Abstract: There is provided a water treating method which can not only improve an effect of eliminating microorganisms in water intended for cooking and drinking or waste water but also prevent a reduction in trace amounts of nutritional elements. In the method, at least a pair of carbon fibers capable of collecting at least microorganisms are immersed in for-treatment water, potentials of opposite polarities are applied to the carbon fibers, and the polarities of the potentials are switched at a predetermined time interval so as to adsorb the microorganisms on the carbon fibers. After the microorganisms are adsorbed, a positive potential is applied to one of the carbon fibers, and a negative potential is applied to the other so as to cause electrolysis. Then, an alternating voltage is applied to the carbon fibers so as to heat the for-treatment water and the carbon fibers.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to an apparatus for evaluating the signal strength from the pH sensor to determine whether the sensor is hydrated sufficiently to accurately measure pH. This is accomplished by utilizing circuitry that periodically sends a low voltage signal to a suitable pH sensor and then receiving the resulting waveforms which are analyzed by a processing receiver. The electrical connection between a suitable pH sensor and hydration monitoring circuitry is generally hard wired. In one embodiment, a processing receiver is coupled with the hydration monitoring circuitry as a single apparatus. In a second embodiment, the processing receiver can be independent and located remote from the hydration monitoring circuitry. In this embodiment, the hydration monitoring circuitry and the processing receiver are electrically connected using either hard wired techniques or wireless technology. In addition, the processing receiver can include data recording capability.

Abstract: Some embodiments of the present invention provide a system and method suited for controlling the operation of an electrolyzer cell module. Specifically, some embodiments of the present invention provide a system and method that incorporates a call to an alarm recovery sequence into a safety system suited for use with an electrolyzer cell module, which is able to suspend the normal operations and initiate an alarm recovery sequence upon detecting that a corresponding alarm threshold has been violated. The safety system and method is then able to restart the normal operations if it is determined that the alarm recovery sequence was successful, meaning that the process and operating parameters that violated the particular alarm threshold have been brought back to within a safe operating range.

Abstract: A decomposition apparatus for decomposition of decomposition targets such as organic chlorinated compounds is provided. The decomposition apparatus includes a contact section with an internal space to allow a decomposition target to come into contact with and be taken into a liquid, a flow path to lead along with the liquid the decomposition target taken into the liquid to a position different from the internal space, a decomposing device positioned along the flow path in a state cut off from the outside air to decompose the decomposition target that has been led through the flow path, and a device to introduce to the contact section a liquid that contains products produced from the decomposition of the decomposition target by the decomposing device.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electroionic processing system having a high frequency alternating current (AC) power source for treating potable water, process water, wastewater, biosolids, sludge, primary effluent, secondary effluent, and other biochemical processing functions, including producing hydrogen peroxide and other useful chemicals. An electromagnetic field is generated and coupled to an electrolytic treatment apparatus by a direct coupling apparatus and method, a capacitive coupling apparatus and method, and an inductive coupling apparatus and method. The present invention further comprises a process controller and a plurality of analyzers for monitoring various treatment process variables to adjust and optimize the process as necessary.

Abstract: An apparatus for electroplating a rotogravure cylinder out of a plating solution is disclosed. The apparatus includes a plating tank adapted to support the cylinder and to contain a plating solution so that the cylinder is at least partially disposed into the plating solution. The apparatus also includes a non-dissolvable anode at least partially disposed within the plating solution. A current source is electrically connected to the non-dissolvable anode and to the cylinder. An ultrasonic system may be provided to introduce wave energy into the plating solution includes at least one transducer element mountable within the tank and a power generator adapted to provide electrical energy to the transducer element. A holding tank having a circulation pump, a mixing system and heating and cooling elements for the plating solution may be provided.

