Abstract: A process and an apparatus for coating a printed circuit board in a horizontal position in a coating chamber by flooding the chamber while the printed circuit board is suspended horizontally in a coating chamber between at least two anodes with adjustable power applied to the anodes provides for a uniform coating of the board and the aperture therein.

Abstract: An electroplating apparatus for rapidly depositing a metal onto a selected surface of a workpiece, which apparatus comprises an anode having an active surface with a selected shape to combine with the selected surface of the workpiece to define an elongated gap of at least about 0.050 inches, means for supporting this anode in a fixed position to define the elongated gap; solution circulating means for forcing an electroplating solution with metal cations through the gap in a generally closed path at a velocity to exchange electroplating solution in the gap at a rate of at least 25 times per minute; and, means for applying current flow between the selected workpiece surface and the active surface of the anode through the gap at a current density in excess of 2.0 amperes/in.sup.2. The invention also involves the method of using this apparatus to rapidly deposit metal, such as nickel, onto the inner cylindrical surface of a bore on a complex part such as an aircraft landing gear forging.

Abstract: A silver recovery cell for devices recovering silver from silver laden solutions, the silver recovery cell permitting visual inspection of the condition of plated silver within the cell. A clear canister is provided having an anode rod centrally connected thereto at its bottom. A cathode cylinder coaxially surrounds the anode rod; the cathode cylinder has a longitudinal slot. Terminals through the clear canister are provided for both the anode rod and the cathode cylinder in order to connect a conventional electrical power supply therewith. A removable top is further provided having inlet and outlet passageways for the silver laden solution to enter the leave the clear canister. An inlet port constrictor is provided to speed up fluid flow of the silver laden solution into the clear canister. In operation, a user may view the status of silver plating by merely looking through the clear canister and the slot in the cathode cylinder. A light may be provided in the top to facilitate visual inspections.

Abstract: An efficient electrolytic recovery system, having several safety mechanisms, for recovering precious metals from a liquid medium is described. The system includes at least oen electrolysis cell unit having a plurality of reticulate metal foam cathodes. The system of the invention will efficiently recover such precious metals as Au, Ag and Pt. The system may also include a pH adjust means and a means for oxidizing cyanide in the liquid medium.

Abstract: An apparatus for electroplating metals in an electroplating bath having an anode and a cathode. The cathode is formed by a workpiece to be plated and the anode includes soluble material in the form of the metal to be plated and insoluble material in a proportion selected so that the anode efficiency equals the cathode efficiency. This avoids metal salt build-up in the bath. Metal salt solution carried out of the bath with the workpiece is recovered and recycled to the bath, avoiding loss of metal to the system and waste disposal problems.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell which comprises at least one anode and at least one cathode, an inlet channel through which liquor may be charged to the electrolytic cell, and an outlet channel through which liquor may be removed from the electrolytic cell, in which the outlet channel is operatively connected to the inlet channel, and in which the inlet channel comprises an ejector. The inlet and outlet channels may be formed in a unit made up of a plurality of shaped sheets, e.g. of electrically non-conducting plastics material, which together form the inlet and outlet channels.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrochemical process for deoxygenating deionized water utilizing a membrane electrolyzer and optionally a catalytic reactor, characterized in that operation is carried out at ambient temperature avoiding the need for the addition of substances, dangerous for the health of the operators, able to pollute the enviornment or cause undesired increase of the concentration of dissolved salts.

Abstract: Apparatus for laser-assisted electroplating of metals in closed circuit, comprising a flexible capillary duct into which an electrolyte is injected and at the center of which is located an optical fibre channelling the laser beam. The flexible capillary injecting duct being possibly also centered in a second suction duct allowing the electrolyte to be recovered and recycled. The electrolyte source and the radiation source are combined at the end itself of the capillary duct, and the deposit action can be carried out at any location difficult to access, thanks to the flexibility of the capillary tube-fibre assembly.

