Abstract: The present invention discloses an extractive distillation process for separating HCl from pentafluoroethane, chloropentafluoroethane, chlorotrifluoroethane, trifluoromethane, and other fully saturated and unsaturated fluorocarbons, chlorofluorocarbons and chlorocarbons.

Abstract: Ethanol is difficult to separate from isopropanol by conventional distillation or rectification because of the proximity of their boiling points. Ethanol can be readily separated from isopropanol by azeotropic distillation. Effective agents are acetonitrile and methylene chloride.

Abstract: Linear hydrofluorocarbons of the formula XCF.sub.2 (CF.sub.2).sub.n CH.sub.2 F where X is H or F, and n is 1 to 7 when X is H and 0 to 7 when X is F, are produced by a vapor phase catalytic reaction of HF with corresponding compounds of the formula XCF.sub.2 (CF.sub.2).sub.n CH.sub.2 OY where Y is --(CO)Cl or --SO.sub.2 Cl. Azeotropic compositions with HF (e.g., an azeotrope of CHF.sub.2 CF.sub.2 CH.sub.2 F and HF) are provided, and a portion of the linear hydrofluorocarbon product (e.g., a portion of the CHF.sub.2 CF.sub.2 CH.sub.2 F) may be recovered as an azeotropic composition and recycled.

Abstract: Hydrogen fluoride and 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-chloroethane forms an azeotropic mixture of which molar ratio of HF/1,1,1-trifluoro-2-chloroethane varies, for example, from about 60/40 at a pressure of 1.5 Kg/cm.sup.2 G and a temperature of 20.degree. C. to about 45/55 at a pressure of 15 Kg/cm.sup.2 G and a temperature of 87.degree.C.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of tetrafluorophthalic acid and/or tetrafluorophthalic anhydride by reacting a compound of the formula ##STR1## in which X is a radical ##STR2## which is optionally mono- or polysubstituted on the aromatic nucleus by fluorine and/or chlorine and/or alkyl groups having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or is a radical ##STR3## in which R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are as defined, with water, and subsequently removing the water still present by azeotropic distillation or extracting the tetrafluorophthalic acid and/or its anhydride with a water-insoluble solvent or solvent mixture.

Abstract: To replace the cleaning compositions based on 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane (F113), the invention proposes a composition comprising, on a weight basis, 60 to 90% of 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane (F141b), 9 to 33% of 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane (F365 mfc) and 1 to 7% of methanol. These three compounds form a positive azeotrope (b.p.=29.1.degree. C. at normal pressure).The composition, optionally stabilized, can be employed for the cleaning and/or drying of solid surfaces, in particular for the defluxing of printed circuits and for the degreasing of mechanical components.

Abstract: To replace cleaning compositions based on 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane (F113), the invention proposes a composition comprising, by weight, 93 to 99% of 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane (F365 mfc) and 7 to 1% of methanol. These two compounds form a positive azeotrope (b.p.=36.5.degree. C. at normal pressure).The composition, optionally stabilized, can be used for the cleaning and/or drying of solid surfaces, in particular for the removal of flux from printed circuits and for degreasing mechanical parts.

Abstract: Formic acid difficult to separate from acetic acid by conventional distillation or rectification because of the close proximity of their boiling points. Formic acid can be readily separated from acetic acid by using azeotropic distillation. Effective agents are cyclopentane and tetrachloroethylene.

Abstract: Improved cleaning compositions are disclosed based on fluorochlorohydrocarbons, alkanols and at least one ester selected from the group consisting of methyl propionate, ethyl propionate and ethyl acetate. The compositions may optionally contain additional additives and are highly suitable for industrial cleaning processes or for vapor degreasing, for example, particularly for removing resin soldering fluxes containing high amounts of activator.

Abstract: An improved process for separation of valuable components of a waste stream resulting from production of an olefin polymerization procatalyst by the addition to the waste stream of a separation solvent of intermediate boiling point, subjecting the resulting mixture to a first distillation zone to separate the desired waste stream components from the upper portion of the zone and passing the bottoms product to a second distillation zone wherein separation solvent is recovered from the upper portion of the zone for recycle and passing the bottoms product to disposal or further processing.

Abstract: Azeotropic mixtures of 1,1-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethane (HCFC-132c) and cis-1,2-dichloroethylene (c-HCC-1130) with methanol, or ethanol or n-propanol are useful in solvent cleaning applications, as refrigerants, aerosol propellants and blowing agents.