Abstract: Electroplating station S has a head 1 with anode 2, to one side of which there is located an electrically neutral wall 3. The width of anode 2 is provided to accommodate the width of web 6. Serrations 9 are provided on the anode 2, especially in the area of top surface 8. A passageway 4 for electrolyte 5 is between anode 2 and wall 3. Mesh 11 is located at a throat section 12 of passageway 4 shortly before the start of the guide 7. In addition, mesh 13 is located further upstream in passageway 4 as an alternative and/or as an addition to mesh 11. Guide 7 of wall 3, serrations 9, and meshes 11 and 13 enhance and maximize the production of stream-wise vortices. These vortices cause a substantial increase in the ion flow, which overcomes boundary layers and results in additional deposition of copper onto the web 6.

Abstract: A water treating apparatus is provided which is capable of producing a hypochlorous acid-containing electrolytic water having a satisfactory sterilizing ability in a household. The water treating apparatus is an apparatus for producing hypochlorous acid in for-treatment water containing a salt by use of an electrochemical reaction which occurs in the for-treatment water when a direct current voltage is applied to at least a pair of electrodes oppositely disposed in the for-treatment water, wherein the direct current voltage to be applied to the electrodes is obtained by smoothing an alternating voltage of domestic use power supply into direct current power of a predetermined voltage, an electrode having titanium covered with a coating containing at least palladium or ruthenium is used as an anode, and at most 90% of the salt added to the for-treatment water is converted into hypochlorous acid by the electrochemical reaction.

Abstract: A process for forming oxide based dense ceramic composite coatings on reactive metal and allow bodies involves suspension of at least two reactive metal or alloy bodies in a non-metallic, non-conducting, non-reactive chamber in such a way that it causes either partial or full immersion of the bodies in a continuously circulating electrolyte. Thyristor controlled, modified shaped wave multiphase alternating current power supply is applied across the bodies where in each body is connected to an electrode. Electric current supplied to the bodies is slowly increased to a particular value till the required current density is achieved and the maintained at the same level throughout the process. Visible arcing at the surface of the immersed regions of the bodies is identified when the applied electric potential crosses 60V. Electric potential is further increased gradually to compensate the increasing resistance of the coating.

Abstract: A device for anti-bacterial treatment in particular decontamination and/or sterilisation of water and for killing micro-organisms in water, with a container designed to hold a water quantity intended to be treated and an electrode arrangement which is designed to act on the water quantity in the container and which can be connected and operated with an electrical signal generating device provided outside the container, where the electrical signal generating device can be operated low voltage and is intended to generate an electrical alternating signal between electrodes of the electrode arrangement with a maximum amplitude <50 V and a signal frequency in the range between 1 and 5000 kHz, in particular 5 to 50 kHz, where the signal generating device has an adjustment device designed for automatic changing of a maximum amplitude, an amplitude stroke and/or a signal/pause ratio of the alternating signal as a function of conductance value of the water quantity.

Abstract: The use of impedance measurements to detect the presence of pathogens attached to antibody-coated beads. In a fluidic device antibodies are immobilized on a surface of a patterned interdigitated electrode. Pathogens in a sample fluid streaming past the electrode attach to the immobilized antibodies, which produces a change in impedance between two adjacent electrodes, which impedance change is measured and used to detect the presence of a pathogen. To amplify the signal, beads coated with antibodies are introduced and the beads would stick to the pathogen causing a greater change in impedance between the two adjacent electrodes.

Abstract: A redox bipolar cell fabric washing system and method is disclosed that provides for washing fabrics without the use of any added detergents, fabric softeners, or bleaches, or other chemical al additives. The system includes a conventional fabric washing machine with a redox bipolar cell that through a circulation pump continuously treats the wash water by using mixed oxidants or charged wash water to remove contaminants from the fabric. The redox cell includes a housing, a plurality of cathode plates, a plurality of membranes, and a plurality of anodes proximately positioned in an alternate manner with a plurality of flow channels in the housing. The cell produces charged wash water by an electrochemical reaction utilizing electrically charged anodes and cathodes with semi permeable membranes, wherein the oxidation reduction potential of the charged wash water is continuously controlled with a sensor to determine when the fabrics are clean.

