Abstract: The described invention is a process for producing hydrogen gas comprising (a) combusting sulfur (S) or hydrogen sulfide (H2S) with oxygen (O2) to obtain sulfur dioxide (SO2) and water (H2O), plus heat; (b) adding water to the product of (a) to obtain a sulfurous acid solution (H2SO3 and H2O); (c) applying electrical current to the sulfurous acid solution of (b) to obtain sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and hydrogen gas (H2); and, (d) using gas-liquid separation to separate the sulfuric acid from the hydrogen gas to obtain separated components of the sulfuric acid and the hydrogen gas; and, wherein the heat generated in (a) is used to generate at least a portion of the electricity for the electrical current of (c).

Abstract: The present disclosure is drawn to methods and systems for producing solutions containing ultrafine metal particles. The method for producing ultrafine metal particles in an aqueous medium includes providing a reaction chamber having a transition metal anode and a transition metal cathode disposed therein. The reaction chamber can also contain an aqueous medium. An anode and cathode are associated at a distance with respect to one another such that when activated by a power source, a discharge arc occurs between the anode and cathode within the aqueous medium. Activation of a power source causes the discharge arc to occur between the anode and the cathode, thereby generating ultrafine metal particles suspended within the aqueous medium.

Abstract: A low-voltage, low-energy electrochemical system and method of removing protons and/or producing a base solution using a gas diffusion anode and a cathode electrolyte comprising dissolved carbon dioxide, while applying 2V or less across the anode and cathode.

Abstract: In the field of fluid treatment, there is a need for a more flexible electrocoagulation unit and a fluid treatment apparatus that is readily configurable to deal efficiently with differently contaminated fluids. An electrocoagulation unit (210), for removing contaminants from a fluid, comprises an electrode chamber, which in use has a top and a bottom. The chamber also has a fluid inlet (14) at or towards its bottom, and is in fluid communication with at least one discharge conduit towards its top to direct fluid from the chamber towards a fluid outlet. The electrocoagulation unit also comprises an electrode module (234) which is removable through the top of the electrode chamber and includes at least one support body that supports a plurality of electrodes (38, 42). The electrode chamber and the electrode module co-operate with one another to restrict the flow of contaminated fluid to regions within the electrode chamber adjacent to active surfaces of the electrodes.

Abstract: Anode and cathode separator plates are suitable for use in ion pumps for converting an input stream such as reformate into a pressurized and purified hydrogen-rich gas stream. The plates may include a single cathode outlet opening forming a portion of cathode output gas manifold, an anode inlet opening forming a portion of an inlet gas stream manifold and being sized larger than inlet cathode outlet opening, the distance of the anode inlet opening to an edge of the plate being less than the distance of the cathode outlet opening from an edge of the plate, and the size of the fluid flow channel of the anode separator plate being smaller than the size of the fluid flow channel of the cathode separator plate. Methods for forming the plates and infrastructure systems are also disclosed.

Abstract: The oxygen partial pressure control unit includes a gas purification section for purifying the gas having the oxygen partial pressure controlled within a range of from 0.2 to 10?30 atm, and a tank for storing the purified gas produced by the gas purification section. The purified gas stored within the tank is supplied to the another unit. The oxygen partial pressure control unit includes a circulation circuit including the tank and the gas purification section. The gas filled in the tank 20 is caused to circulate along the circulation circuit, and the purified gas produced by the gas purification section is stored in the tanka.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electrochemical gas generator including a substrate for providing a surface for electrode deposition, a first electrode deposited on the surface for providing an electrical connection with a conducting medium, a second electrode deposited on the substrate for generating a gas, and a plurality of members extending from at least one side of the first electrode placed alternately with a plurality of extensions protruding from at least one side of the second electrode for improving generator efficiency.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is described for recharging a fuel used to produce hydrogen for a hydrogen consuming device. The fuel can be NaBH4 which forms NaBO2 upon reacting with H2O to produce hydrogen. The NaBO2 is converted to NaBH4 through a series of coupled chemical reactions which include reacting NaBO2 with a metal and hydrogen to produce NaBH4 and oxidized metal. The oxidized metal can then be recycled using an electrolytic process which converts the oxidized metal to metal and oxygen. The apparatus includes a transport mechanism for removing the spent fuel such as NaBO2 from the hydrogen consuming device to the charger and delivering the recharged fuel, such as NaBH4, back to the hydrogen consuming device.