Abstract: In an electrochemical machining system a continuous web metal is moved through a working region around a conductive roller in electrical contact therewith. Part-cylindrical cathodes are disposed coaxially with the roller a slight distance radially therefrom to define a working gap between the cathodes and the web. The positive and negative terminals of a DC source are respectively connected to the roller and the cathodes and an electrolyte fluid is injected under pressure through bores in the cathodes into the working gap and removed therefrom through other bores in the cathodes or establish a current flow between the web and the cathode for removing material from the former. Retainers confine the electrolyte emitting laterally from the working gap, and electrolyte falling vertically therefrom is collected in a basin. The speed of movement of the web around the roller may be varied as a function of the thickness of the machined web.

Abstract: A compact, self-contained, automatic electrolytic unit for recovery of silver. The apparatus includes a housing having a reservoir for unprocessed solution, an electrolytic cell disposed within the housing having a stationary cathode and anode in relative spaced relationship, a circulating pump for receiving solution being processed from the cell and returning the same to the cell with or without the addition of unprocessed solution. A metering pump may be employed to add additional unprocessed solution. It is preferred to deliver the solution within the cell at a plurality of locations so as to maintain the cell in a turbulent state. Sensors are provided for determining the level of unprocessed solution within the reservoir and overflow from the cell may be delivered exteriorly of the housing to a tailing unit for further processing. It is preferred that the reservoir, cell and pumps be maintained within a compact housing.

Abstract: Both a method and apparatus for electrolytically removing radioactive metal ions from a decontamination solution to regenerate the solution and prepare the ions for disposal as disclosed herein. At least the cathodic portion of the electrode used in the electrolysis is formed from a combustible material, such as a semi-fluidized bed of graphite particles. In the method of the invention, the decontamination solution is passed in intimate contact with the graphite particles forming the cathodic portion of the electrode as an electric potential is applied to the electrode. As a result of the electric potential, the metal ions are detached from the chelate in the decontamination solution and deposited onto the graphite particles of the cathodic portion of the electrode. After the electrode becomes spent, it is incinerated in order to reduce the volume of the resulting radioactive ash. The gases produced from the incineration are scrubbed with a scrubbing liquid to remove radioactive particles therefrom.

Abstract: An atmospheric evaporator for reducing the water content of various chemical solutions, more particularly useful in the electroplating industry, wherein the evaporator includes a solution-secure molded tank in which a removable blower sleeve is mounted having a blower inlet duct and support strut members formed at the opposite end thereof to support a multiplicity of finned evaporator members over which the solution is sprayed. When a large-volume, low RPM blower is mounted to the inlet duct, a straight-line downdraft of both air and solution is created, allowing the air and evaporated water to exhaust through an up-facing outlet duct, thus defining a substantially "U" shaped duct arrangement from the inlet side to the exhaust side of the tank with the heavy chemical particles returning to the process tank from the bottom of the evaporator tank.

Abstract: The invention is a method for operating a vertically disposed, electrolytic cell of the type having:a hydraulically permeable, hollow, cylindrically shaped cathode;a hydraulically permeable, hollow, cylindrically shaped anode concentric with and surrounding said cathode to define an annular space therebetween; anda hollow, cylindrically shaped, ion permeable membrane interposed between, and concentric with, said cathode and said anode, said membrane separating and defining an anode compartment containing the anode and a cathode compartment containing the cathode;wherein said process comprises:(a.

Abstract: The invention is a vertically disposed electrolytic cell comprising:a hollow, cylindrically shaped recycle tube;a hydraulically permeable, hollow, cylindrically shaped cathode concentric with and surrounding said recycle tube to define a first annular space therebetween;a hydraulically permeable, hollow, cylindrically shaped anode concentric with and surrounding said cathode to define a second annular space therebetween; anda hollow, cylindrically shaped, ion permeable membrane positioned in said second annular space concentric with said cathode and said anode, said membrane dividing the second annular space into an anode compartment containing the anode and a cathode compartment containing the cathode.The invention includes a method for operating the apparatus.

