Abstract: The separation by conventional distillation or rectification of methyl t-butyl ether from close boiling hydrocarbons is difficult because of the closeness of their vapor pressures. Methyl t-butyl ether can be readily separated from these by extractive distillation. Examples of effective agents are: from 1-pentene, dimethylsulfoxide; from cyclopentane, sulfolane and from n-pentane - cyclopentane mixtures, diethyl malonate.

Abstract: 3-Pentanone cannot be completely removed from 3-pentanone and formic acid mixtures by distillation because of the presence of the maximum azeotrope. 3-Pentanone can be readily removed from 3-pentanone-formic acid mixtures by extractive distillation in which the extractive agent is cyclopentanone, either alone or admixed with certain high boiling organic compounds. Examples of effective agents are cyclopentanone; cyclopentanone and 2-methoxyethyl ether; cyclopentanone, adiponitrile and octanoic acid.

Abstract: Hexane cannot be removed from hexane - vinyl acetate mixtures by distillation because of the minimum boiling azeotrope. Hexane can be readily removed from vinyl acetate by extractive distillation. Typical effective agents are phenol, 1-nitropropane and benzyl alcohol.

Abstract: Tetrachloroethylene cannot be completely separated from methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, isopropanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, isobutanol, 1-pentanol, 2-pentanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol or t-amyl alcohol by conventional distillation or rectification because of the minimum boiling azeotropes. Tetrachloroethylene can be readily separated from these alcohols by extractive distillation. A typical effective agent is dimethylsulfoxide.

Abstract: 1,1,1-Trichloroethane cannot be completely separated from methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, 2-butanol or t-butanol by conventional distillation or rectification because of the minimum boiling azeotropes. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane can be readily separated from these alcohols by extractive distillation. A typical effective agent is dimethylsulfoxide.

Abstract: A method for recovering volatile, organic compounds from manure, by:i) acidifying and concentrating the manure;ii) condensing the formed vapor; andiii) separating the volatile, organic compounds from the condensate.Preferably the volatile, organic compounds are removed from the condensate by liquid extraction, crystallization, distillation and/or ion exchange.

Abstract: 4-Methyl-2-pentanone cannot be easily separated from acetic acid by distillation because of the closeness of their boiling points. 4-Methyl-2-pentanone can be readily removed from acetic acid by extractive distillation. Typical effective agents are dimethlsulfoxide (DMSO); DMSO and adipic acid; DMSO, adipic acid and adiponitrile.

Abstract: 3-Methyl-2-butanone cannot be separated from formic acid by distillation because of the presence of the maximum boiling azeotrope. 3-Methyl-2-butanone can be readily removed from formic acid by extractive distillation using dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). Typical effective agents are: DMSO and heptanoic acid; DMSO, octanoic acid and butyl benzoate.

Abstract: A method of extracting and separating substances contained in a solid sample, especially from ginkgo leaves, which comprises introducing a supercritical fluid into a dispersion in which the solid sample is dispersed, separating the supercritical fluid containing dissolved substances to be extracted.

Abstract: Formic acid cannot be completely removed from formic acid--water mixtures by distillation because of the presence of the maximum azeotrope. Formic acid can be readily removed from mixtures containing it and water by using extractive distillation in which the extractive distillation agent is cyclohexanone, isophorone or a mixture of these with certain organic compounds. Typical examples of effective agents are cyclohexanone; isophorone; cyclohexanone and neodecanoic acid; isophorone and diisobutyl ketone.

Abstract: Tetracholorethylene cannot be completely separated from n-butanol, isobutanol or 2-butanol by conventional distillation or rectification because of minimum boiling azeotropes. Tetrachloroethylene can be readily separated from n-butanol, isobutanol or 2-butanol by extractive distillatiion. Typical effective agents are: for n-butanol, dipropylene glycol methyl ether; for isobutanol, dimethylsulfoxide and isobutyl butyrate; for 2-butanol, ethylene glycol methyl ether and isobornyl acetate.

Abstract: Acetic acid is difficult to separate from water by conventional distillation or rectification because of the close proximity of their boiling points. Acetic acid can be readily separated from water by using azeotropic distillation. Typical examples of effective agents are ethyl n-valerate and 4-methyl-2-pentanone.

Abstract: An extractive distillation agent consisting essentially of a monohydroxy alkoxyalkanol containing 5 to 8 carbon atoms is fed to an extractive distillation column used for the distillation of propylene oxide contaminated with water to obtain an overhead distillate fraction consisting of essentially anhydrous propylene oxide, and a heavier bottoms distillation fraction containing substantially all of the monohydroxy alkoxyalkanol and water introduced into the distillation column.