Abstract: An electrolysis cell is controlled for operation under varying electrical power supply conditions. A flow of feed stock to the cell includes an electrolysis reactant at a controlled concentration. A varying amount of electrical power is supplied to the cell to produce an electrolysis reaction that generates a first reaction product at a first side of the cell and a second reaction product at a second side of the cell. The reactant concentration is adjusted as the electrical power varies to substantially maintain the cell at its thermal neutral voltage during cell operation. The cell may be used in an electrolysis system powered by a renewable energy source with varying power output (e.g., wind, solar, etc.).

Abstract: A hydrogen generator apparatus for a vehicle a reservoir for electrolyte, and electrolyte chamber, an electrolyte feed line to the electrolyte chamber, at least one pair of electrodes chamber, a conduit from the electrolyte chamber to the air line of the engine, the electrodes being vertically disposed in the electrolyte chamber and being between 0.125 and 0.2 inch apart; a voltage supply to the electrodes in response to adjustment to the throttle of the engine and being determined by a signal from the spark plug/injector signals of the engine, the amount of hydrogen (and oxygen) produced being controlled to prevent stoichiometric excess having regard to the requirement of the engine for the combination of fuel and the gases, and a supply of fresh air to the electrolytic chamber to dislodge hydrogen and oxygen clinging to the electrodes.

Abstract: A fluorine/fluoride gas generator which has an electrolyte made of mixed molten salt containing hydrogen fluoride in an electrolytic cell including an anode chamber and a cathode chamber, and generates a gas containing fluorine by electrolyzing the electrolyte, includes a raw material supply pipe for supplying an electrolysis raw material, reaching the inside of the electrolyte in the electrolytic cell, a normally-closed valve provided in the middle of the raw material supply pipe, and a bypass pipe provided with a normally-open valve, joining the raw material supply pipe on the downstream side from the normally-closed valve to a gas phase area of the electrolytic cell. Accordingly, the electrolyte is prevented from being suctioned into the raw material supply pipe in the fluorine/fluoride gas generator, and solidification of the electrolyte inside the raw material supply pipe can be prevented.

Abstract: A stack, to be used in a fuel cell or electrolyzer, includes a collector layer, at least one diffusion layer and at least one anchoring layer. The collector layer being a metal foil or metal plate or foamed metal sheet, the diffusion layer can be a metal mesh or expanded metal sheet. An anchoring layer having a thickness of less than 0.5 mm can include metal fibers and be sintered between the collector layer and the diffusion layer.

Abstract: The inventive method and device for vacuum-compression micro plasma oxidation relate to electrochemical processing of metal, in particular to micro plasma treatment in electrolyte solutions. The aim of said invention is to develop a method for obtaining qualitatively homogeneous coatings by micro-plasma oxidation on large-sized parts, including irregular shaped parts, or simultaneously on a great number of small parts. The second aim of the invention is to design a device for processing parts, having an extended surface area, by using low-power supplies. The inventive method for vacuum-compression micro-plasma oxidation of parts consists in dipping a processable part into an electrolyte solution pre-filled in a sealed container, in generating micro-plasma discharges on the surface of said part and, subsequently, in forming a coating, wherein the micro-plasma discharges are formed in low-pressure conditions above the electrolyte solution.

Abstract: An electrode for use in a deionization apparatus includes a conductive material that is in a granular form and is arranged in a layer that is defined by a first face and a second face. The electrode includes a substrate that is disposed against the first face, and a first member that is disposed against the second face and is formed to permit a fluid to pass through the first member and into contact with the granular conductive material to permit absorption of ions by the granular conductive material.

Abstract: A software-driven device named the Microfluidic Central Processing Unit (?fCPU). The device is a chamber encompassing a contiguous physical volume equipped with actuators (electrodes, pressure membranes or other) capable of inducing physical forces on liquids, gases and particles contained in it, for the purpose of performing at least the 5 basic microfluidics operations: mixing, concentration, separation, transport and reaction within one integrated chamber. The device can have one volume where all of the operations are performed or can be spatially divided into several “processing areas” between which there are transport routes enabled by the software-regulated actuation. A device that contains more than one ?fCPU employed in parallel or in series or both. A device that is composed of one or more than one ?fCPU's and where fluids and particles are transported using a central pump together with integrated micropumps.

Abstract: An improved continuous process for converting methane, natural gas, and other hydrocarbon feedstocks into one or more higher hydrocarbons, methanol, amines, or other products comprises continuously cycling through hydrocarbon halogenation, product formation, product separation, and electrolytic regeneration of halogen, optionally using an improved electrolytic cell equipped with an oxygen depolarized cathode.