Abstract: The continuous flow of fresh water to and metal hydroxide contaminated water from a counter flow rinse tank in an electroplating apparatus is greatly reduced or eliminated by a parallel flow path provided to an adjacent ion exchange treatment unit and from the ion exchange unit back to the rinse tank. The rinse tank is fitted with a submerged pump to provide the rinse water to the ion exchange unit and through this unit back to the rinse tank.

Abstract: It is provided in an electrochemical polishing and pickling method and apparatus for treating metal surfaces that an electrolyte stream (18) entering a casing (12) is divided into an anodic partial stream (20) and a cathodic partial stream (22). The anodic partial stream (20) flows past a dielectric wall (32) as well as the surface (10') to be polished or pickled, while the cathodic partial stream does not reach the surface (10') to be polished but instead is recycled directly into an electrolyte reservoir (30) after having passed the cathodes (24).

Abstract: System for automatic control of chlorine content and pH in swimming pools. This system includes an electrolytic cell for generation of chlorine and caustic soda as needed, and an acid supply system for adding hydrochloric acid to the pool as required. Generation of chlorine and addition of acid are controlled automatically in response to sensed oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and pH of the swimming pool water. The sensors for this purpose may be placed in a conventional pool recirculation line, and chlorine, caustic soda (which is co-produced with chlorine) and hydrochloric acid may be added to the pool via the recirculation line.The electrolytic cell has a porous separator dividing the cell into anolyte and catholyte compartments. The latter is operated at a slightly higher pressure than the former. Chlorine generated in the cell is separated from spent brine, which is recirculated back to a brine tank where it is resaturated. The system may include a timer.

Abstract: Process/apparatus for electrolytically oxidizing solutions of ionic compounds features the electrolytic oxidation of such solutions in a first anode compartment of an electrolytic cell, said electrolytic cell further comprising a second anode compartment, a cathode compartment, and a pair of cationic membranes respectively separating said cathode compartment from said first and second anode compartments; transferring a portion of said solution electrolytically oxidized in said first anode compartment to said second anode compartment and there continuing the electrolytic oxidation thereof; and then recovering product of electrolytic oxidation from said second anode compartment.

Abstract: The invention provides an electrolyte cell which is used for the electrodeposition of silver from a fixer medium (used as the electrolyte) which has previously been used and has to be re-used for developing photographic films, X-ray plates and the like processes wherein silver is extruded by the treatment process. While the silver electrodeposition is taking place, air is bubbled through the electrolyte to prevent copper sulfate and the additives in the electrolyte from settling out and aggregating which shortens the life of the fixer medium. The electric potential which is applied to the electrodes is such as to give a much smaller electrolyzing current i.e. up to 1 amp compared to the more usual electrolyzing currents of 10 amp or more.

Abstract: An electrolytic silver recovery apparatus for the recovery of metallic silver from silver-laden solutions is disclosed. The apparatus has liquid level controls, interval electrical power controls, and a removable cathode. The apparatus is used particularly in conjunction with x-ray film developing systems to recover silver values from spent fixer solution in a manner whereby at least a substantial portion of the fixer solution may be returned to the film processor's replenishing tank for reuse.

Abstract: An apparatus for internally electropolishing tubes in which a plurality of elongate tubes are horizontally supported and rotatably driven about their length axes. An outlet fitting including an end dam permits rotation of the tube outlet end therein, allows escape of gases from the upper portion of the tube, and permits overflow of electrolyte liquid thereover and fixedly supports the end of a cathode rod. The cathode rod is formed as two aligned, axially adjacent partial length sections. The positive terminal of an electric current supply connects at a plurality of points to the tube along its length and connects at its negative terminal individually to the outer ends of the two cathode sections.

