Abstract: A handheld sensor device is provided for measuring an ion concentration in a solution. The solution is in an electrochemical cell that includes a counter electrode, a working electrode, and a reference electrode. The sensor includes a control amplifier configured to provide a current through the counter electrode and the working electrode so as to maintain a predetermined voltage between the working electrode and the reference electrode. The sensor also includes a current amplifier configured to measure the current provided through the counter electrode and the working electrode. In one embodiment, the sensor also includes a direct digital frequency synthesizer (DDFS) including a phase accumulator. The DDFS is configured to selectively generate a waveform specified by an electrochemical technique such as square wave voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry, differential-pulse polarography, normal-pulse polarography, or other known electrochemical techniques.

Abstract: A multiple-electrode ion meter (100) is provided. The multiple-electrode ion meter (100) includes meter electronics (102) configured to receive a plurality of ionic concentration voltage measurements and generate an ionic concentration measurement from the plurality of ionic concentration voltage measurements and three or more individual electrode units (108) in communication with the meter electronics (102). The three or more electrode units (108) generate the plurality of ionic concentration voltage measurements to the meter electronics (102).

Abstract: An apparatus and method of simultaneous spectroelectrochemical analysis is disclosed. A transparent surface is provided. An analyte solution on the transparent surface is contacted with a working electrode and at least one other electrode. Light from a light source is focused on either a surface of the working electrode or the analyte solution. The light reflected from either the surface of the working electrode or the analyte solution is detected. The potential of the working electrode is adjusted, and spectroscopic changes of the analyte solution that occur with changes in thermodynamic potentials are monitored.

Abstract: The present invention relates to electrochemical cells including a first working electrode 32, a first counter electrode 34, a second working electrode 36, and a second counter electrode 38, wherein the electrodes are spaced such that reaction products from the first counter electrode 34 arrive at the first working electrode 32, and reaction products from the first and second counter electrodes 34, 38 do not reach the second working electrode 36. Also provided is a method of using such electrochemical cells for determining the concentration of a reduced or oxidized form of a redox species with greater accuracy than can be obtained using an electrochemical cell having a single working and counter electrode.

Abstract: A voltammetric pH sensor, especially for characterising wellbore fluids, comprises a plurality of electrodes with a redox active organic compound attached to an electrode and having at least one functional group convertible electrochemically between reduced and oxidized forms with transfer of at least one proton between the compound and surrounding aqueous phase, wherein the compound has at least one substituent group which promotes hydrogen bonding at a said functional group and thereby increases the reaction rate of proton transfer. The substituent group may form an internal hydrogen bond with a redox-convertible group or may enhance polarity to promote electrostatic interaction with water molecules and reduce activation energy.

Abstract: Provided are an electrode, an electrolysis cell, and an electrochemical analyzer that improve the long-term stability of analysis data. A working electrode, a counter electrode, and reference electrode are disposed in an electrolysis cell. The working electrode is obtained by forming a lead wire in a composite material having platinum or a platinum alloy as a base material, in which a metal oxide is dispersed, or in a laminated material obtained by laminating a valve metal and platinum such that the cross sectional crystal texture in the thickness direction of the platinum is formed in layers and the thickness of each layer of the platinum is 5 micrometers or less. The metal oxide is selected from among zirconium oxide, tantalum oxide, and niobium oxide, and the metal oxide content of the platinum or the platinum alloy is 0.005 to 1 wt % in terms of the zirconium, tantalum, or niobium metal.

Abstract: A measuring arrangement for registering a measured variable representing concentration of an analyte in a measured medium, includes: a first electrode modified with a redoxly active substance, a second electrode, and a measuring circuit, which comprises a voltage source for applying at least one predetermined voltage between the first electrode and a reference, and an apparatus for registering electrical current flowing, in such case, between the first electrode and the second electrode or for registering a variable correlated with the electrical current flowing between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the second electrode is modified with the same redoxly active substance as the first electrode.

