noncoking coal with a process derived gaseous fuel having a variably controllable calorific heating value.

Abstract: A continuously operable combustion-type retort apparatus includes an insulated retort. A preheater is preferably associated with the retort for preheating incoming material, and means are preferably provided for injecting acetic acid and steam into the incoming material. Heat is supplied from a combustion zone arranged near the bottom of the retort, wherein means are provided for combusting spent shale to provide the heat necessary for retorting. Means for injecting acetic acid and water are arranged above the combustion zone for preventing the combustion from spreading into the material being retorted. The invention also comprises a method of retorting to produce a very high quality oil from shale and having a 7:1 ratio of carbon to hydrogen, along with the production of valuable nitrogen related chemicals, activated lignin and cement.

Abstract: A process for the pyrolysis of carbonation materials such as wood which comprises directly or indirectly heating the carbonaceous material with flue gases. When carbonization commences the direct heating is stopped while indirect heating continues until carbonization is complete. There is also described an application for effecting the process.

Abstract: Coal is heated between about 95.degree. and 250.degree. C. to evaporate moisture, but not volatile hydrocarbons. The dried coal is heated to a temperature between about 400.degree. and 700.degree. C. to recover volatile hydrocarbons and to form char, the char is treated with hydrogen at a temperature between about 700.degree. and 1000.degree. C. to form methane, and the methane is decomposed to form pure carbon and hydrogen, which is recycled to treat the char.

Abstract: A process and system for low-temperature carbonization of oil shale, oil sands and similar oil-bearing solids includes low-temperature carbonization of oil-bearing solids in a high-pressure fluidized bed reactor in the presence of a substance selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and steam at temperatures substantially between 400.degree.and 600.degree. C. for producing low-temperature carbonization gas. The low-temperature carbonization gas is condensed in at least two stages for producing relatively higher boiling and relatively lower boiling oil fractions. The oil-bearing solids are peripherally mashed with the higher boiling oil fraction of the low-temperature carbonization gas, before introducing the oil-bearing solids into the high-pressure fluidized bed reactor. The oil-bearing solids mashed with the higher boiling oil fraction are returned to the high-pressure fluidized bed reactor.

Abstract: Lump wood is carbonized in a shaft retort, which is flown through by hot rinse gas. The wood is charged to the retort at its top. Wood charcoal is withdrawn from the lower portion of the retort. An exhaust gas which contains gases and vapors produced by carbonization is withdrawn from the top end of the shaft retort and is directly fed to a combustion chamber. In a first section of the combustion chamber, the exhaust gas is combusted with air at an understoichiometric to stoichiometric rate at temperatures from 800.degree. to 1250.degree. C. Part of the combustion gas is withdrawn from that first section of the combustion chamber and is cooled to temperatures from about 450.degree. to 900.degree. C. and is fed as a rinse gas to the shaft retort. In a second section of the combustion chamber, the exhaust gas is completely combusted with air supplied at an overstoichiometric rate.

Abstract: Entrained pyrolysis of lignocellulosic material proceeds from a controlled pyrolysis-initiating temperature to completion of an oxygen free environment at atmospheric pressure and controlled residence time to provide a high yield recovery of pyrolysis oil together with char and non-condensable, combustible gases. The residence time is a function of gas flow rate and the initiating temperature is likewise a function of the gas flow rate, varying therewith. A controlled initiating temperature range of about 400.degree. C. to 550.degree. C. with corresponding gas flow rates to maximize oil yield is disclosed.

Abstract: An apparatus for inducing and accelerating hydrogen dissociation in a cloud generated from feedstock fed into a chamber defined by the apparatus is provided. The apparatus includes a device for thermally stimulating the feedstock to generate the cloud, a device for localizing the cloud within the chamber, a device for electrically stimulating the localized cloud, and a device for photonically stimulating the localized cloud. A method is also provided.

Abstract: Increased yields of liquid hydrocarbon are obtained from a carbonaceous material (e.g., coal) by a two-stage process comprising pretreatment of the carbonaceous material with an appropriate gas in a first stage, followed by pyrolysis of the pretreated carbonaceous material, in a second stage.

Abstract: An apparatus for the recovery of oil from shale is disclosed in which the shale travels through processing zones on a moving grate. Among the processing zones are a destructive distillation zone and a carbon combustion zone. A conduit is provided for recirculating gases to the carbon combustion zone.