Abstract: An electroforming method comprising the steps of immersing a conductive matrix and an insoluble electrode having a high oxygen overvoltage, in an electroforming solution containing sulfamate ions, applying a voltage between said conductive matrix and insoluble electrode, to electrolyze said electroforming solution, depositing a metal layer on the surface of said matrix, and emitting electromagnetic radiation, having a wavelength shorter than 400 nm, to said electroforming solution. An electroforming apparatus comprising an electroforming tank holding an electroforming solution containing sulfamate ions, a conductive matrix and an insoluble electrode having a high oxygen overvoltage, both immersed in said electroforming solution, a power source for applying voltage between said conductive matrix and insoluble electrode having a high oxygen overvoltage, and a source of electromagnetic radiation for emitting electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength shorter than 400 nm.

Abstract: An electroplating cell having a cathode assembly which is vertically mounted and which holds a plurality of wafers to be plated, and an anode which is vertically mounted adjacent to the cathode assembly. The anode and cathode are spaced apart and form opposite walls of a channel through which the plating bath flows. The plating bath is introduced through an isostatic chamber which produces, at its output, a substantially equal flow across the width of the channel so that a substantially vertical laminar flow is produced through the channel and the plated deposits are of uniform thickness within a wafer, from wafer to wafer and from batch to batch.

Abstract: Electrodeposition coating apparatus is disclosed for charging and applying a liquid coating material, such as a water based resin solution, to oppositely charged workpieces with increased efficiency. The apparatus includes a tank constructed from hollow vertical, V-shaped columns, side panels extending therebetween and reinforcing members extending along the exterior. The tank includes a liquid level control weir and liquid circulation eductors and nozzles on its sides, ends and bottom for circulating the liquid coating material within the tank. Electrodes for electrically charging the coating liquid are recessed between the vertical, sidewall columns to minimize any flow disruption or turbulence within the tank while provided sufficient liquid contact for proper charging. A separate liquid recirculation tank is provided adjacent the main tank for collecting and pumping liquid which flows over the weir back to the liquid circulation system.

Abstract: The invention resides in an apparatus for the decontamination of radioactivated metallic waste by the electrolytic oxidation-reduction with an aqueous nitric acid solution containing trivalent cerium ions, i.e. the step of converting the trivalent cerium ions into tetravalent cerium ions through electrolytic oxidation and the step of dissolving the surface layer of the radioactivated metallic waste by oxidizing it with the electrolytic solution now vested with the oxidative power of the freshly produced tetravalent cerium ions and, at the same time, effecting regeneration of the tetravalent cerium ions.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell of the filter press type comprising a plurality of anodes, cathodes and gaskets, and ion-exchange membranes positioned between each adjacent anode and cathode to form in the cell a plurality of anode compartments and cathode compartments, the cell having two inlet headers from which electrolyte may be charged to the anode compartments of the cell and from which liquors may be charged to the cathode compartments of the cell, and two outlet headers from which products of electrolysis may be removed from the anode compartments and cathode compartments of the cell, the cell being provided with a common chamber in communication with each of the anode compartments and/or a common chamber in communication with each of the cathode compartments, said chamber(s) being provided with means for recirculating liquors to the anode compartments and/or to the cathode compartments, and said chamber(s) being in communication with the outlet headers from the anode compartments and/or the outlet headers from

Abstract: Method and apparatus for immersion plating using a vat separated by a baffle into a reservoir of plating liquid joined through a port in the baffle and weir to a plating section into which having closely spaced and parallel anode and cathode beneath which a continuously flowing sheet of fluid is upwardly directed to flow into and between the cathode and anode, around all their edges and back through the port and weir to the reservoir. Plating currents of 130 ASF and plating times of under ten minutes have been achieved.

Abstract: A flushing fluid recycling system used with an electroerosion machine which includes a regenerating unit, i.e. an ion-exchange column as deionizer, through which the used liquid medium, e.g. water, collected from an electroerosion zone is passed for regeneration and return to the electroerosion zone. A pump is periodically actuated to intermittently pass the liquid medium through the deionizing column with predetermined on-time and off-time regardless of whether the value of an electrical property, e.g. specific resistance of the fluid, determined by a sensing unit lies above a certain level. However, the ratio of the on-time to the off-time is altered depending on the particular value of the electrical property sensed.