Abstract: A sensor for detecting the property of the liquid includes a substrate, a first pair of electrodes disposed on an upper surface of the substrate, and a second pair of electrodes disposed on a lower surface of the substrate. A capacitance of the first pair of electrodes and a capacitance of the second pair of electrodes mutually change correlatively to the same property of the liquid.

Abstract: An electrochemical sensor includes a dielectric substrate and a conductive layer formed on a surface of the substrate. The conductive layer includes a working electrode, an electrode lead and a connecting arm connecting the working electrode to the electrode lead. A dielectric layer is positioned over the conductive layer. The dielectric layer has an aperture exposing the working electrode and a portion of the connecting arm. The working electrode, electrode lead and connecting arm may be formed by laser ablation technique to provide precise working electrode sensor parameters.

Abstract: A gas sensor including an internal space, a first electrode, a second electrode, a pumping cell, a third electrode, a fourth electrode, a measuring cell, and a porous diffusion layer. The first and third electrodes, and the second and fourth electrodes are formed inside and outside the internal space, respectively. The pumping cell includes the first and second electrodes, and the measuring cell includes the third and fourth electrodes. The pumping cell pumps oxygen from the internal space when a predetermined voltage is applied between the first and second electrodes. The third electrode reduces an oxide gas component in a predetermined gas component to which a predetermined diffusion resistance has been applied by the porous diffusion layer. The measuring cell measures current flow between the third and fourth electrodes when a voltage corresponding to the degree of reduction in the third electrode is applied between the third and fourth electrodes.

Abstract: A measuring arrangement for registering an analyte concentration in a measured medium includes a three electrode arrangement having a working electrode, a reference electrode and a counter electrode. The working electrode includes an analyte-insensitive, redox mediator, and the reference electrode a pH-sensitive electrode. The counter electrode can be formed of an inert, electrically conductive material. The measuring arrangement can be embodied to provide a desired voltage between the working electrode and the reference electrode and to register the electrical current flowing, in such case, through the measured medium, between the counter electrode and the working electrode.

Abstract: The present invention relates to diagnostic devices incorporating electrode modules and fluidics for performing chemical analyses. The invented devices consist of a sensor array formed on an electrode module, the sensor array being contained within a fluidic housing. The electrode module is a laminate of a perforated epoxy foil and a photo-formed metal foil with sensor membranes deposited into the perforations. The fluidic housing is an element consisting of a plastic card-like body with fluidic conduits and a sealed fluid reservoir contained in a foil-lined cavity.

Abstract: A microlectrode comprising a diamond layer formed from electrically non-conducting diamond and containing one or more pins or projections of electrically conducting diamond extending at least partially through the layer of non-conducting diamond presenting areas of electrically conducting diamond.

Abstract: A sensor arrangement for detecting particles potentially contained in an analyte is disclosed. The arrangement includes a substrate; at least one sensor electrode which is arranged on and/or in the substrate and on which scavenger molecules, which hybridize with particles that are potentially contained in an analyte and are to be detected, are immobilized, electrically charged particles generated by hybridization being detectable on the at least one sensor electrode; and at least one diffusion detection electrode which is arranged in a surrounding region of the at least one sensor electrode and is embodied in such a way that it detects electrically charged particles that are generated by hybridization and can be diffused away by the at least one sensor electrode.

Abstract: A gas sensor includes a housing having disposed therein a membrane electrode assembly comprising a sensing electrode, a counter electrode, and a polymer membrane disposed between the sensing electrode and the counter electrode. The polymer membrane comprises an ionic liquid retained therein. The sensor also includes a catalyst support that can be stable in a range of potentials to allow for detection mode and catalyst regeneration mode to be operative. The sensor further includes a circuitry and algorithm to implement the catalyst regeneration mechanism electrochemically. The sensor further includes a chamber for reference gas to which the counter electrode is exposed, and a chamber for test gas to which a gas to be tested is exposed. The sensor also includes a pathway for test gas to enter the chamber and a measured electrical circuit connecting the sensing electrode and the counter electrode.