Abstract: The use of impedance measurements to detect the presence of pathogens attached to antibody-coated beads. In a fluidic device antibodies are immobilized on a surface of a patterned interdigitated electrode. Pathogens in a sample fluid streaming past the electrode attach to the immobilized antibodies, which produces a change in impedance between two adjacent electrodes, which impedance change is measured and used to detect the presence of a pathogen. To amplify the signal, beads coated with antibodies are introduced and the beads would stick to the pathogen causing a greater change in impedance between the two adjacent electrodes.

Abstract: Sanitary foot warm bath equipment is provided which prevents or suppresses proliferation of saprophytic bacteria in a foot bath. The foot warm bath equipment is foot warm bath equipment which reserves hot water for foot bathing in a foot bath, the equipment comprising heating means for heating water in the foot bath to produce hot water of setting temperature, electrolytic water producing means for producing electrolytic water containing hypochlorous acid by electrolyzing the water, and control means for controlling the heating means and the electrolytic water producing means, wherein the electrolytic water produced by the electrolytic water producing means is supplied into the foot bath.

Abstract: In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a water treatment system for sterilizing water retained in a water container. The system includes a circulation process line for pumping the to-be-sterilized water out of the water container, sterilizing the water through electrolysis, and feeding the sterilized water back into the water container; an arrangement for producing a sterilizing solution having a sterilizing function by electrolyzing an electrolytic solution containing chlorine ions and having a function of promoting an electrochemical reaction; and an arrangement for supplying the produced sterilizing solution into the circulation process line as required. The system can constantly sterilize the water in the circulation process line and, as required, additionally supply the sterilizing solution produced by the sterilizing solution producing arrangement into the circulation process line according to a variation in the quality of the water.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for producing water containing ozone by electrolysis includes an anodic electrode, a cathode electrode, and a mechanism for advancing and reversing both or at least one of the electrodes, wherein DC voltage is applied between both electrodes in the state of a solid polymer electrolyte membrane pressed by both electrodes, water flows on both sides of the solid polymer electrolyte membrane, water containing ozone is produced at the anodic electrode, and an operation for changing a pressing force is carried out, after which, the pressing force returns to an original pressing force, thereby carrying out a recovery of the solid polymer electrolyte membrane while continuing the production of the water containing ozone.

Abstract: A substrate plating apparatus forms an interconnection layer on an interconnection region composed of a fine groove and/or a fine hole defined in a substrate. The substrate plating apparatus includes a plating unit for forming a plated layer on a surface of the substrate including the interconnection region, a chemical mechanical polishing unit for chemically mechanically polishing the substrate to remove the plated layer from the surface of the substrate leaving a portion of the plated layer in the interconnection region, a cleaning unit for cleaning the substrate after the plated layer is formed or the substrate is chemically mechanically polished, a drying unit for drying the substrate after the substrate is cleaned, and a substrate transfer unit for transferring the substrate to and from each of the first plating unit, the first chemical mechanical polishing unit, the cleaning unit, and the drying unit.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method and apparatus for the disinfection of water and wastewater contaminated with bacteria and other microorganisms. The apparatus includes an electrolytic flow cell including electrodes forming a part of flow pipe or open channel through which water or wastewater passes. The electrodes are formed of iron, stainless steel, carbon or copper and connected to a power supply voltage in the range of 20 to 100 volts and establishing a current in the range of 1 to 6 amperes. Disinfection results from either metal ions impacting microbial cells or through the generation of hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals and hypochlorous acid. When the electrodes are copper, toxic metal contamination limits are established through proper design of the flow cell. An ultrasonic transducer is connected to the electrodes and enhances hydroxyl radical generation.