Abstract: The invention relates to a methanol-to-hydrogen cracking reactor for use with a fuel cell vehicular power plant. The system is particularly designed for rapid start-up of the catalytic methanol cracking reactor after an extended shut-down period, i.e., after the vehicular fuel cell power plant has been inoperative overnight. Rapid system start-up is accomplished by a combination of direct and indirect heating of the cracking catalyst. Initially, liquid methanol is burned with a stoichiometric or slightly lean air mixture in the combustion chamber of the reactor assembly. The hot combustion gas travels down a flue gas chamber in heat exchange relationship with the catalytic cracking chamber transferring heat across the catalyst chamber wall to heat the catalyst indirectly. The combustion gas is then diverted back through the catalyst bed to heat the catalyst pellets directly.

Abstract: A process for carbonizing and then activating carbonaceous materials in a continuous process as performed by an apparatus consisting of an elongated, slightly inclined rotary retort into the higher end of which the material is deposited and from the lower end of which the product is removed, the material moving therethrough in the form of a tumbling bed, a system for introducing air in independently regulatable amounts into each of a series of longitudinally spaced zones of the retort, except a final zone closest to its lower end, in such a manner that contact of the air with the material bed is delayed for a substantial time after the air enters the retort, and a system for introducing superheated steam into the final retort zone as an oxidizing agent in such a manner as to immediately engage and thoroughly intermix with the material bed. Provision is also made for introducing air, rather than steam, into the final retort zone, in the event carbonization, but not activation, may be desired.

Abstract: A plant for continuously retorting oil products contained in shales and sands comprising a substantially horizontal retort furnace into which said shales and sands are introduced by means of hoppers and metering devices and placed on metal conveyors moving in counter-current to gases, means being provided for placing said shales and sands onto said conveyors with a suitable thickness and for stirring the shales and sands. One or more combustion chambers are arranged outside said retort furnace for producing hot gases, and one or more input zones are located along the retort furnace for admitting hot gases into the retort furnace, causing the hot gases to mix with circulating gases which have been preheated by removing sensible heat from the exhausted shale and sand material. A direct contact condenser at the furnace head utilizes cold fluid to condense distilled oil products, and a decantation tank is arranged beneath said condenser for freeing the process gases from the dust.

Abstract: This invention comprises an apparatus and process for drying and/or heating materials. This invention was designed for use in the production of charcoal from wood feed material; however, it can be used to heat and/or dry many types of materials. Feed material is disposed in a reactor, wherein there is provided a first array of input channels extending through said feed material, through which hot gases are introduced into said feed material, and a second array of output channels extending through said feed material to collect and exit those hot gases and any gases or vapors derived from the heating and/or drying of the feed material.

Abstract: A method of and apparatus for providing coal dust to a reaction chamber, especially in the process of producing low-sulfur coke dust and gas by gas extraction and partial gasification of coal dust in a reaction chamber for partially combusting coal dust. Coal dust and a first stream of combustion gas are combined and passed through a central conduit to a reaction chamber. A second stream of combustion gas can be selectively subjected to swirling motion and can be combined with the stream emanating from the central conduit. The degree of swirl of the first stream and the second stream of combustion gas is used to control distribution of the gas-solids mixture in the reaction chamber and to control the path of the gas-solids mixture leading into the wall of the reaction chamber.

Abstract: Process for calcining green coke in at least three heating stages, which comprises preheating the green coke in the first stage, preliminarily calcining the coke in the second stage, cooling the coke; and calcining the coke in the third stage, volatile matter from the second stage being burned during the third stage. The product coke is suitable for preparing graphite electrodes.

Abstract: A method of producing abrasion resistant coke from brown coal briquets in a shaft furnace comprises charging the coke briquets into the top of the furnace and removing coke from the bottom of the furnace while directing inert hot combustion gases into the furnace and through the briquets at a plurality of vertically spaced levels throughout the height of the shaft furnace. Gases are directed at temperatures to effect and successively lower stages of the furnace the preheating, predrying, carbonization, and cooling of the charge.

Abstract: Delayed petroleum coke is calcined in an internally-fired vertical shaft kiln. A downwardly-moving bed of green coke is preheated in the top of the kiln by rising combustion gases, then heat soaked at calcining temperatures in the intermediate section of the kiln, and finally cooled by recycle gas moving upwardly from the lower part of the kiln. Partially cooled calcined coke is recovered from the bottom of the kiln.