Abstract: Mixtures of the compound 1,1,1,2,2,5,5,5-octafluoro-4-trifluoromethylpentane with alcohols, ethers, esters, ketones, nitrogen-containing organic compounds, and halogenated hydrocarbons are disclosed; as is a process for cleaning a solid surface which comprises treating the surface with said mixtures. Binary mixtures of 1,1,1,2,2,5,5,5-octafluoro-4-trifluoromethylpentane with about 5 to 13 weight percent methanol, with about 2 to 10 weight percent ethanol, with about 3 to 11 weight percent isopropanol, with about 50 to 58 weight percent dichloromethane, and with about 1 to 9 weight percent acetonitrile, are disclosed as azeotrope or azeotrope-like compositions and are particularly suited for use where solvent recovery and reuse is practiced.

Abstract: Process for extracting polyhydroxyalkanoates from the cell material of microorganisms by adding an organic solvent for the polyhydroxyalkanoate which is immiscible with water and which has a boiling point of below 100.degree. C., and, if appropriate, by adding water; stirring the resulting extraction mixture, if appropriate with refluxing; separating off the aqueous phase which contains the cell material in undissolved form from the organic phase; and injecting the organic phase into hot water, causing the dissolved polyhydroxyalkanoate to precipitate and the organic solvent to evaporate, and also isolating the precipitated polyhydroxyalkanoate flocs.

Abstract: Azeotrope-like compositions comprising pentafluoroethane and 1,1,1-trifluoroethane are stable and have utility as refrigerants for heating and cooling.

Abstract: A process for separating and recovering an organic phase (e.g., fluorocarbons such as chlorofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons) from a feed stream of a mixture of fluorocarbons and hydrogen fluoride, wherein the mixture is characterized as forming at least one azeotrope or azeotrope-like composition involving at least one fluorocarbon and hydrogen fluoride, by passing the fluorocarbon/HF mixture feed stream through the feed side of a semipermeable membrane unit and then further separating a fluorocarbon-depleted hydrogen fluoride permeate stream and a fluorocarbon enriched residual stream exiting the membrane unit by conventional distillation. An essentially pure fluorocarbon phase and hydrogen fluoride phase are recovered from the distillation with the azeotrope or azeotrope-like distillate being recycled to the inlet of the semipermeable membrane unit.

Abstract: A method for recovering volatile, organic compounds from manure, by:i) acidifying and concentrating the manure;ii) condensing the formed vapor; andiii) separating the volatile, organic compounds from the condensate.Preferably the volatile, organic compounds are removed from the condensate by liquid extraction, crystallization, distillation and/or ion exchange.

Abstract: The azeotropic and azeotrope-like compositions of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane and one of 1,1-difluoroethane, 1-chloro-1,1,-difluoroethane, dimethyl ether, perfluorocyclobutane, n-butane, isobutane and 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane, and their use as refrigerants, aerosol propellants and blowing agents for polymer foams are disclosed. The azeotropic and azeotrope-like compositions of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane and one of perfluorocyclobutane and 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane are also useful as fire extinguishants.

Abstract: Azeotrope-like compositions comprising 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane, dichlorotrifluoroethane, nitromethane and ethanol or methanol are stable and have utility as degreasing agents and as solvents in a variety of industrial cleaning applications including cold cleaning and defluxing of printed circuit boards.

Abstract: A process for the dehydration of substances, mixtures, primarily condensation reaction mixtures, (e.g. direct esterification, direct acetal formation, direct ketal formation), performed by continuous azeotropic distillation with an organic solvent forming with water an azeotropic mixture of minimal boiling point and unable to mix with water, carried out in such a way that the distillate is cooled at least to the temperature, at which the condensate with the given water content or the organic phase of the condensate is just supersaturated with respect to water, and the organic phase of lower water content obtained in this way is recycled to the distilling boiler. The organic solvents used are e.g. benzene, toluene, 1,2-dichloroethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride.

Abstract: Stable azeotrope-like compositions comprising 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane, dichloroethylene, and optionally an alkanol which are useful in a variety of industrial cleaning applications including defluxing and some of which are also useful as blowing agents in the preparation of polyurethane foams.

Abstract: Azeotropic and azeotrope-like compositions composed of dichloropentafluoropropanes and acetone are described which are suitable for use in cleaning processes and in printing and copying processes for fixing toner based on polystyrene.