Abstract: Apparatus for reducing oxalic acid to a product includes a cell. A separator which separates the cell into two chambers; a catholyte chamber and an anolyte chamber. Each chamber has an inlet and an outlet. A porous cathode having a catalyst is arranged within the catholyte chamber so that an aqueous catholyte, having ammonium chloride, entering the inlet of the catholyte chamber will pass through the cathode. A porous anode is arranged within the anolyte section so that an aqueous electrolyte, having ammonium chloride, entering the inlet of the anolyte section will pass through the anode and exit through the outlet of anolyte section. A source provides the catholyte which is a mixture of oxalic acid and an aqueous electrolyte, having ammonium chloride, to the inlet of the catholyte chamber while another source provides the electrolyte to the inlet of the anolyte chamber. A d.c.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to electrolytic decontamination of radioactively contaminated objects such as equipment or parts. The objects to be decontaminated are divided into two types: First, wastes resulting from dismantlement of radioactively contaminated equipment and parts, and second, equipment, vessels, pipes and tools that are to be reused. The electrolyte used for decontamination of the first type may be an inorganic acid aqueous solution of relatively low concentration that is inexpensive and rapid in polishing. A suitable inorganic acid is sulfuric acid that does not generate harmful gases in the process of electrolysis. The concentration of the sulfuric acid should be high to achieve polishing efficiency. About 5 Vol. % is the most suitable for uniform polishing and disposal of waste electrolyte. An electrolyte of this concentration is effective in macroscopic polishing but not in microscopic polishing (mirror finish), however.

Abstract: A silver recovery system includes a novel power supply and a novel structure for a cell used in the recovery system. The power supply monitors the conductivity of the electrolyte of the silver recovery system and automatically sets power to the operating or standby modes depending on the magnitude of the conductivity. Thus, the system is capable of unattended operation. The cell consists of a canister which is a hollow cylinder having an open top end and a closed bottom end. The anode is an elongated rod and extends into the canister centrally thereof, and the cathode is a partial cylinder which surrounds the anode.

Abstract: A continuous electrolytic generator is disclosed having two sealed compartments, separated by a cation exchange membrane, having a cathode in one compartment, and an anode in the other. A bipolar electrode is positioned in the anode compartment between the cation exchange membrane and the anode. The bipolar electrode may be supported on the dividing wall spaced from the ion-exchange membrane. The bipolar membrane may also be supported on the anode on insulators in spaced relation thereto. The generator has exterior reservoirs for continuously circulating solutions to and from the anode and cathode compartments. A third reservoir receives make-up water and salt and is connected to supply brine to the exterior anode reservoir. The cell produces a mixture of oxidant gases containing chlorine, chlorine dioxide, oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, and possibly ozone, from the anode compartment which is connected to a gas collection and utilization system, e.g., a venturi in a flowing water line.

Abstract: A ventilating system for a high speed electroplating apparatus having a pretreating section, a plating section and a post treating section for electroplating a workpiece sequentially transferred from each section by a conveyor. Each section has a cover which together completely enclose the apparatus except for inlet and outlet areas. An exhaust fan is positioned in a duct connected to the enclosed treating sections for exhausting the accumulated gases to the atmosphere outside the work area.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electrolytic process using a horizontal type cation exchange membrane electrolytic cell in which catholyte liquor is supplied into a cathode compartment with initial linear velocity of at least 8 cm/sec and gas content of at most 0.6 at a catholyte liquor outlet. Also disclosed is an electrolytic cell used for the foregoing process. The invention enables not only conversion of a mercury electrolytic cell to a cation exchange membrane electrolytic cell with low cost, but the long-term and stable operation.

Abstract: Provided is a device useful for the uniform electrolysis of a metal sheet workpiece. It is especially useful for the laboratory scale testing of various methods of electrolytically etching aluminum. The device has a generally rectangular frame having non-electrically conducting walls capable of containing an electrolyte; at least one electrode; electrically conducting clamping means to rigidly hold a metal workpiece within the frame at a fixed distance from the electrode; means for circulating the electrolyte about the workpiece; and means for applying a current between the workpiece and electrode.

