Abstract: A dual chamber, multi-analyte test strip has a first insulating layer, a first electrically conductive layer, with a first working electrode, disposed on the first insulating layer and a first patterned spacer layer positioned above the first electrically conductive layer. The first patterned spacer layer has a first sample-receiving chamber, with first and second end openings, defined therein that overlies the first working electrode. The test strip also includes a first counter/reference electrode layer that is exposed to the first sample receiving chamber and is in an opposing relationship to the first working electrode. The test strip further includes a counter/reference insulating layer disposed over the first counter/reference electrode layer and a second counter/reference electrode layer disposed on the counter/reference substrate. Also included in the test strip is a second patterned spacer layer that is positioned above the second counter/reference electrode layer.

Abstract: A sensing device includes a sensing surface, and a matrix overlaying the sensing surface. The sensing device includes a photoformed membrane overlaying at least a portion of the matrix. The photoformed membrane includes a directly photoformed organosiloxane polymer that is substantially permeable to gaseous molecules and substantially impermeable to non-gaseous molecules and ions.

Abstract: Provided are a biosensor and a method of driving the same. The biosensor includes a transistor including a substrate including a source, a drain, and a channel formed between the source and the drain, a gate insulating layer formed on the channel, and a source electrode and a drain electrode respectively connected with the source and the drain, a fluid line for covering the transistor to have an inner space together with the transistor and in which a sample solution including target molecules flows, a reference electrode formed on an inner wall of the fluid line, and a probe molecule layer attached on the reference electrode and reacting with the target molecules. Accordingly, the reference electrode is formed on the inner wall of the fluid line, enabling miniaturization of the bio device.

Abstract: An electrochemical sensor is provided that includes a housing having an outer wall, an axial bore circumscribed by the outer wall, and a barrier wall that aids in defining a reference cavity. The housing further including a plurality of cross members in spaced relation to one another disposed between the axial bore and the outer wall, each cross member defining an aperture. A junction plug is disposed at the distal end of the housing. The junction plug comprises a porous material that enables ionic flow through the junction plug. The sensor enables ionic communication between the target fluid and the reference electrode within the reference cavity through the apertures of the plurality of cross members. In this manner, the sensor provides generally a long, tortuous flow path, or salt bridge, between the target fluid and the reference electrode, resulting in a high resistance factor for the sensor.

Abstract: A microfabricated liquid junction reference electrode that can be integrated with microfabricated chemical or electrical sensors, which electrode is an M/MX type reference electrode comprised of a metal and a metal salt, as well as a X? Containing Ionic Liquid having a constant activity of X? and a porous thin-film membrane impregnated with a Hydrophobic Ionic Liquid.

Abstract: A modular potentiometric sensor includes a housing having measuring and reference half-cells, a temperature sensor, and solution ground combination assembly. An electrical conductor of the combination assembly extends through the housing, while remaining electrically isolated from the housing and half-cells, terminating at an electrically and thermally conductive end cap. Seals at opposite ends of the housing permit portions of the half-cells and the combination assembly to extend therethrough. The seals, measuring half-cell, and the combination assembly define an electrolyte compartment for the reference half-cell. The end cap provides close thermal coupling to the test fluid while also serving as a test fluid ground that is electrically isolated from the electrolyte compartment.

Abstract: A fluid assay system comprises a swab having an absorbent portion for receiving and retaining a fluid sample. The system also comprises an electrode module having at least one electrode, arranged so that it can be selectively placed over the absorbent portion of the swab in order to contact the electrode with the fluid sample. The system further comprises a reader module configured to process signals from the electrode module, with the electrode and reading modules arranged such that they can be coupled together for communication of the signals from the electrode module to the reader module.

Abstract: An electrochemical sensor device including a sensor chip having an integrated electrochemical sensor element; and a substrate having a first surface on which the sensor chip is mounted, the substrate comprising a reference electrode structure for the integrated electrochemical sensor element, the reference electrode structure connected to the sensor chip via an electrical connection on the first surface of the substrate.

Abstract: An analyte test strip is provided that includes a generally planar substrate and a plurality of conductive areas disposed on the substrate to define five distinct conductive portions comprising at least five contact lands defining respective vertices of a polygon, and in which two contact lands are located in a single conductive portion. System and method utilizing the test strip are also described.

Abstract: The present invention includes an apparatus, system and method for stochastic sensing of an analyte to a protein pore. The protein pore may be an engineer protein pore, such as an ion channel at temperatures above 55° C. and even as high as near 100° C. The analyte may be any reactive analyte, including chemical weapons, environmental toxins and pharmaceuticals. The analyte covalently bonds to the sensor element to produce a detectable electrical current signal. Possible signals include change in electrical current. Detection of the signal allows identification of the analyte and determination of its concentration in a sample solution. Multiple analytes present in the same solution may also be detected.