Abstract: Novel azeotrope-like compositions comprising dichloropentafluoropropane, ethanol and a hydrocarbon containing six carbon atoms which are useful in a variety of industrial cleaning applications including cold cleaning and defluxing of printed circuit boards.

Abstract: Stable azeotrope-like compositions consisting essentially of dichloropentafluoropropane and a hydrocarbon containing six carbon atoms which are useful in a variety of industrial cleaning applications including cold cleaning and defluxing of printed circuit boards.

Abstract: Improved cleaning compositions are disclosed based on fluorochlorohydrocarbons, alkanols and at least one ester selected from the group consisting of methyl propionate, ethyl propionate and ethyl acetate. The compositions may optionally contain additional additives and are highly suitable for industrial cleaning processes or for vapor degreasing, for example, particularly for removing resin soldering fluxes containing high amounts of activator.

Abstract: Novel azeotrope-like compositions comprising dichloropentafluoropropane, methanol, and a hydrocarbon containing six carbon atoms which are useful in a variety of industrial cleaning applications including cold cleaning and defluxing of printed circuit boards.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a novel azeotrope consisting essentially of from 25 to 35% by weight of 2-methylbutane and from 65 to 75% by weight of 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane, and the use thereof in the production of rigid, closed cell foams.

Abstract: Novel azeotrope-like compositions comprising dichloropentafluoropropane, 2-propanol and a hydrocarbon containing six carbon atoms which are useful in a variety of industrial cleaning applications including cold cleaning and defluxing of printed circuit boards.

Abstract: Azeotropic mixtures of 1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoro-3-methoxypropane with cis 1,2-dichloroethylene (c-CFC-1130) and methanol or ethanol or isopropanol or n-propanol, the azeotropic mixtures being useful in solvent cleaning applications.

Abstract: The invention relates to a novel azeotropic or azeotrope-like mixture which essentially comprises about 90-97% by mass of 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl ether and about 3-10% by mass of ethanol and also to a process for cleaning electrical or electronic components, in particular soldered circuit boards or printed circuits, but also other solid surfaces, with the aid of said mixture. Soldering fluxes, in particular, can be removed from circuit boards with the aid of said mixture.

Abstract: Separating pentafluoroethane from a mixture of pentafluoroethane and chloropentafluoroethane by adding a fluorocarbon extractive agent having 1-4 carbon atoms, and optionally containing hydrogen and/or chlorine, in an extractive distillation zone to recover pentafluoroethane substantially free of chloropentafluoroethane in the overhead product stream.

Abstract: The invention relates to an azeotrope with a minimum boiling point, capable of being employed as a refrigerating fluid replacing trifluorobromomethane (Halon 1301) in industrial refrigeration systems at very low temperature with single-stage compression.The azeotrope according to the invention is a mixture of 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HFA 143a) and of propane (R290). At the normal boiling point (approximately -53.4.degree. C. at 1.013 bars), its 1,1,1-trifluoroethane content is approximately 70.6 mass % and that of propane 29.4 %.This azeotrope can also be employed as an aerosol propellant or as a blowing agent for plastic foams.

Abstract: The invention relates to an azeotrope-type mixture which contains about 3-5% by weight of methanol and about 95-97% by weight of 1,4-dihydroperfluorobutane, and also to a process for cleaning electronic components, in particular soldered conductor boards or printed circuits, with the aid of said mixture.

Abstract: Azeotropic mixtures of 2,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethane (HCFC-132c) with methanol, ethanol, or trans-1,2-dichloroethylene (t-HCC-1130), the azeotropic mixtures being useful in solvent cleaning applications.

Abstract: Stable azeotrope-like compositions consisting essentially of 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane, 1,2-dichloroethylene, cyclopentane, methanol, nitromethane, and optionally diisopropylamine which are useful in a variety of industrial cleaning applications.

Abstract: Process of separating hydrogen chloride and tetrafluoroethylene by extractively distilling a mixture thereof in the presence of an extractant that substantially alters the relative volatilities of the hydrogen chloride and the tetrafluoroethylene, for example, a perhalogenated organic extractant, such as perfluorocyclobutane, hexafluoropropylene or 1,1,2-trifluoro-1,2,2-trichloroethane.

Abstract: An azeotrope or azeotrope-like composition of 2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HCFC-123) and methanol, the azeotropic mixture being useful in solvent cleaning application.

Abstract: Stable azeotrope-like compositions of 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane, nitromethane, 1,2-dichloroethylene and an alkanol which are useful in a variety of industrial cleaning applications.

