Abstract: A metal film-forming method is capable of forming a metal film on a surface of a base metal film, formed on a surface of a substrate, with sufficient adhesion to the base metal film even when a natural oxide film is formed on the surface of the base metal film. The metal film-forming method includes: preparing a substrate having a base metal film formed on a surface; and carrying out electroplating of the substrate using the base metal film as a cathode and another metal as an anode while immersing the substrate in a solution containing a metal complex and a reducing material, both dissolved in a solvent, to form a metal film, deriving from a metal contained in the metal complex, on the surface of the base metal film.

Abstract: A portable kiln is transported to a site of logging where there is significant wood waste. At the site, wood waste is collected. The portable kiln is assembled as it is being loaded with wood waste. Once the portable kiln is assembled it is lit with all air intakes open. When combustion is complete and charring begins, some of the air intakes are closed. When charring ends, all of the air intakes and exhausts are closed to permit the kiln to cool down.

Abstract: A process for destructive distillation of solid wastes and an apparatus for achieving the process whereby organic solid waste material which has been shredded, is exposed to a pyrolytic process to remove water and organic materials by a pyrolytic process wherein the off gases, after having been fractionally distilled to extract useable combustion products, are recycled through the process to enhance the destructive distillation of the solid waste material.