Abstract: The separation of alkadienes from close-boiling alkenes by extractive distillation employs as solvent either N-(.beta.-mercaptoethyl)-2-pyrrolidone alone, or a mixture of N-(.beta.-mercaptoethyl)-2-pyrrolidone and either N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone or cyclohexanol, or a mixture of cyclohexanol and tetraethylene glycol. The separation of cycloalkadines from close-boiling alkadienes by extractive distillation employs N-(.beta.-mercaptoethyl)-2-pyrrolidone as solvent.

Abstract: Methylene chloride cannot be completely separated from methanol or ethanol by conventional distillation or rectification because of the mimimum boiling azeotrope. Methyelne chloride can be readily separated from methanol or ethanol by azeotropic or extractive distillation. Typical effective agents are: for methanol by azeotropic distillation, isopropanol or t-butanol; by extractive distillation, 1-nitropropane or n-butanol; for ethanol by extractive distillation, isobutanol or n-propyl acetate.

Abstract: The higher boiling ketone isomers are difficult to separate one from another by conventional distillation or rectification because of the close proximity of their boiling points. Ketone isomers can be readily separated from each other by extractive distillation. Typical examples of effective agents are: for 3-pentanone from 2-pentanone, dipropylene glycol; 3-hexanone from 2-hexanone, butoxypropanol; 3-heptanone from 2-heptanone, 50% ethylene glycol--50% butoxypropanol; 3-octanone from 2-octanone, ethylene glycol diacetate.

Abstract: Black acid or the sulfuric acid residue obtained in the manufacture of ethyl acrylate by reaction of ethylene and acrylic acid in the presence of sulfuric acid is heated and distilled in the presence of a solvent for recovery of acrylic acid and ethyl acrylate.

Abstract: An organic solvent having a boiling point lower than that of water is removed from liquid containig water and the organic solvent contained in a tank by exhausting air in the tank, wherein an air pressure in the tank is kept about vapor pressure level of the liquid.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to an improved reverse osmosis membrane that shows surprisingly improved solute rejection and permeation properties. The membrane includes a separating layer of a polyamideurethane formed in situ by reaction of a haloformyloxy-substituted acyl halide with a diamine-treated substrate.

Abstract: Aromatic hydrocarbons containing 6-10 carbon atoms per molecule are separated from close-boiling olefinic hydrocarbons by extractive distillation employing N-(.beta.-hydroxyethyl)-2-pyrrolidone and/or cyclohexanol as solvent.

Abstract: Chloroform cannot be completely separated from methanol, ethanol or isopropanol by conventional distillation or rectification because of the minimum boiling azeotrope between chloroform and the alcohols. Chloroform can be readily separated from methanol, ethanol or isopropanol by extractive distillation. Typical effective agents are: for methanol, isopropanol or 4-methyl-2-pentanone; for ethanol, n-butanol or isobutyl acetate; for isopropanol, butyl acetate or ethylene glycol ethyl ether.

Abstract: Methylene chloride cannot be completely separated from ethyl vinyl ether by conventional distillation or rectification because of the minimum boiling azeotrope. Methylene chloride can be readily separated from ethyl vinyl ether by extractive distillation. Typical effective agents are ethylene glycol methyl ether acetate, 2-hexanone and 1-nitropropane.

Abstract: Trichloroethylene cannot be completely separated from n-butanol, isobutanol, 2-butanol or t-butanol by conventional distillation or rectification because of the minimum boiling azeotropes. Trichloroethylene can be readily separated from n-butanol, isobutanol, 2-butanol or t-butanol by extractive distillation. Typical effective agents are: for n-butanol, dimethylsulfoxide; for isobutanol, n-octanol; for 2-butanol, 2-methyl-1-pentanol and for t-butanol, n-butyl acetate.

Abstract: 1,1,1-Trichloroethane cannot be completely separated from n-hexane by conventional distillation or rectification because of the minimum boiling azeotrope. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane can be readily separated from n-hexane by extractive distillation. Typical effective agents are: methyl isoamyl ketone, amyl acetate and isobutanol.

Abstract: p-Cymene and p-menthane are difficult to separate one from another by conventional distillation or rectification because of the close proximity of their boiling points. p-Cymene and p-menthane can be readily separated one from another by using azeotropic or extractive distillation. Typical examples of effective agents, for azeotropic distillation: diethyelene glycol ethyl ether, 1-pentanol and isobutanol; for extractive distillation: butyl benzoate, undecyl alcohol and methyl benzoate.

Abstract: Pyridine cannot be completely separated from water by conventional distillation or rectification because of the minimum boiling azeotrope. Pyridine can be readily separated from water by using azeotropic or extractive distillation. Typical examples of effective agents are: by azeotropic distillation, methyl isoamyl ketone and propylene glycol dimethyl ether; by extractive distillation, isophorone and sulfolane.