Abstract: Devices and methods are described for converting a carbon source and a hydrogen source into hydrocarbons, such as alcohols, for alternative energy sources. The influents may comprise carbon dioxide gas and hydrogen gas or water, obtainable from the atmosphere for through methods described herein, such as plasma generation or electrolysis. One method to produce hydrocarbons comprises the use of an electrolytic device, comprising an anode, a cathode and an electrolyte. Another method comprises the use of ultrasonic energy to drive the reaction. The devices and methods and related devices and methods are useful, for example, to provide a fossil fuel alternative energy source, store renewable energy, sequester carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, counteract global warming, and store carbon dioxide in a liquid fuel.

Abstract: An apparatus and method are disclosed for producing nanoparticles in a dense fluid medium. The method is based on the formation of nanoparticles from nanoparticle precursors in a dense fluid medium in which a plasma discharge is created between electrodes submerged in the dense fluid medium. The electrodes define a plasma discharge zone between opposing electrode discharge faces and further define an internal cavitation zone into which a cavitation gas is released, creating bubbles in the dense fluid medium. The result is the efficient production of nanoparticles using a high-frequency, high-voltage electric field to react dense-phase precursors in an atmospheric pressure, low temperature environment.

Abstract: An ionically conductive ceramic element includes a central unit (703). The central unit (703) is composed of a plurality of integrated manifold and tube modules (IMAT) (22) joined end to end along a central axis (A). Each IMAT module (22) has a tube support portion (804) and a plurality of tubes (802) extending from the first surface (803). The tubes (802) each have a closed end (805) and an open end. The second surface (807) is at least partially open to the atmosphere. The open ends of the tubes (802) are open to the atmosphere through the second surface (807). An interior space (830) is formed in the interior of the IMAT (22) for collecting a desired product gas. A collection tube (710) is operable joined with a first end (714) of the central unit (703) for transporting the desired product gas collected in the interior space (730) of the connected IMAT modules (22).

Abstract: A method and apparatus for transmitting electrical signals and fluids to and/or from a microelectronic workpiece. An apparatus in accordance with one embodiment of the invention includes a shaft rotatable about a shaft axis and having a first end with a first electrical contact portion toward the first end, a second end opposite the first end, and an internal channel along the shaft axis between the first and second ends. The shaft can further have at least one first hole toward the first end with the first hole extending radially from the channel to an external surface of the shaft. The shaft can still further have at least one second hole toward the second end with the second hole extending from the channel to the external surface. A housing rotatably receives the shaft and has an aperture coupleable to a fluid source and/or fluid sink.

Abstract: A method and system for electrochemically purifying an impure stream of hydrogen. Hydrogen is absorbed into a gas diffusion anode from the impure hydrogen stream and oxidized to form hydrogen ions and electrons which are released into an alkaline solution. An electrolytic cathode also positioned in the alkaline solution decomposes water to form hydrogen and hydroxyl ions which combine with the hydrogen ions to maintain equilibrium of the system.

Abstract: A chemical control system for controlling the chemistry of a chemical solution having predetermined chemical constituents in a plating system, such as a NiFe plating system, employs a mix container for containing a plating solution and a hold container for containing a plating solution delivered from the mix container. A precision delivery arrangement delivers a precise predetermined quantum of a predetermined constituent of the plating solution to multiple mix containers and the hold containers. Transfer of plating solution between the mix and hold containers is effected by a transfer pump. Nitrogen gas that has been humidified with deionized water protects the plating solution from either acquiring water or becoming dehydrated, the humidified nitrogen gas being humidified to a predetermined relative humidity with respect to the temperature of the plating solution in the mix container. This is achieved by urging the nitrogen gas through a column that is at the same temperature as the plating solution.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for production of molten aluminium by electrolysis of an aluminous ore, preferably alumina, in a molten salt mixture, preferably a sodium fluoride—aluminium fluoride-based electrolyte. The invention describes an electrolysis cell for said production of aluminium by use of essentially inert electrodes in a vertical an/or inclined position, where said cell design facilitates separation of aluminium and evolved oxygen gas by providing a gas separation chamber (14) arranged in communication with the electrolysis chamber (22), thus establishing an electrolyte flow between the electrolysis chamber (22) and the gas separation chamber (14).