Abstract: A cyclic voltammetric method for measuring the concentration of additives in a plating solution. The method generally includes providing the plating solution, having an unknown concentration of an additive to be measured therein and cycling the potential of an inert working electrode through a series of measurement steps. The series of measurement steps includes a metal stripping step including pulsing from an open circuit potential to a metal stripping potential between about 0.2 V and about 0.8 V, and holding the metal stripping potential until a corresponding current nears 0 mA/cm. The series of measurement steps further includes a cleaning step including pulsing from the metal stripping potential to a cleaning potential between about 1.2 V and about 1.6 V, and holding the cleaning potential for about 2 seconds to about 10 seconds. The series of measurement steps then includes a pre-plating step including pulsing from the cleaning potential to a pre-plating potential between about −0.

Abstract: The invention pertains to a device for electrodepositing metallic, prosthetic, molded, dental components, whereby the device has a glass beaker for accommodating an electrolyte bath, a stirring system for moving the electrolyte bath, a heating system for heating the electrolyte bath, at least one anode and at least one cathode, as well as a unit for supplying electricity that is connected to at least one of the anodes and to at least one of the cathodes. Use is hereby made of a heating system that is formed from at least one infrared emitter whose main emission is in the 0.5 &mgr;m to 1000 &mgr;m range of wavelengths.

Abstract: A system for maintaining a concentration range of an electroreducible metal species undergoing electrolysis within a predetermined concentration range comprises a first container containing a body of an electrolyte solution in which a metal is partially dissolved, a second container in fluid communication with the first container, the second container containing a second body of the solution, and a means for exchanging solution between the containers. The second container is configured with a means for electrolyzing, and a means for sensing the concentration of, the dissolved metal in the second body. During electrolysis, if the sensed concentration is within a predetermined range, the second body is circulated through the electrolyzing means; if the sensed concentration is outside or nearly outside the range, the solution is exchanged to maintain the concentration within the range.

Abstract: An apparatus for determining ions strength in a solution. In relation to a chlorinator, a control circuit senses the strength of the brine by determining current flow through an associated chlorinator. Depending on the level of current flow, different signal configurations occur to advise of the status of the apparatus.

Abstract: A heat exchanger structure for a plurality of electrochemical storage cells has at least one duct component through which thermal control medium flows. The duct component has two material strips which are arranged parallel to one another and between which a heat exchanger duct is formed. The material strips have shaped portions adapted to the storage cells. The heat exchanger structure is useable, for example, for a motor vehicle battery.

Abstract: A purifying apparatus for purifying flowing water includes a negative electrode plate disposed on a flowing water bed and a positive electrode plate disposed at an upper face opposite to the negative electrode plate, wherein the positive electrode plate is adapted to be dipped below a water surface of the flowing water with floats being disposed at least at upstream and downstream end portions or opposing side portions of the positive electrode plate in a flowing direction of the flowing water. A structure is provided for positioning the positive electrode plate at a position opposite the negative electrode plate. Also, as necessary, a vertical-movement structure is provided to allow vertical movement of the positive electrode plate and of a gas collecting unit. The positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate are provided with an electric field generator.

Abstract: The prey electrolyzing silver or gold stick in a cup with electrical power supplied, consisting of the cup, the silver or gold stick, the circuit plate, power connection part, and the spring for power connection part, wherein said silver or gold stick are prepared in concave type are attached to the inside of the cup; and wherein said cup attached by the silver or gold stick can be separated from the main body resulting in convenience for use. Furthermore, because the silver or gold stick are equipped in the bottom side of the cup, the electrolysing activity of the device in this invention is excellent sent invention relates to a ionizing device which can obtain silver or gold colloid.

Abstract: The concentration of a leveler in a plating liquid that is used by a plating apparatus for filling metal such as copper in interconnection trenches and holes defined in the surface of a semiconductor substrate or the like is determined based on a peak area (Ar value) in a peel-off region of the plating liquid measured according to a CV or CVS process.

Abstract: A pressurized electrochemical bulk-process method & apparatus, adapted to real-time tracking and adjustment of electro-hydraulic parameters, comprising a high-pressure reaction chamber of the type of a horizontal cylindrical electrolytic cell, whose zirconium walls constitute one electrode in contact with an electrolytic solvent containing the target material to be processed. The other electrode is a thin vertical zirconium disk partially submerged in the electrolyte, which fills less than half of the chamber.