Abstract: Azeotropic mixtures of 1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoro-3-methoxypropane with one of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene (t-HCC-1130), cis-1,2-dichloroethylene (c-HCC-1130), 1,1-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethane (HCFC-132c), or 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethane (HCFC-132), and the use of such azeotropic mixtures in solvent cleaning applications is disclosed.

Abstract: Stable azeotrope-like compositions comprising 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane, dichlorotrifluoroethane, methanol, and a mono- or di-chlorinated C.sub.2 or C.sub.3 alkane which are useful in a variety of industrial cleaning applications.

Abstract: The azeotropic mixture of 1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoro-3-methoxypropane and 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanol-1, and the use of such azeotropic mixture as: a cleaning agent, a blowing agent, a refrigerant, an aerosol propellant, a heat transfer medium, a fire extinguishing agent, a gaseous dielectric and a power cycle working fluid is disclosed.

Abstract: Azeotropic mixtures of 1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoro-3-methoxypropane with methanol or isopropanol or n-propanol, the azeotropic mixtures being useful in solvent cleaning applications.

Abstract: 1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane, 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane and hydrogen fluoride are separated from their liquid mixtures, such as liquid mixtures resulting from the hydrofluorination, of 1,1,1-trichloroethane or vinylidene chloride. 1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane and 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane are first separated by distillation into their respective mixtures with hydrogen fluoride, which are thereafter subjected to parallel phase separations resulting in two hydrogen fluoride-enriched liquid phases, a 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane-enriched liquid phase and a 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane-enriched liquid phase. 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane and 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane are purified from the respective halohydrocarbon-enriched liquid phases by distillation. The hydrogen fluoride-enriched stream generated from the phase separation of the hydrogen fluoride/1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane mixture is recycled to the hydrofluorination reaction mixture.

Abstract: Azeotrope-like compositions comprising 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane; 1,2-dichloroethylene; and alkanol having 3 to 7 carbon atoms have utility as degreasing agents and as solvents in a variety of industrial cleaning applications including cold cleaning and defluxing a printed circuit boards.

Abstract: Azeotropes of 1-chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane or 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane with n-butane or isobutane and their use as propellants and foam blowing agents.

Abstract: Azeotropes of 1,1-dichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane with pentanes and their use as cleaning agents and foam blowing agents.

Abstract: Azeotrope-like compositions comprising ethylene oxide and dichlorotrifluoroethane isomers or mixtures thereof are novel constant boiling compositions which are useful as sterilizing gases.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for obtaining trioxane from aqueous solutions by high-pressure extraction using an extracting agent which is in the form either of a gas in the supercritical state or of a liquid gas. An intermediate separation is advantageous, especially in the former case.The trioxane can be obtained in high concentration and with a saving of energy by the process according to the invention.

Abstract: Water-insoluble crystallizable epoxy alcohols such as phenyl glycidol are recovered from epoxidation reaction mixtures by washing the mixture with water, concentrating the mixture by distillation under vacuum to remove unreacted hydroperoxide and alcohol co-product, and crystallizing the epoxy alcohol from solution. Minimal decomposition of the epoxy alcohol is observed.

Abstract: A process is described for the production of pure tetrafluoroethylene from a gas formed in the pyrolysis of a fluorocarbon compound having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, which can contain a hydrogen atom and a chlorine atom. The pyrolysis gas, after hydrogen chloride or hydrogen fluoride and also if necessary steam have been separated off, is condensed under pressure and distilled in a plurality of columns, in the first column the low boilers being distilled off, preferably with a reflux ratio of 6 to 15 kg per kg of tetrafluoroethylene produced, and in the second column tetrafluoroethylene, preferably with a reflux ratio of 3 to 5 kg per kg of tetrafluoroethylene produced. Per kg of tetrafluoroethylene produced, from 0.6 to 2 kg of difluoromonochloromethane are fed into the second column as a distillation aid. The novel process makes it possible to produce pure tetrafluoroethylene at comparatively reduced energy and apparatus costs.

Abstract: By extracting hydrogen fluoride from 2,2,3,3-tetrafluorooxetane with a halogenated hydrocarbon, a mixture of 2,2,3,2-tetrafluorooxetane and the halogenated hydrocarbon containing a small amount of hydrogen fluoride is obtained. The mixture may be distilled at least twice to obtain a mixture of 2,2,3,2-tetrafluorooxetane and the halogenated hydrocarbon containing substantially no hydrogen fluoride.