Abstract: A reactor for electroplating a workpiece includes a vessel having a ring contact arranged to support a workpiece in a horizontal orientation. In an embodiment of the invention, an electrode is arranged below the ring contact, and a pressing member is arranged above the ring contact to press a workpiece into electrical engagement with the ring contact. The vessel may be adapted to contain an electroplating fluid between a top of the ring contact and the electrode. In one embodiment, a movable intermediate workpiece support assembly is carried by the vessel, the support assembly being actuatable to lower a workpiece carried thereby to deliver the workpiece to be supported accurately and precisely on the ring contact.

Abstract: In one embodiment, an electrochemical cell system comprises: a fuel cell stack comprising a fuel cell having a fuel cell hydrogen inlet and a fuel cell hydrogen outlet, and a first electrochemical hydrogen compressor in fluid communication with the fuel cell hydrogen outlet, wherein the first electrochemical hydrogen compressor comprises electrodes in electrical communication with an electricity source, and a compressed hydrogen outlet in fluid communication with the fuel cell hydrogen inlet. In one embodiment, the method of operating the electrochemical cell system comprises: introducing hydrogen feed to a fuel cell at a feed rate of greater than stoichiometry, directing excess hydrogen from the fuel cell to a first electrochemical hydrogen compressor, electrochemically compressing the excess hydrogen to compressed hydrogen, and recirculating the compressed hydrogen gas to the fuel cell.

Abstract: A vessel for contacting a plurality of objects with a fluid. An upwardly directed stream of fluid and a portion of the objects are confined in a conduit such that the fluid stream causes the objects to flow upward from a moving bed thereof to a disengaging position from where they fall onto a distribution shield and move downward to a feed position. The vessel may be used for treating electrically conductive objects wherein the fluid is an electrolyte, an electrode is positioned to contact the moving bed, and a counterelectrode is positioned in spaced relation to the moving bed. The vessel may be fixed or portable.

Abstract: The present invention realized the production of a water product having excellent physiological activity such as health promoting activity and the utilization of the water, in which ultrafine gold particles having a diameter as small as 1-2 figures in micron order, much smaller than any ordinary fine gold particles, are dissolved. According to the present invention, an aqueous ultrafine gold particle solution is produced using an apparatus comprising a pressure-resistant vessel equipped with a high-pressure water tank, a jet nozzle, an ignition device, and a combustion chamber, in which a gas mixture comprising hydrogen and oxygen is combusted in highly pressurized water, in which gold leaf fragments are suspended, and then the gold leaf fragments are heated and melted by the resulting combustion gas.

Abstract: The invention concerns an electrochemical half-cell for preparing chlorine from aqueous alkali chloride solutions, comprising an electrode chamber (17) designed to contain an electrolyte. Said half-cell also comprises several gas pockets (26, 27, 28, 29) which are separated from the electrode chamber (17) by a gas-diffusing electrode (5). The invention is characterized in that said half-cell includes a support element (21), for supporting the gas pockets (26, 27, 28, 29), which is adjacent over its entire surface to the rear wall (20) of the pockets (26, 27, 28, 29) or which constitutes the rear wall (20) of said gas pockets (26, 27, 28, 29).

Abstract: A method and system for electrochemically purifying an impure stream of hydrogen. Hydrogen is absorbed into a gas diffusion anode from the impure hydrogen stream and oxidized to form hydrogen ions and electrons which are released into an alkaline solution. An electrolytic cathode also positioned in the alkaline solution decomposes water to form hydrogen and hydroxyl ions which combine with the hydrogen ions to maintain equilibrium of the system.

Abstract: An autonomous pushed liquid recirculation system (APLRS) is installed in a vessel, such as an electroplating tank. It situates around the interior perimeter and adjusts to changes in the level of liquid, maintaining the same location and orientation respective to the liquid's surface. It establishes a current near the surface that pushes liquid across the narrow horizontal dimension of the tank from a front wall to a rear wall. The current serves to push any bubbles resultant from operations within the tank to the rear wall. Over the rear wall is mounted an abbreviated exhaust hood covering only a short width of the surface of the tank along the rear wall. Because the exhaust system has to scavenge only a portion of the surface since all bubbles now burst along the rear wall, a much smaller air handling apparatus may be specified with an attendant savings in energy costs.

Abstract: A hydrogen-fueled motor vehicle including at least one hydrogen-fueled locomotion subsystem and at least one refuelable hydrogen generator operative to supply hydrogen fuel to the hydrogen-fueled locomotion subsystem on demand. The refuelable hydrogen generator includes at least one electrochemical reactor operative to generate the hydrogen fuel from water on demand and a refueling subsystem providing at least one of water, electrolyte, hydrogen, a metal containing material and electrical power to the electrochemical reactor. A refueling method is also provided.