Abstract: A redox bipolar cell fabric washing system and method is disclosed that provides for washing fabrics without the use of any added detergents, fabric softeners, or bleaches, or other chemical al additives. The system includes a conventional fabric washing machine with a redox bipolar cell that through a circulation pump continuously treats the wash water by using mixed oxidants or charged wash water to remove contaminants from the fabric. The redox cell includes a housing, a plurality of cathode plates, a plurality of membranes, and a plurality of anodes proximately positioned in an alternate manner with a plurality of flow channels in the housing. The cell produces charged wash water by an electrochemical reaction utilizing electrically charged anodes and cathodes with semi permeable membranes, wherein the oxidation reduction potential of the charged wash water is continuously controlled with a sensor to determine when the fabrics are clean.

Abstract: In a plating system, a plating consumption coefficient per unit number of substrates subjected to a treatment is calibrated once every predetermined time interval, and a replenishing amount in response to consumption of an additive associated with a plating treatment is computed by use of a formula defined as “the plating consumption coefficient×the number of substrates subjected to the plating treatment” and the replenishing amount of the additive is replenished. Accordingly, an amount of consumption of the additive coincides with the replenishing amount thereof. As a result, a concentration of the additive contained in a plating solution can be maintained at a constant concentration.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a new water treatment device comprising an electrolytic tank to put water in, an electrode provided in the electrolytic tank, a water treating path for pouring water in a pool and returning to the pool the water in the electrolytic tank, a residual chlorine sensor for measuring the residual chlorine concentration of water, and control means for controlling the energization of the electrode on the basis of the measured value by the residual chlorine sensor, and capable of simply and efficiently sterilizing water stored in pools of various sizes from a swimming pool to a home bathtub.

Abstract: A heating conductor, in particular for a sensor for determining at least one gas component in the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines. The heating conductor formed from a cermet which contains platinum, at least one metal oxide, and at least two further precious metals. A method for manufacturing the heating conductor by applying a paste containing a platinum powder, a metal oxide powder, and at least two further precious metals, to a ceramic foil and sintering the paste and ceramic foil combination.

Abstract: An electrochemical reaction assembly of inducing electrochemical reactions, such as for deposition of materials on semiconductor substrates. The assembly achieves a highly uniform thickness and composition of deposition material or uniform etching or polishing on the semiconductor substrates by retaining the semiconductor substrates on a moving cathode immersed in an appropriate reaction solution wherein a wire mesh anode rotates about the moving cathode during electrochemical reaction.

Abstract: A system is for supplying a generator with hydrogen, in particular a generator of a power generating plant. The system offers a high level of safety while at the same time making handling easy. The system includes a closed system cycle for carrying water and/or gas and a hydrogen feed line, branching off from the system cycle, for the generator. The system cycle includes an electrolysis unit designed as a membrane electrolyzer.

Abstract: A conditioning system for reducing an oxygen content of water carried in a subsystem of an industrial plant includes an electrolysis unit having a hydrogen side, an anode, and a cathode. The anode and cathode are connected to the subsystem to decompose water into hydrogen and oxygen. A hydrogen/oxygen recombination catalyst is connected to the subsystem. The hydrogen/oxygen recombination catalyst follows the anode and cathode on the hydrogen side. A method for lag reducing an oxygen content of water carried in a subsystem of an industrial plant, includes the steps of electrolytically decomposing water from a subsystem of an industrial plant into hydrogen and oxygen, and using the hydrogen generated at the same time for recombining the oxygen contained in the water.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are provided for the preparation of a substrate having an array of diverse materials, the materials being deposited at spatially addressable, predefined regions. In particular, potential masking systems are provided which generate spatially and temporally varying electric, magnetic and chemical potentials across a substrate. These varying potentials are used to deposit components of source materials onto a substrate in a combinatorial fashion, thus creating arrays of materials that differ slightly in chemical composition, concentration, stoichiometry, and/or thickness. The diverse materials may be organized in discrete arrays, or they may vary continuously over the surface of the substrate. The shape of the potential allows the determination of the composition of the resulting materials at all locations on the substrate.