Abstract: An extractive distillation process for separatin at least one C.sub.4 -C.sub.10 alkene (monoolefin) from at least one close-boiling alkane employs a solvent mixture of (a) at least one saturated alcohol (preferably cyclohexanol) and either (b1) at least one sulfolane (preferably cyclotetramethylene sulfone) or (b2) at least one glycol compound (preferably tetraethylene glycol) or (b1)+(b2).

Abstract: The disposal of chlorinated pitches is carried out by a process which employs two treatments with an alcohol, which are carried out in cascade.Such treatments cause the precipitation of the suspended matter to take place. This is then caused to settle, and is separated and pyrolized, while the supernatant is distilled in order to separate the alcohol, which is recycled back to the process, from other organic components, which are sent to further uses.

Abstract: A process for the treatment of waste water containing boron compounds and radionuclides. The waste water is essentially vaporized until dry to yield a concentrate. Boric acid ester and an azeotropic mixture of water and alcohol are produced in a reaction by the addition of an excess of a long chain primary alcohol, e.g. butyl alcohol, to the concentrate. The azeotropic mixture, excess alcohol and boric acid ester are then separated from the concentrate by distilling. The non-radioactive components are then separated from the concentrate leaving behind a radioactive residue, which can be safely disposed of. The azeotropic mixture is then separated back into water and alcohol, and the boric acid ester is saponified back into boric acid and alcohol. The alcohol and boric acid are recycled back into the treatment process and to the nuclear reactor.

Abstract: m-Xylene is difficult to separate from p-xylene or o-xylene by conventional distillation or rectification because of the close proximity of their boiling points. m-Xylene can be readily separated from p-xylene or o-xylene by using extractive distillation in which the agent is an alcohol. Typical examples of effective agents are: for m-xylene from o-xylene, 1-octanol and cyclododecanol; for p-xylene from m-xylene, diisobutyl carbinol and cyclododecanolphenethyl alcohol mixture.

Abstract: Methylene chloride cannot be completely separated from methyl formate or ethyl formate by conventional distillation or rectification because of the minimum boiling azeotrope. Methylene chloride can be readily separated from methyl formate or ethyl formate by extractive distillation. Typical effective agents are: for methyl formate, n-butyl acetate and 3-hexanone; for ethyl formate, isobornyl acetate and 2-heptanone.

Abstract: 4-Methyl-2-pentanone cannot be easily separated from acetic acid by distillation because of the closeness of their boiling points. 4-Methyl-2-phentanone can be readily removed from acetic acid by extractive distillation. Typical effective agents are dimethylformamide (DMFA); DMFA and m-toluic acid; DMFA, p-toluic acid and isobutyl heptyl ketone.

Abstract: Ethyl ester cannot be completely separated from methylene chloride by conventional distillation or rectification because of the maximum boiling azeotrope. Ethyl ether can be readily separated from methylene chloride by extractive distillation. Typical effective agents are t-butyl alcohol, n-propyl acetate or propoxypropanol.

Abstract: Isopropanol and n-propanol cannot be completely separated from water by conventional distillation or rectification because of the minimum boiling azeotrope. Isopropanol and n-propanol can be readily separated from water by using azeotropic or extractive distillation. Typical examples of effective agents are: for isopropanol by azeotropic distillation, vinyl n-butyl ether; by extractive distillation, polyethylene glycol; for n-propanol by azeotropic distillation, amyl formate; by extractive distillation, n-butyl acetate.

Abstract: t-Butyl alcohol cannot be completely separated from water by conventional distillation or rectification because of the minimum boiling azeotrope. t-Butyl alcohol can be readily separated from water by using azeotropic or extractive distillation. Typical examples of effective agents are: by azeotropic distillation, vinyl n-butyl ether and propylene glycol dimethyl ether; by extractive distillation, 1,3-butanediol and triethylene glycol.

Abstract: Cyclohexane cannot be readily separated from cyclohexene by conventional distillation or rectification because of the close proximity of their boiling points. Cyclohexane can be separated from cyclohexene by azeotropic or extractive distillation. Typical examples of effective agents are: for azeotropic; ethylene glycol methyl ether and n-butanol; for extractive; propylene glycol methyl ether and diacetone alcohol.

Abstract: Methylal cannot be completely separated from methylene chloride by conventional distallation or rectification because of the maximum boiling azeotrope. Methylal can be readily separated from methylene chloride by extractive distillation. Typical effective agents are n-butyl acetate, diisobutyl ether and 4-methyl-2-pentanone.

Abstract: A process for the purification of crude benzoic acid obtained by the catalytic oxidation of toluene in the liquid phase, which is contaminated with impurities including phthalic acid and benzylbenzoate, the process involves distilling the crude benzoic acid in a first distillation in the presence of an aliphatic amine or a mixture of aliphatic amines of the formulaHNR.sup.1 R.sup.2whereinR.sup.1 represents hydrogen or a straight-chain or branched hydroxyalkyl or aminoalkyl radical with 1 to 6 carbon atoms andR.sup.2 represents a straight-chain or branched hydroxyalkyl or aminoalkyl radical with 1 to 6 carbon atoms,and/or the salts of these amines, recovering from this distillation (a) a purified benzoic acid and (b) a benzylbenzoate containing residue, working up the residue by a second distillation and chlorinating the distillate resulting from this second distillation to give a benzoylchloride virtually free of benzonitrile.

