Abstract: The invention relates to methods of controlling the precipitation or depositing of particles from a solution in a cell in which an electric field is applied between an anode and a cathode, in particular the precipitation of metal compounds such as oxides and hydroxides and the coprecipitation of mixed metal oxides from a solution of the metal salt(s) in an electrolysis cell, but also the electrolytic deposition of cathodic metal deposits as well as the electrophoretic deposition of colloidal particles.

Abstract: A device is disclosed for determining the ionic analyte activity in liquids, e.g. aqueous solutions, by the use of electrodes and an internal capillary bridge which promotes ionic migration between the electrodes. This device includes an electrically insulative frame in which the electrodes are mounted, liquid access holes aligned with the electrodes on a capillary bridge formed of a porous material, and a cover sheet element formed of a nonporous cover sheet. The cover sheet element extends over the electrodes and encapsulates the elongated capillary bridge. Located in the cover sheet directly over and generally along the capillary bridge is one or more substantially continuous stretch lines typically provided by mechanically deforming the cover sheet. This deformation allows shorter junction times when liquids are introduced into the liquid access holes.

Abstract: An ion-sensitive electrode, usable for measuring the activity or concentration of a predetermined ion in a fluid stream of an industrial process, includes a vessel partially filled with an electrolyte and fabricated with one wall portion thereof comprising a rigid, porous fritted back-up element and a relatively thin, ion-sensitive, non-porous membrane. Being preferably made of the same ion-sensitive material as the membrane, the back-up element is produced using a sintering process which results in a porous solid having maze-like passages extending randomly therethrough in all directions. One surface of the back-up element is fused to and supports a thin layer of ion-sensitive material that has been applied to the back-up element, heated to its molten working temperature and then cooled to form the non-porous membrane. Located within the vessel, the back-up element also serves to transport the electrolyte through its passages for wetting the interior surface of the thin membrane fused to the back-up element.

Abstract: A transcutaneous gas measuring assembly is described in which a glass electrode is formed by a body of highly insulating material and a bottom by a glass membrane. The membrane is provided with a conductive layer on the inner surface thereof and a preamplifier is disposed within the glass electrode and electrically connected to the conductive layer. A reference electrode is disposed around the glass electrode. All of the above form a measuring portion of the gas measuring assembly.

Abstract: A pH sensor comprising a sleeve assembly having at least first and second spaces, a partition separating the two spaces from each other with a water tight seal, and a barrel including a flange, a reference electrode accommodated in the first space and including a liquid junction, a glass electrode having a sensor unit disposed adjacent to the liquid junction, liquid grounding means mounted adjacent to the liquid junction, and a cable disposed in the second space with a watertight seal, the cable being electrically connected to the reference electrode, glass electrode and liquid grounding means. The pH sensor can be used for continuous flow, immersion or submersion types of installations, and can be fabricated inexpensively and is easily maintained. The sensor unit of the pH sensor can be easily cleaned by a cleaning unit which includes a rotatable shaft to which is connected a vane and a brush at one end.

Abstract: Difficulties occur in finding an electrode which responds reliably to the concentration of some ions.The concentration of a required ion in an electrolyte is measured by measuring the potential between first and second electrodes when the electrolyte is passed from the first electrode to the second electrode through a material which changes the concentration of another ion by an amount which depends on the concentration of the required ion. The first and second electrodes are reliable electrodes for measuring the concentration of the other ion.

Abstract: A selective chemosensitive microelectronic transducer is provided for the detection and measurement of chemical properties, by engineering a field-effect transistor such that source 6 and drain 7 regions are connected to bonding pads 2 and 4, and the semiconductor bulk connected to pad 1. The metal gate 8 is extended laterally to a remote area 9, and also to bonding pad 3 via a narrow metallization track 5 designed to support only a limited, predetermined electrical current in the manner of a fusible link. External electrical access to the device is achieved with wirebonding 14, and the device is selectively sealed with an inert, impervious encapsulation material 10 such that only gate area 9 remains exposed. Electroactive materials are deposited over the offset-gate area 9, or electrodeposited using connection through 8, 5 and 3. Subsequently, link 5 is open-circuited by pulsed electrical overload, creating a floating chemosensitive gate.

Abstract: Apparatus is disclosed for measuring the electrochemical activity of a liquid, for example, the hydrogen ion activity or pH value of blood. A disposable cartridge includes spaced indicating and reference electrodes which develop electrical properties as a function of the electrochemical activity. The cartridge carries a capsule containing an electrolyte solution. A machine for measuring the electrochemical activity includes a socket in a pivoting door for receiving the cartridge. When the door is pivoted into a closed position, the capsule is automatically crushed thereby covering the electrodes with the solution. The breaking of the capsule triggers an electronic measurement of the resultant electrical properties that develop between the two electrodes. This calibration factor is stored and used to compute the electrochemical characteristics of the sample when it is introduced into the cartridge to cover the indicating electrode.

Abstract: Improved reference electrode of the double junction type wherein the half-cell junction is characterized in that the mathematical quotient of its liquid flow rate divided by its ionic electrical conductance under defined test conditions is less than about 0.12 ml.multidot.hr.sup.-1 .multidot.mho.sup.-1.

Abstract: An ion selective electrode having a silicon wafer substrate secured to one end of a tube made of insulating material by an adhesive agent and an ion sensitive film applied on the outer surface of silicon wafer substrate is disclosed. In order to prevent a portion of a side edge of silicon wafer substrate from being exposed to a sample liquid to be measured, the side edge of silicon wafer substrate is tapered and the ion sensitive film is applied on the tapered side edge as well as on the outer surface of silicon wafer substrate. The tapered side edge may be simply formed by effecting an anisotropic etching for a silicon wafer.