Abstract: A sensor device for sensing at least a proportion of at least one gas component of a gas in a measurement gas space, in particular for detecting oxygen in an exhaust gas of a combustion machine, is proposed. The sensor device includes at least one sensor element. The sensor element includes at least one first electrode and at least one first reference electrode and at least one second reference electrode. The second reference electrode is connected to at least one reference gas channel. The first electrode is connected to the first reference electrode and the second reference electrode by at least one respective solid electrolyte. The sensor element has at least one diffusion element between the first reference electrode and the reference gas channel.

Abstract: A detection cell for a chromatography system includes a cell body having an inlet, an outlet, and a counter electrode, a working electrode, a sample flow passageway extending between the inlet and the outlet and in fluid contact with the counter and working electrodes, and a palladium/noble metal reference electrode system. A method of using the detection cell is also described.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electrode system capable of more accurately measuring properties of solutions using a porous platinum electrode.

Abstract: In vitro analyte sensors and methods of analyte determination are provided. Embodiments include sensors that include a pair of electrodes to monitor filling of the sample chamber with sample.

Abstract: An electrochemical gas sensor includes additional gas diffusion electrodes incorporated to carry out one or more diagnostic functions while the sensor is responding to a target gas. Members of a plurality of sensing and diagnostic electrodes can be switched by associated control circuits to intermittently sense a target gas while others intermittently sense a different gas. The diagnostic electrodes are in direct communication with the target gas that is entering the cell.

Abstract: An apparatus and method of simultaneous spectroelectrochemical analysis is disclosed. A transparent surface is provided. An analyte solution on the transparent surface is contacted with a working electrode and at least one other electrode. Light from a light source is focused on either a surface of the working electrode or the analyte solution. The light reflected from either the surface of the working electrode or the analyte solution is detected. The potential of the working electrode is adjusted, and spectroscopic changes of the analyte solution that occur with changes in thermodynamic potentials are monitored.

Abstract: An electrochemical sensor includes a polymeric housing and at least a first electrode within the housing. The first electrode includes an electrochemically active surface. The electrochemical sensor further includes a first connector in electrically conductive connection with the first electrode. The first connector includes a first extending member formed from a conductive loaded polymeric material. The first extending member is formed such that an interior thereof comprises conductive elements within a matrix of the polymeric material so that the interior is electrically conductive and an exterior surface thereof comprises the polymeric material and is less conductive than the conductive interior. The conductive interior of the first extending member is in electrically conductive connection with the first electrode. The first connector further includes a first extending conductive element in electrical connection with the conductive interior.

Abstract: The present invention is related to an electrochemical processor, which comprises two electrodes of different electrochemical potential, which are bridged via an electrolyte. Upon, completion of the electric circuit between the two electrodes, the second electrode is oxidized and therefore changed in at least one physical parameter, e.g. the second electrode becomes transparent. The electrochemical processor is characterized in that the surface of the second electrode, which is in contact with the electrolyte, is partially covered with an electrically insulating material, wherein this material is adjacent to the electrolyte. Moreover, the present invention relates to the use of this electrochemical processor and a method of composing such electrochemical processor.

Abstract: A multi-gas microsensor assembly for simultaneously detecting carbon dioxide and oxygen in real time. According to one embodiment, the assembly comprises a non-conductive, solid substrate. A plurality of sensing electrodes, a single reference electrode, and a single counter electrode are positioned on one side of the non-conductive, solid substrate. In addition, all of the electrodes are in intimate contact with the same side of a solid-polymer electrolyte anion-exchange membrane, the solid polymer electrolyte membrane having at least one gas diffusion opening aligned with each sensing electrode. The sensor is operated in a three-electrode potentiostatic mode, in which a constant potential is maintained between the sensing and reference electrodes, and the current is measured between the sensing and counter electrodes. Control of the electrodes is achieved with a small bi-potentiostat.