Abstract: An electrochemical sensor is provided that includes a housing defining a cavity for a reference electrolyte and defining an opening to the cavity configured to be proximate to a target fluid. The sensor further includes a junction plug comprising a porous material and a cross member impermeable to a target fluid positioned between the junction plug and the cavity. The cross member includes a planar portion disposed against the junction plug that defines an aperture to enable electrochemical communication between the target fluid and the reference electrolyte.

Abstract: A method of determining an electrolyte in a sample including adding the sample to an electrolyte module, the electrolyte module including a dilution cup, a flow cell, and a pump, the flow cell having a flow channel with a first end and a second end, the first end fluidically coupled to the dilution cup, and the second end fluidically coupled to the pump; combining the sample with a diluent in the dilution cup to produce a diluted sample; operating the pump to aspirate the diluted sample into the flow cell; measuring the electrolyte in the diluted sample in the flow cell; and reversing the pump to dispense fluid through the second end to displace the diluted sample from the flow cell back into the dilution cup.

Abstract: The invention is directed to apparatus and methods for delivering multiple reagents to, and monitoring, a plurality of analytical reactions carried out on a large-scale array of electronic sensors underminimal noise conditions. In one aspect, the invention provides method of improving signal-to-noise ratios of output signals from the electronic sensors sensing analytes or reaction byproducts by subtracting an average of output signals measured from neighboring sensors where analyte or reaction byproducts are absent. In other aspects, the invention provides an array of electronic sensors integrated with a microwell array for confining analytes and/or particles for analytical reactions and a method for identifying microwells containing analytes and/or particles by passing a sensor-active reagent over the array and correlating sensor response times to the presence or absence of analytes or particles.

Abstract: A pH sensor is provided. The pH sensor includes a body, a glass electrode, a reference electrode and a solution ground. The glass electrode is disposed on the body to contact a liquid sample. The reference electrode has a reference fill solution disposed within the body. The solution ground electrode is operably coupled to the body and has a portion of the solution ground electrode that is disposed within a harbor such that a portion of the solution ground electrode is configured to contact the liquid sample. The body has a passageway that extends from the reference fill solution to an aperture proximate the liquid sample.

Abstract: An electrochemical sensor is provided that includes a housing having an outer wall, a plurality of longitudinal walls disposed within the outer wall, and a reference chamber housing a reference electrode. The longitudinal walls define a plurality of longitudinal chambers. Ionic communication between the target fluid and the reference electrode passes sequentially through each of longitudinal chambers from a first longitudinal chamber to the reference chamber. In this manner, the sensor provides generally a long, tortuous flow path, or salt bridge, between the target fluid and the reference electrode, resulting in a high resistance factor for the sensor.

Abstract: The method of estimation of the state of charge of a lead acid battery comprises measuring the open circuit voltage difference between an integrated liquid junction reference electrode and a negative battery terminal during at least one cut-off period. It further comprises determination of the sign of the current though the battery prior to cut-off and estimation of the state of charge on the basis of the open circuit voltage difference and, according to the sign of the current, respectively of a charge or a discharge calibration curve, previously determined during a calibration procedure. The cut-off period has preferably a duration of at least 5 minutes.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrochemical cell comprising a vibratile electrode (eg a vibratile microelectrode).

Abstract: An integrated desktop analytic device comprises a fluidics station coupled to a confocal microscope detector, and a biochip is moved from the fluidics station to the detector without manual intervention of an operator.

Abstract: The invention relates to an embedded bodily fluid analysis device comprising a measuring cell containing the bodily fluid to be analyzed, at least one reference cell containing a reference standard and an electronic measuring circuit. The measuring cell is provided with at least one work electrode of the measuring cell and with at least one reference electrode of the measuring cell. The reference cell is provided with at least one work electrode of the reference cell formed by the same material or materials as a work electrode of the measuring cell and with at least one reference electrode of the reference cell formed by the same material or materials as a reference electrode of the measuring cell.

Abstract: A system automatically maintains at least one of a pH level and a sanitizing agent level of water in a water feature. The system includes a sensor assembly responsive to at least one of a pH level of the water and a sanitizing agent level of the water. The system further includes a controller which generates control signals in response to signals from the sensor assembly. The system further includes at least one of a first source containing a sanitizing agent material and a second source containing a pH-modifying material. The system further includes a third source comprising a valve assembly and a third container containing a liquid calibrant material. The valve assembly is responsive to at least a portion of the control signals from the controller by selectively allowing the calibrant material to flow from the third container through the sensor assembly to the water feature.