Abstract: A fuel cell or electrolyser stack comprises countercurrent radially directed fuel and oxidant flow fields on either side of a membrane electrode assembly. A first reactant may flow radially outwardly from a manifold to a first reactant drain and a second reactant may flow inwardly from the edge of the assembly to a second reactant drain.

Abstract: A method of operating a cell for electrowinning of copper, the cell including a plurality of anodes and cathodes therein, the method including the steps of introducing fresh electrolyte and sparging gas to a manifold system in the cell, controlling flow of fresh electrolyte and sparging gas in the manifold system and providing outlet openings in the manifold system such that streams of fresh electrolyte and sparging gas from the outlet openings are directed relatively uniformly across the cathodes in the cell.

Abstract: An arrangement for cleaning the bottom of an electrolytic tank of solids settled on the bottom of the tank, said arrangement comprising elements to be moved along the bottom or at least in the vicinity thereof in order to detach solids from the bottom. The arrangement comprises at least one moveable suction element, whereby at least part of the solids accumulated on the bottom is conducted out of the tank.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for transmitting electrical signals and fluids to and/or from a microelectronic workpiece. An apparatus in accordance with one embodiment of the invention includes a shaft rotatable about a shaft axis and having a first end with a first electrical contact portion toward the first end, a second end opposite the first end, and an internal channel along the shaft axis between the first and second ends. The shaft can further have at least one first hole toward the first end with the first hole extending radially from the channel to an external surface of the shaft. The shaft can still further have at least one second hole toward the second end with the second hole extending from the channel to the external surface. A housing rotatably receives the shaft and has an aperture coupleable to a fluid source and/or fluid sink.

Abstract: A water treatment tank for treating waste water using an electrochemical treatment process. The electrochemical process removes both suspended and dissolved solids in the water and allows the treated water to be removed from the tank for reuse or discharge. The tank includes a tank housing with first and second waste water receiving compartments. The two compartments are identical and are used alternately when treating the waste water. A waste water inlet line is attached to the top of the first compartment for filling the compartment with waste water. A side of the first compartment includes an annular opening for receiving an electrode assembly with a plurality of electrodes extending inside the compartment for treating the waste water electrochemically. The electrodes are attached to the power supply via electrode cables with the polarity of a current cycle reversed periodically depending on the types of water contaminates being treated.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a process and an apparatus for treating a gas containing reducing substances to efficiently degrade and remove the reducing substances. As a means to achieve this object, the present invention provides a process for treating a gas containing reducing substances by hydrothermal electrolysis, comprising supplying a gas containing reducing substances into a reactor charged with an aqueous medium containing a halide ion under application of a direct current at a temperature of 100° C. or more but the critical temperature of said aqueous medium or less and at a pressure that allows said aqueous medium to be kept in the liquid phase.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electrochemical gas generator including a substrate for providing a surface for electrode deposition, a first electrode deposited on the surface for providing an electrical connection with a conducting medium, a second electrode deposited on the substrate for generating a gas, and a plurality of members extending from at least one side of the first electrode placed alternately with a plurality of extensions protruding from at least one side of the second electrode for improving generator efficiency.

Abstract: An autonomous pushed liquid recirculation system (APLRS) is installed in a vessel, such as an electroplating tank. It situates around the interior perimeter and adjusts to changes in the level of liquid, maintaining the same location and orientation respective to the liquid's surface. It establishes a current near the surface that pushes liquid across the narrow horizontal dimension of the tank from a front wall to a rear wall. The current serves to push any bubbles resultant from operations within the tank to the rear wall. Over the rear wall is mounted an abbreviated exhaust hood covering only a short width of the surface of the tank along the rear wall. Because the exhaust system has to scavenge only a portion of the surface since all bubbles now burst along the rear wall, a much smaller air handling apparatus may be specified with an attendant savings in energy costs.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for venting hydrogen from an electrolytic cell. A brine solution is supplied to an electrolytic cell where hypochlorite and hydrogen gas are produced. A non-combustible gas is introduced into the electrolyzer containing the electrolytic cell and the concentration of hydrogen in the electrolyzer is reduced to a concentration below the LEL of hydrogen.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for venting hydrogen from an electrolytic cell. A brine solution is supplied to an electrolytic cell where hypochlorite and hydrogen gas are produced. A non-combustible gas is introduced into the electrolyzer containing the electrolytic cell and the concentration of hydrogen in the electrolyzer is reduced to a concentration below the LEL of hydrogen.