Abstract: An apparatus for recovering metals, such as gold and silver, dissolved in a solution, such as plating waste, rapidly and effectively, comprising a collector (electrolyzing device) for depositing metals in a solution on conductive particles, and a plating device (electrolysis recovering device) for recovering the metals in the form of plating.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for rinsing electroplating solution from the surfaces of articles so that substantially complete recovery of the electroplating solution is achieved. The apparatus is preferably receivable on a wall of an electroplating tank and comprises an open housing-like structure having a splash wall and an open trough beneath the splash wall, and a rack for supporting at least one plated article in front of the splash wall above the trough. For use of the apparatus in accordance with the method, an article is supported on the rack in front of the splash wall, and a rinse solution, such as water, is sprayed onto the article in order to rinse electroplating solution from the surfaces thereof. The rinse solution and any plating solution intermixed therewith gravitate downwardly from the article and the splash wall and are received in the trough and then transferred to the plating tank.

Abstract: An electrolytic silver recovery apparatus for recovering metallic silver from silver-laden solutions wherein such apparatus has liquid-level controls, interval electrical power controls and removable electrodes is disclosed. The apparatus is used particularly in conjunction with X-ray film processors to recover silver values from spent fixer solution in a manner whereby at least a substantial portion of the fixer solution may be returned to the fixer tank of a film processor.

Abstract: This sterilizing apparatus comports an enclosure (1) in which two electrodes (4,5) of an electrochemical cell are supplied by a transformer-rectifier (16) for producing an aqueous NaOCl solution from a NaCl solution. During its production, the solution is distributed over the surfaces to be sterilized of the objects to be sterilized (9) by a circulation pump (7) and a distribution manifold (6) feeding canes (10) and sprinkling heads (11) by vertical distribution pipes (8).

Abstract: The intermittent electrolysis of a portion of the used ammoniacal etching solution generates oxygen at the anode which is mixed into the remainder of the circulated etching solution for reoxidation and regeneration before it is returned to the etching chamber. The portion of the solution which goes through the electrolysis cell, and has its metal content reduced, is returned to the beginning of the circulation loop rather than to the etching chamber, in order that the metal content of the circulated solution may be quickly reduced. This reduction is quickly picked up by a metal content measuring device in the branch supplying solution to the electrolysis cell.

Abstract: A method for etching copper metal from articles, such as printed circuit boards, by contacting the articles with an etchant solution containing cupric tetrammine ions at an etching station, transferring the etchant solution to a catholyte compartment only of an electrochemical cell in which dissolved copper is removed from the solution as copper metal by electrochemical reduction, and returning the etchant solution to the etching station. The invention also provides apparatus specifically adapted for carrying out the method, in which apparatus the electrochemical cell is adapted for the removal of copper from the etchant solution by electrochemical reduction, the cell including an ion exchange membrane to divide the cell into anode and cathode compartments.

Abstract: An improved apparatus for the plating of the contact elements of encapsulated electronic components - suitably of the type known as P-Dip strips - is provided with a continuous flexible parts-carrier belt of stainless steel, running in a horizontally aligned loop, with the web of the belt vertical. In the lower edge of the belt an array of flexible gripping fingers is formed, provided with projections, suitable for engagement by laterally disposed cams, on alternating sides of the belt for successive grip fingers. A loading device, co-ordinated with the operation of the cams, presents a part to be plated into the gripping fingers during an interval when the belt is stationary and the cams have been activated to separate the tips of the grip fingers. Upon retraction of the cams the parts are securely held by the grip fingers and moved through the plating stations upon the activation of belt motion. After plating, the parts are released by cam action on the grip fingers.