Abstract: An automated chemical management system for managing the chemical content of an electrochemical bath used to deposit a material on the surface of a microelectronic workpiece is set forth. The automated chemical management system includes a dosing system that is adapted to dose an amount of one or more chemicals to replenish a given electrochemical bath constituent in accordance with a predetermined dosing equation. The chemical management system also includes an analytical measurement system that is adapted to provide a measurement result indicative of the amount of the given constituent in the electrochemical bath at predetermined time intervals. The chemical management system uses the measurement results to modify the dosing equation of the dosing system. In this manner, the replenishment operations executed by the chemical management system are effectively refined over time thereby providing more accurate control of the amount of the target constituent in the electrochemical bath.

Abstract: The present invention is to provide a metal surface-treating method which is capable of forming a zinc phosphate coat suitable for the cationic electrodeposition coating of a metallic shaped product, particularly a metallic shaped product having both an iron type metallic surface and a zinc type metallic surface and is suited to a closed system.

Abstract: A system is provided in which a smaller flow of deposition solution is diverted from a larger flow of deposition solution flowing on an electrochemical deposition tool platform. The smaller flow is diverted to a dosing unit which may be on a separate platform. The dosing unit in one embodiment comprises a pressurized flow line.

Abstract: A method of processing photographic material includes the steps of processing the photographic material in a processing solution, monitoring the concentration of a process-retarding by-product of the processing in the processing solution during operation of the method, reducing the concentration of the by-product in the processing solution by a first method and as the by-product concentration in the processing solution exceeds a predetermined level, activating simultaneous operation of a second method for a period of time to thereby ensure that the photographic material is always adequately processed. The invention enables rapid processing of film whilst maintaining low replenishment rates and low fixer solution temperature such that inadequately fixed film is avoided.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods and apparatus for analysis and monitoring of electrolyte bath composition. Based on analysis results, the invention controls electrolyte bath composition and plating hardware. Thus, the invention provides control of electroplating processes based on plating bath composition data. The invention accomplishes this by incorporating accurate bath component analysis data into a feedback control mechanism for electroplating. Bath electrolyte is treated and analyzed in a flow-through system in order to identify plating bath component concentrations and based on the results, the plating bath formulation and plating process are controlled.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for determining the concentration of an analyte in a sample comprising the steps of heating the sample and measuring the concentration of the analyte or the concentration of a species representative thereof in the sample at a predetermined point on a reaction profile by means that are substantially independent of temperature. Also provided is an electrochemical cell comprising a spacer pierced by an aperture which defines a cell wall, a first metal electrode on one side of the spacer extending over one side of the aperture, a second metal electrode on the other side of the spacer extending over the side of the aperture opposite the first electrode, means for admitting a sample to the cell volume defined between the electrodes and the cell wall, and means for heating a sample contained within the cell.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention generally provide and apparatus and method for measuring organic additives in an ECP solution. The apparatus generally includes a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) column configured to receive an electrolyte fluid supply. The HPLC column operates to separate various organic additives from the electrolyte solution flowing therethrough. The remaining flow of electrolyte solution, which generally contains only a single organic additive therein, may then be passed to a CVS apparatus for analysis thereof. Inasmuch as the electrolyte flow contains only a single organic additive, the measurement accuracy is improved substantially. Further, a plurality of HPLC columns may be implemented to separate various organics out of the flowing electrolyte solution, and therefore, measure the flowing electrolyte solution for a plurality of organic additive concentrations therein.

Abstract: A cathode potential is applied to a conductive layer formed on a substrate having a depression pattern. A plating solution in electrical contact with an anode is supplied to the conductive layer to form a plating film on the conductive layer. At this time, the plating solution is supplied by causing an impregnated member containing the plating solution to face the conductive layer. Since the plating solution stays in the depression, a larger amount of plating solution is supplied than on the upper surface of the substrate, and the plating rate of the plating film in the depression increases. Consequently, the plating film can be preferentially formed in the depression such as a groove or hole.