Abstract: An electrochemical sensor with at least one ionic liquid (4) as the electrolyte, contains at least one electrode (1), whose active surface is substantially larger than the geometric area covered by said electrode (1). The electrolyte and at least one of the electrodes (1, 2, 3) are in direct contact with the ambient atmosphere.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a reference electrode which has a shaft into which a diaphragm body of a porous ceramic is incorporated is comprised of the following method steps: Impregnating the ceramic with a lyogel precursor prior to incorporating the ceramic body into the shaft, and subsequently transforming the lyogel precursor into a lyogel, from which the solvent is removed through a drying process. A reference electrode has a shaft that is filled with electrolyte, and a diaphragm body formed of a porous ceramic and containing a system of hollow spaces is incorporated into the wall of the shaft. The system of hollow spaces is filled at least partially with a material that is formed of a lyogel by drying and has at least one component that corresponds to the ceramic material.

Abstract: An electrochemical suspended element-based sensor system includes a solution cell for holding an electrolyte comprising solution including at least one electrochemically reducible or oxidizable species. A working electrode (WE), reference electrode (RE) and a counter electrode (CE) are disposed in the solution. The CE includes an asymmetric suspended element, wherein one side of the suspended element includes a metal or a highly doped semiconductor surface. The suspended element bends when current associated with reduction or oxidation of the electrochemically reducible or oxidizable species at the WE passes through the suspended element. At least one measurement system measures the bending of the suspended element or a parameter which is a function of the bending.

Abstract: The present application relates to a pressurized reference electrode and to a process for its production, said reference electrode comprising a chamber (11) which has a flowable reference electrolyte, and a portion of the wall of said chamber being formed from porous material (10) for contacting said reference electrode with a measuring medium, and said chamber being under overpressure, which is characterized in that the overpressure is generated in said reference electrode by introducing a gas or/and a liquid through said porous material of the wall in said chamber, or introducing said reference electrolyte into said chamber and closing said chamber under pressure.

Abstract: A potentiometric sensor, especially a pH-sensor or redox-sensor, includes: an elementary sensor for registering a potentiometric parameter, especially a pH-value or a redox potential; and an interface for issuing a potentiometric-parameter-dependent signal to a superordinated unit, especially a transmitter; wherein the potentiometric sensor of the invention has a digital data memory, which is permanently connected with elementary sensor.

Abstract: An electrochemical electrode probe includes an elongated body of a porous material disposed in a housing. The porous material is permeated with an electrolyte. A body of electrode material surrounds the porous body and functions as one electrode of an electrochemical system. A portion of the elongated body of porous material projects beyond the electrode body and functions to establish ionic and electrical conductivity with a sample of material which is to be tested. The sample of material functions as a working electrode, and the electrode body of the probe functions as a counter electrode/reference electrode. Further disclosed is an electrochemical analysis system which includes the probe and a support plate operable to retain a plurality of samples of test material thereupon. The probe is moved across the plate to sequentially measure the electrochemical properties of the various samples of material. Also disclosed are methods for using the system.

Abstract: A process analytic sensor for sensing a characteristic of a process fluid is disclosed. The sensor includes a housing including a sensing portion having an electrical characteristic that varies with a characteristic of the process fluid. An instrument cable has at least one electrical conductor. An electrode connection space is located within the housing and the at least one electrical conductor is electrically coupled to a respective conductor of a sensing element of the sensing portion. A fill material is disposed in the electrode connection space. The fill material cures through exposure to moisture and the fill material is uncured and sealed within the electrode connection space.

Abstract: A reference electrode including a water-impermeable, non-conductive substrate having a surface; an electrically conductive metal/metal salt mixture layer in contact with the surface; a water-soluble alkali metal salt layer; and a water-impermeable barrier layer overlaying a portion of the alkali metal salt layer and a portion of the metal/metal salt layer, and a method for preparing same are described. When the reference electrode is placed in a water sample to be tested, water enters the exposed portion of the alkali metal salt layer where it dissolves the salt forming a saturated solution in the region of contact between the alkali metal salt layer and the metal/metal salt layer.

Abstract: A reference electrode for potentiometric measurements has a housing (2) with a hollow space (4) containing a liquid reference electrolyte (6) as well as a conductor element (8) immersed in the reference electrolyte. In addition, the housing has a diaphragm (12) through which the reference electrolyte can be brought into contact with a measuring medium (10) outside of the housing. Furthermore, means are provided to effect an outflow of the reference electrolyte through the diaphragm. A first electrical contact element (20, 36) is arranged in the hollow space in such a manner that the contact element is immersed in the reference electrolyte as long as the fill level (18) of the reference electrolyte does not fall below a threshold value (FS), and that the contact element is not immersed in the reference electrolyte if the fill level falls short of the threshold value.