Abstract: Methods, materials and apparatus for production of hydrogen peroxide are disclosed. In one preferred embodiment, high surface area circulating elements derivatized with a quinone catalyst are reduced in an electrolytic cell where the cathode may also be derivatized with a quinone catalyst and a solution quinone at low concentration is used as a mediator. Once reduced, the circulating elements are separated and used to form hydrogen peroxide from molecular oxygen in an aqueous, electrolyte-free, environment. The circulating elements can be cycled repeatedly. Particular, novel naphthoquinone compounds are also disclosed.

Abstract: A catholyte regenerating apparatus for a fuel cell having a cathode section containing a catholyte solution and wherein fuel cell reaction reduces the catholyte to gas and water. The apparatus includes means to conduct partially reduced water diluted catholyte from the fuel cell and means to conduct the gas from the fuel cell to a mixing means. An absorption tower containing a volume of gas absorbing liquid solvent receives the mixed together gas and diluted catholyte from the mixing means within the absorption column, the gas is absorbed by the solvent and the gas ladened solvent and diluted catholyte are commingled. A liquid transfer means conducts gas ladened commingled solvent and electrolyte from the absorption column to an air supply means wherein air is added and commingled therewith and a stoichiometric volume of oxygen from the air is absorbed thereby.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for quality high speed electrical plating of one or both sides of a metallic workpiece 12 wherein a combined consumable-non-consumable anode system so provides a uniformity of metallic deposition at relatively high speeds irrespective of the consumable anode 15 contour. A metal ion containing plating solution flows into contact with a workpiece through apertures 86 in the non-consumable anode 16 while metal ion concentration is maintained. The consumable-non-consumable anode system is used in a vertical or horizontal submerged cell configuration.

Abstract: In an electrolytic cell there is provided an improved gas-liquid disengager design which employs an arcuate interior periphery in conjunction with the existing kinetic energy of the electrolyte fluid as the fluid exits the electrolysis compartment of each electrode and enters the disengager along a predetermined path of flow that is tangential to the internal periphery to disengage the electrolytic product gas more efficiently in a compact gas-liquid disengager.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electrolytic cell including means for holding a first electrode in position relative to a second electrode to form an inter-electrode zone of specified dimension for containing electrolyte, wherein the first electrode is held essentially free from support by the internal surfaces of the cell, said means for holding including means for supporting the first electrode from the second electrode; and conductive means for electrically connecting one electrode to a separate liquid pad of higher conductivity than the electrolyte.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a process and apparatus for the treatment of sodium-nitrate-containing electrolytes during the electrochemical machining of the surfaces of iron-containing workpieces. By adding an oxidizing agent, more particularly ozone, increased production of nitrite in the electrolyte is prevented and, thereby, premature passivation of the surface of the workpiece during the electrochemical metal removal. An apparatus for the oxidation of the electrolyte is comprised of a processing station inserted into the electrolyte circuit, an ozone generator, and a reactor.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and an apparatus for the treatment of surfaces of a workpiece of carbon-containing cast iron, and in particular of blind holes in gray iron cast workpieces, by electrochemical stock removal and mechanical reaming-and-plating. Electrochemical stock removal and mechanical reaming and plating are carried out in separate steps whose operating parameters are independently adjustable, the mechanical stock removal being essentially confined to a reaming-and-plating of the surface which does not entail a closing of graphite flakes. A cylinder bore produced by the method of the invention with desired roughness will have a dark, lustrous surface.

Abstract: Disclosed is an improved process for electrolytically producing alkaline chlorate, carried out at an increased temperature by using an apparatus of a column type. The apparatus has a lower electrolysis zone, an intermediate reaction zone and an upper hydrogen-separation zone. The reaction zone has a central hollow section and a circumferential hollow section surrounding the central section. A solution to be electrolyzed is forced to circulate through the three zones by hydrogen gas generated so that the solution is allowed to flow down through the circumferential hollow section in a piston-flow manner after the hydrogen gas is separated from the solution. While the solution is passing through the circumferential section, effective auto-oxidation of hypochlorous acid is attained thereby causing the current efficiency of the electrolysis to be improved.