Abstract: An innovative application for the purification of potable water for at source use, specifically focusing on disinfection of water using an electrolytic process. The process uses the discharge of electrical energy between electrodes to create reactive species in water, which then react with pathogens to provide the disinfected water. The invention includes a novel and unique controller system to assure that the reaction process and reactor will function reliably to produce treated water. The controller may respond to flow or pressure conditions, reactor status, treatment effectiveness, or other parameters monitored by various sensing devices. Specific examples of the application are for use in beverage dispensing machines, ice-making machines, tap water purification for domestic and commercial potable water use, water dispenser machines that use tap water, and similar uses for potable water.

Abstract: An ozonized water generating device in which an inside of a casing is defined by a solid electrolyte film into an anode chamber and a cathode chamber. An anode electrode made of noble metal having an ozone generating catalyst function is arranged to be impressed against the solid electrolyte film at the anode chamber, a cathode electrode is arranged to be impressed against the solid electrolyte film at the cathode chamber, respectively. Each of the anode chamber and the cathode chamber is provided with a raw water flow inlet port and an electrolyzed water flow outlet port, and a DC voltage is applied between the anode electrode and the cathode electrode, wherein either one of or both the anode electrode and the cathode electrode are arranged in such a way that they can be impressed against and separated from the solid electrolyte film by a movable driving piece.

Abstract: A method for separating metal ions absorbed on a resin includes: suspending or percolating a cationic exchange resin charged with a polar solvent containing an eluting agent or a mixture of eluting agents containing at least an organic or mineral ligand complexing the metal ions to be separated; circulating a direct electric current, whether constant or not, in the charged eluting solution forming an electrolyte so as to recuperate at least a metal by deposition; and finally optionally repeating the last step by setting up one or several cathode(s) made of another metal and by re-adjusting the cathode potential and the anode/cathode potential difference to new values, depending on the new type of metal to be recuperated. An installation for treating/recycling photographic bath waste includes an exchanger connected to a tank for waste bath to be treated, to a treated waste bath tank, to a regenerating solution tank and to an electrolysis vessel.

Abstract: Barrel-shaped anodes and cathodes are alternately arranged in layers in a concentric manner with space between the electrodes. Anodes are ferrite poles with a long hole along the center axis or a pipe, and the hole is filled with a metal with a low melting point heated to the temperature at which it has some fluidity.

Abstract: In the present invention, by making an alkaline ionic water conditioner in which an electrolysis current detection device has a plurality of output means different in conversion level, and conversion levels are switched in accordance with the level of a current flowing in an electrolyte, and which has an optimum pH control function by performing duty control, in case of electrifying certain raw water, or in case of adding brine for strongly accelerating generation, when a current flowing between electrode plates is high, the conversion level of the electrolysis current detection device is lowered to generate electrolyte water of pH 10 or more. When the current is low, an electrolysis current detection range with a high resolution can be obtained by raising the conversion level, proper pH control can be performed in accordance with change in electrolysis current in the quality of raw water and adding brine.

Abstract: A plating system is composed of a transfer device for performing transfer of a wafer, a plating unit and a washing/drying unit provided around the transfer device. Each unit is structured to be detachable from the plating system. The plating unit is divided into a wafer transfer section and a plating section by a separator, and atmosphere of each section is independently set.

Abstract: Electropurification of contaminated aqueous media, such as ground water and wastewater from industrial manufacturing facilities like paper mills, food processing plants and textile mills, is readily purified, decolorized and sterilized by improved, more economic open configuration electrolysis cell designs, which may be divided or undivided, allowing connection as monopolar or bipolar cells. When coupled with very narrow capillary gap electrodes more economic operation particular when treating solutions of relatively low conductivity is assured. The novel cell design is also useful in the electrosynthesis of chemicals, such as hypochlorite bleaches and other oxygenated species.