Abstract: An electrode assembly that may be used, for example, for electrochemically analysing a sample to determine the presence (or otherwise) of a species having biomembrane activity comprises at least one working electrode comprised of a conductive carrier substrate having a surface coated with mercury immobilised on the surface of the substrate. The surface of the mercury remote from said substrate is coated with a phospholipid layer. The preferred carrier substrate is platinum. The electrode assembly may be incorporated in a flow cell.

Abstract: A measuring device is configured to measure a reaction of test objects suspended in a first liquid. The measuring device includes a base and a vibration generator. The base has a first cavity and second cavities provided therein. The first cavity is configured to store the first liquid. The vibration generator generates a standing wave in the first liquid stored in the first cavity. The base has through-holes provided therein. Each of the through-holes allows respective one of the second cavities to communicate with the first cavity. The through-holes have opening sections. The opening sections open to the first cavity and are configured to capture the test objects. This measuring device can measure a test objects with a high efficiency.

Abstract: Electrochemical sensors measure an amount or concentration of CO2, typically using catalysts that include at least one catalytically active element and one helper catalyst. The catalysts can be used to increase the rate, modify the selectivity or lower the overpotential of chemical reactions. These catalysts are useful for a variety of chemical reactions including electrochemical conversion of CO2. Chemical processes and devices employing the catalysts are also disclosed, including processes that produce CO, OH?, HCO?, H2CO, (HCO2)?, H2CO2, CH3OH, CH4, C2H4, CH3CH2OH, CH3COO?, CH3COOH, C2H6, O2, H2, (COOH)2, and (COO?)2.

Abstract: The present invention provides fluidic testing devices with fluidic flow channels for processing fluid samples.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for the detection of particulates in a sample, wherein the particulates are introduced into a plasma and the potential difference between a common electrode and each of a plurality of indicator electrodes is measured. The invention further provides an electrode array and an apparatus which can be used for the potentiometric detection of particulates in a sample.

Abstract: A layered electrocatalyst for oxidizing ammonia, ethanol, or combinations thereof, comprising: a carbon support integrated with a conductive metal; at least one first metal plating layer at least partially deposited on the carbon support, wherein the at least one first metal plating layer is active to OH adsorption and inactive to a target species, and wherein the at least one first metal plating layer has a thickness ranging from 10 nanometers to 10 microns; and at least one second metal plating layer at least partially deposited on the at least one first metal plating layer, wherein the at least one second metal plating layer is active to the target species, and wherein the at least one second metal plating layer has a thickness ranging from 10 nanometers to 10 microns, forming a layered electrocatalyst.

Abstract: A detection device that is used to detect a sample includes: a base component having on its surface a sample supply position to which the sample is supplied; an electrode system formed at a distance from the sample supply position on the surface of the base component; a sliding component having a slide body that performs a sliding movement over the surface of the base component, a sample receptacle portion provided in a portion of the slide body; and a supporting portion that is fixed to the base component and supports the sliding component such that it can perform the sliding movement relative to the base component. The base and the sliding components can perform the sliding movement within a range that includes an overlap position, where the sample receptacle portion overlaps with the electrode system, and the sample supply position.

Abstract: A water detection device comprising at least one fuel cell comprising a first electrode, a layer of electrolyte, a second electrode and an electrical measurement device characterized in that the first electrode of the cell is in contact with a first face of a porous silicon substrate comprising Si—H bonds, in such a manner as to liberate a flow of hydrogen in the presence of water. Advantageously, the substrate of porous silicon is incorporated into a first housing permeable to water, the fuel cell being incorporated into a second housing said second housing being impermeable to water and permeable to oxygen.

Abstract: A method for detecting a proportion of at least one gas species in a measurement gas space. A sensor element is used, having an oxygen reduction pumping cell for concentration of the gas species, a pumping cell connected downstream of the oxygen reduction pumping cell having pumping electrodes, and a gas-tight chamber. A pumping electrode may be exposed to gas from the measurement gas space which has been concentrated by the oxygen reduction pumping cell. A further pumping electrode is disposed in the gas-tight chamber. At least one measuring electrode is further disposed in the gas-tight chamber. The oxygen reduction pumping cell and the pumping cell are galvanically isolated. The method includes an initialization phase, and an accumulation phase.