Abstract: A gas diffusion cathode suitable for oxygen cathodes in an ion-exchange membrane type brine electrolytic bath, a gas diffusion cathode with a gas chamber and a brine electrolytic bath using it. A gas diffusion electrode is supported on a metal frame and gas diffusion electrode is joined to the metal frame via a silver member or a silver surface-carrying member. The joining portions are free from liquid or gas leakage, thereby to eliminate the need of a packing between the gas diffusion electrode and the electrolytic bath frame. At least two openings are provided in the metal frame and a gas diffusion electrode is joined by hot-pressing to each opening via a silver member or a silver surface-carrying member to provide a large gas diffusion electrode.

Abstract: An apparatus for monitoring and adding solution to a plating bath and controlling the quality of deposited metal. At least one monitor monitors at least one condition within a plating bath and produces at least one signal corresponding to the at least one condition. At least one controller receives the at least one signal produced by the at least one monitor, processes the at least one signal, determines whether an additional amount of at least one chemical should be added to the plating bath, and controls at least one valve for controlling flow of the additional amount of the at least one chemical. A pre-mix tank pre-mixes chemicals to be added to the tank. A plurality of holding tanks holds chemicals and supplies the chemicals to the pre-mix tank. At least one valve is arranged between each holding tank and the pre-mix tank. At least one valve is also arranged between the pre-mix tank and the plating bath.

Abstract: Disclosed are a reactor and a method for processing hazardous gas, capable of improving a removing rate of the hazardous gas and the selectivity of a reacting process using a dielectric heat produced by a non-thermal plasma and a catalyst at a process of decomposing the hazardous gas. The reactor comprises a body having an inlet and an outlet; a plurality of planar electrodes arranged parallel in the body and spaced apart from each other at a certain interval, in which the plurality of planar electrodes are alternately connected to an alternating current power, and a ground such that every other planar electrode is connected to the alternating current power and the remaining planar electrodes are connected to the ground; and a power supply unit for applying a voltage of an alternating current frequency to the planar electrodes.

Abstract: A method for separating contaminants from a aqueous source containing contaminants. In one embodiment, the method involves the use of a high powdered oxidant dissolved within the aqueous system. The gas is dissolved within a reservoir in the aqueous solution and the pressure within the reservoir is controllable. This allows maximum contact of the oxidizing dissolved gas with the contaminant material. Once oxidized, the outlet of the reservoir is adapted to permit hydraulic cavitation. The net effect of the cavitation is to induce a foam formation which foam transports a floc into a separate phase from the aqueous solution. In this manner, the process is effectively a dissolved oxidizing gas mass transfer process. In another embodiment, the process may be augmented by electrocoagulation. This involves the use of an electric cell which is disposed within the reservoir containing the oxidant material.

Abstract: Improved electrolytic cells are described. The cells comprise the novel electrolyte K2HPO4, or a less alkaline phosphate buffer solution, electrodes having a modified composition, or a combination of the new electrolyte and a modified composition electrode. The K2HPO4 electrolyte, or less alkaline phosphate buffer solution, and modified electrodes can be used in liquid delivery devices which deliver a liquid agent at a constant rate or a controlled variable rate over a period of time.

Abstract: This invention relates to devices for separating oxygen from more complex gasses such as air which contains oxygen, and delivering the separated-oxygen at an elevated pressure for use immediately, or for storage and use later. More particularly, the invention relates to solid state electrochemical devices for separating oxygen from more complex gasses to produce the desired oxygen and delivering the oxygen at elevated pressures up to and exceeding 2000 psig.

Abstract: An electrocoagulation process for removing organic and metal contaminants from a pressurized waste fluid is disclosed in which a clarified waste fluid is produced when the pressure is released.

Abstract: Barrel-shaped anodes and cathodes are alternately arranged in layers in a concentric manner with space between the electrodes. Anodes are ferrite poles with a long hole along the center axis or a pipe, and the hole is filled with a metal with a low melting point heated to the temperature at which it has some fluidity.

Abstract: A ceramic oxygen generator is described which is capable of modular construction to permit the oxygen generation capacity to be expanded. An ionically conducted ceramic electrolyte is formed into a series of rows and columns of tubes on a tube support member and like electrolyte bodies can be connected together to form a manifold therebetween of oxygen produced in the interiors of the rubes. An electrical connection between tubes is formed such that the anodes and cathodes of tubes in a column are connected in parallel while the tubes in the row are, respectively, connected anode to cathode to form a series connection.