Abstract: A method is provided for the separation by extractive distillation of hydrocarbon impurities from propylene oxide wherein t-butyl alcohol/water is used as extractive distillation solvent.

Abstract: 4-Methyl-2-pentanone cannot be easily separated from formic acid by distillation because of the closeness of their boiling points. 4-Methyl-2-pentanone can be readily removed from formic acid by extractive distillation using dimethylamides. Typical effective agents are dimethylformamide; dimethylacetamide and acetyl salicyclic acid; dimethylacetamide, heptanoic acid and methyl benzoate.

Abstract: Glycerine cannot be easily separated from triethylene glycol and 1,2,4-butanetriol by atmospheric or reduced pressure distillation because of the closeness of their boiling points. Glycerine can be readily separated from triethylene glycol and 1,2,4-butanetriol by azeotropic distillation. Typical effective agents are m-xylene, dipentene and 2-methoxyethyl ether.

Abstract: Ethylene glycol cannot be easily separated from 1,2-butanediol or 1,3-butanediol by atmospheric or reduced pressure distillation because of the closeness of their boiling points. Ethylene glycol can be readily separated from the butanediols by azeotropic distillation. Typical effective agents are ethyl benzene, 3-heptanone or diisobutyl ketone.

Abstract: 3-Methyl-2-butanone cannot be separated from formic acid by distillation because of the presence of the maximum boiling azotrope. 3-Methol-2-butanoe can be readily removed from formic acid by extractive distillation using sulfolane. Typical effective agents are: sulfolane and ethylene glycol diacetate; sulfolane, m-toluic acid and anisole.

Abstract: A process for separation of components of a mixture of more than one organic substance or of a mixture of at least one organic substance and water by extraction using a supercritical fluid as an extractant. During the extraction an extraction aid having a higher affinity with an unextractable component of the mixture than with an extractable component of the mixture is present. Also disclosed is an apparatus for carrying out this process.

Abstract: Dioxane cannot be completely removed from dioxane and formic acid mixtures by distillation because of the presence of the maximum azeotrope. Dioxane can be readily removed from dioxane - formic acid mixtures by extractive distillation in which the extractive agent is dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide or these with certain high boiling organic compounds.

Abstract: 4-Methyl-2-pentanone cannot be easily separated from formic acid or acetic acid by distillation because of the closeness of their boiling points. 4-Methyl-2-pentanone can be readily removed from formic acid or acetic acid by extractive distillation. Typical effective agents are sulfolane; sulfolane and heptanoic acid; sulfolane, azelaic acid and ethylene glycol diacetate.

Abstract: A complex mixture of polyols cannot be easily separated by atmospheric or reduced pressure distillation because of the closeness of their boiling points. A mixture of polyols can be readily separated by azeotropic distillation. Typical effective agents are: p-xylene for propylene glycol from 2,3-butanediol and 1,2-butanediol; diisobutyl ketone for ethylene glycol from 1,2-butanediol and 1,3-butanediol; dipentene for glycerine from triethylene glycol and 1,2,4-butanetriol; propylene glycol isobutyl ether for 2,3-butanediol from propylene glycol.

Abstract: Formic acid cannot be completely removed from formic acid and water mixtures by distillation because of the presence of the maximum azeotrope. Formic acid can be readily removed from formic acid - water mixtures by extractive distillation in which the extractive agent is a benzoic acid derivative mixed with certain higher boiling organic compounds. Examples of effective agents are: o-toluic acid and heptanoic acid; 2-benzoylbenzoic acid and methyl salicylate; p-hydroxybenzoic acid, pelargonic acid and 2-hydroxyacetophenone.

Abstract: Meta and para-diisopropylbenzenes cannot be easily separated from each other by distillation because of the closeness of their vapor pressures. m-Diisopropylbenzene can be readily removed from p-diisopropylbenzene by azeotropic distillation using certain alcohols. Typical effective azeotropic distillation agents are diethylene glycol butyl ether, diethylene glycol methyl ether and o-isopropyl phenol.

Abstract: Meta and para-diisopropyl benzenes cannot be easily separated from each other by distillation because of the closeness of their vapor pressures. m-Diisopropyl benzene can be readily removed from p-diisopropyl benzene by extractive distillation using certain high boiling organic compounds. Effective extractive agents are diphenyl ether, dimethyl adipate, diisononyl adipate, tributyl phosphate and ethylene glycol phenyl ether.