Abstract: Electrochemical transducer arrays are already known from the prior art. According to the invention, the transducer array is provided with at least one flexible, planar metal substrate on which at least one flexible insulator having a firm connection between the metal surface and the insulator surface is disposed. The metal substrate and the insulator disposed thereon are structured in such a manner as to give metal areas which are electrically insulated the one from the other and which serve as sensor areas. The metal substrate used is self-contained so that the structured metal areas can be contacted from the lower side.

Abstract: A process is described for the preparation of modified electrodes useful for the measurement of analytes in biological fluids, comprising the deposition of Prussian blue on screen printed electrodes, and the modified electrodes prepared via said process; the enzymatic electrodes and the biosensors comprising said modified electrodes and the method for the determination of analytes in biological fluids which uses said modified electrodes are also described.

Abstract: An amperometric sensor includes a first electrode, a second electrode and a reference electrode. The sensor further includes a switch to selectably electrically connect the first electrode as a working electrode and to electrically connecting the second electrode as an auxiliary electrode during a first time interval. During a second time interval, the switch electrically connects the first electrode as the auxiliary electrode and electrically connects the second electrode as the working electrode. The switching of the two electrodes is repeated continuously as amperometric measurements are performed. Preferably, the sensor includes an ultrasonic transducer proximate the working electrode and the auxiliary electrode to clean the electrodes.

Abstract: A microfluidic sensor device includes a substrate having patterned thereon at least one Ag/AgCl electrode (working electrode) and an inner chamber overlying the at least one Ag/AgCl electrode. The device includes an ion selective permeable membrane permeable to TPP+ disposed on one side of the first chamber and a sensing chamber overlying the ion selective permeable membrane. A separate reference electrode is inserted into the sensing chamber. The working electrode and reference electrode are coupled to a voltmeter to measure voltage. This voltage can then be translated into a TPP+ concentration which is used to determine the mitochondrial membrane potential (??m).

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrochemical cell comprising a vibratile electrode (eg a vibratile microelectrode).

Abstract: A gas detector includes at least two electrodes. The electrodes are carried on a common substrate having first and second spaced apart surfaces. The electrodes are formed on respective ones of the surfaces with the substrate sandwiched therebetween.

Abstract: A wellbore tool has an electrochemical sensor for measuring the amount of hydrogen sulphide or thiols in a fluid downhole in a wellbore. The sensor comprises a temperature- and pressure-resistant housing containing a flow path for the fluids. The fluids flow over one side of a gas permeable membrane the other side of the membrane being exposed to a chamber containing at least two electrodes and containing a reaction solution which together with the hydrogen sulphide or thiols create a redox reaction resulting in an electrical current dependent upon the amount of hydrogen sulphide or thiols in the fluid. Measurement is made by passing formation fluid along the flow path and repeatedly applying varying potential to one electrode and measuring the peak current flowing between that electrode and a second electrode.

Abstract: Method and apparatus to measure electrolytes. The apparatus has a measuring portion for measuring electromotive forces generated by a reference fluid and the sample fluid, respectively, by the use of an electrode portion. A dilution vessel for preparing the sample solution by diluting a sample fluid with a diluting fluid. A control portion for providing control such that the reference fluid and the sample solution are alternately supplied to the electrode portion from the dilution vessel and that a given amount of the diluting fluid is supplied to and wasted from the dilution vessel prior to the preparation of the sample solution.

Abstract: A gas sensor element has a first cell, a second cell, and a solid electrolyte layer having proton conductivity commonly used by the first cell and the second cell. The first cell has a first cathode and a first anode exposed to the target detection gas containing hydrogen atoms. The second cell has a second anode, a second cathode, and a shield layer with which the second anode is covered. A voltage is supplied to the first and second cells. A gas concentration of the target detection gas is calculated on the basis of a difference between a current of the first cell and a current of the second cell because the current in the first cell is a sum of proton conductivity current and an electron conductivity current. The current in the second cell is an electron conductive current only.

Abstract: An array-type sensor that senses NH3 includes non-Nernstian sensing elements constructed from metal and/or metal-oxide electrodes on an O2 ion conducting substrate. In one example sensor, one electrode may be made of platinum, another electrode may be made of manganese (III) oxide (Mn2O3), and another electrode may be made of tungsten trioxide (WO3). Some sensing elements may further include an electrode made of La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3 and another electrode made of LaCr0.95Mg0.05O3.

Abstract: The invention provides an electrochemical sensor comprising an electrode assembly which comprises at least two electrodes, one of the electrodes comprising a metal species capable of catalysing the oxidation of hydrogen and/or methane. The sensor may be used in the detection and quantification of hydrogen and/or methane in exhaled breath, for example as a means of diagnosing lactose malabsorption or lactose intolerance.

Abstract: The invention relates to “solid state” chemiresistor sensors with electric control of the affinity of a chemosensitive material. The configurations of the present invention enable the fast regeneration of the sensor after analyte binding, which therefore increases selectivity. In one embodiment the chemiresistor sensor is implemented as a multi-electrode chemiresistor, comprising 4 electrodes for the separate measurement of the resistance of the chemosensitive material and the contact resistance, and 2 further electrodes to control the redox state of the chemosensitive sensor material, thereby facilitating fast and effective regeneration of the sensor.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are fluid distribution methods and assemblies for supplying fluid to test assemblies. One embodiment of a fluid distribution assembly comprises at least two input lines each configured to supply a fluid. A source selection component is connected to the input lines and configured to receive the fluid of the input lines and select from the fluids a target fluid. A range selection component is configured to receive the target fluid and to select a flow range of the target fluid, outputting the target fluid to a flow component comprising a first flow adjustment component having a first flow rate resolution and a second flow adjustment component having a second flow rate resolution. The range selection component is configured to selectively output the target fluid to one of the first flow adjustment component and the second flow adjustment component based on the selected flow range.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods and apparatuses for analyte detection.

Abstract: Microfluidic, electrochemical devices are described. The microfluidic, electrochemical device comprises one or more electrode(s) on a substrate and a patterned porous, hydrophilic layer having a fluid-impermeable barrier which substantially permeates the thickness of the porous, hydrophilic layer and defines boundaries of one or more hydrophilic channels within the patterned porous, hydrophilic layer, wherein the hydrophilic channel(s) comprises a hydrophilic region which is in fluidic communication with the electrode(s). In some embodiments, the electrodes comprise a working electrode, a counter electrode, and a reference electrode. In some embodiments, the microfluidic, electrochemical device further comprises a fluid sink. The method of assembling the microfluidic, electrochemical device is described. The method of using the device for electrochemical analysis of one or more analytes is also described.

Abstract: A system and method for online monitoring of molten salt corrosion of a component of an apparatus is disclosed. First and second electrodes are electrically isolated from each other within the component and exposed to a corrosive operating environment of the apparatus. The first and second electrodes are electrically coupled such that when an electrical potential difference exists between the first and second electrodes an electrical current flows between the first electrode and the second electrode. The electrical potential difference between the first electrode and the second electrode is based at least in part on molten salt corrosion at the first electrode or the second electrode. At least one of the electrical potential difference or the electrical current flowing between the first electrode and second electrode is measured and analyzed such that a corrosion characteristic of the component can be predicted.

Abstract: A wet flow-type ion selective electrode device requires not only a large amount of test solution but also cumbersome management works such as flow path cleaning and device conditioning. Provided is an ion selective electrode cartridge which includes at least one ion selective electrode forming an electrical path with a reference electrode when a test solution is infused, and in which the ion selective electrode and the reference electrode is arranged to surround a container.