Abstract: The present claimed invention is to provide a reference electrode wherein variations of a potential difference at a liquid junction can be removed almost completely, contamination of a sample solution can be minimized, a frequency to supply and replace an internal solution is lessened, the liquid junction is prevented from being clogged, high durability for a long term can be maintained and a measurement with high accuracy can be conducted, and comprises an internal electrode 21, an internal solution 22 that makes a contact with the internal electrode 21 and a liquid junction 23 that continues into the internal solution 22, wherein the liquid junction 23 is made by the use of a gelled hydrophobic ionic liquid.

Abstract: The present application provides redox polymer based reference electrodes having an extended lifetime that are suitable for use in long term amperometric sensors. Electrochemical sensors equipped with reference electrodes described herein demonstrate considerable stability and extended lifetime in a variety of conditions.

Abstract: The present application provides Ag/AgCl based reference electrodes having an extended lifetime that are suitable for use in long term amperometric sensors. Electrochemical sensors equipped with reference electrodes described herein demonstrate considerable stability and extended lifetime in a variety of conditions.

Abstract: This invention provides a reference electrode (3) that can be downsized and stable in voltage. The reference electrode (3) in accordance with this invention is a reference electrode (3) that does not require an internal aqueous solution such as a KCl aqueous solution and comprises a metal body (31), a slightly soluble salt film (32) that comprises a slightly soluble salt of the metal body (31) and that coats the metal body (31) and a hydrophobic ionic liquid (33) that is arranged to make contact with both the slightly soluble salt film (32) and a sample to be measured.

Abstract: A hand-held portable drug monitoring system to detect and quantitate cocaine and other organic drugs in saliva, sweat, and surface wipes by using an ion selective electrode or an array of ion selective electrodes. The ion selective electrode has a cast membrane reference electrode and a sensing electrode with a hydrophobic polymer, a plasticizer, and an ionophore selective for the organic drug to be tested. The ion selective electrode can be connected to a converter that coverts a voltage reading from the ion selective electrode to a quantitative drug concentration level. Also disclosed is the related method of using an ion selective electrode to detect an organic drug in saliva, sweat, and surface wipes, the method of testing electrical contact in an ion selective electrode, and the method of making a cast membrane reference electrode.

Abstract: An electrochemical sensor with at least one measuring electrode (3), at least one auxiliary electrode (7) and at least one reference electrode (5), wherein a protective electrode (6), which ensures at the reference electrode (5) the at least partial shielding of the reference electrode (5) against substances that would lead to a change in the reference potential when reaching the reference electrode (5), is arranged in the vicinity of the reference electrode (5). A highly stable reference potential can be obtained with the present invention.

Abstract: Examples of the present invention include methods of assembling structures, such as nanostructures, at predetermined locations on a substrate. A voltage between spaced-apart electrodes supported by substrate attracts the structures to the substrate, and positional registration can be provided the substrate using topographic features such as wells. Examples of the present invention also include devices, such as electronic and optoelectronic devices, prepared by such methods.

Abstract: The present claimed invention intends to provide a responsive glass membrane for ion selective electrode glass and an ion selective electrode comprising the responsive glass membrane that produces a self-cleaning function when the ultraviolet rays are irradiated although no change is brought in a composition of a sample solution as being an object to be measured and that is low in electric resistance value and superior in responsivity under an ordinary measurement environment. The responsive glass membrane for ion selective electrode is made of the titanium-containing oxide glass that contains 20˜80 mol % of titanium dioxide and lithium oxide.

Abstract: A universal reduction-oxidation (redox) electrode allows for the temporal measurement of the redox potential of a variety of biological or environmental fluids or tissues, and assists in the diagnosis of matters related to health and disease. The electrode is made from gold which is derivatized with an electron transport promoter, such as 4-pyridinethiol and bis(4-pyridyl)disulfide. The electrode can be used to measure the redox potential of complex mediums without biofouling.

Abstract: A method for the determination of the amount of cholesterol in high density lipoproteins in a high density lipoprotein containing sample, said method comprising reacting the sample with a surfactant which preferentially reacts with high density lipoproteins in the sample, said surfactant being selected from hydroxyethyl glucamide derivatives and N-acyl-N-methyl glucamine derivatives, and measuring the amount of cholesterol in the high density lipoproteins, for example using an electrochemical technique.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a reference electrode. According to the invention, a capillary structure is plugged in a solid state electrolyte layer of the reference electrode. By capillary phenomenon, a test solution is sucked to the solid state electrolyte layer to have reaction. Therefore, according to the invention, a test solution can be measured by simply placing the capillary structure of the reference electrode into the test solution. The lifetime of the reference electrode can be greatly extended.

Abstract: An analyte test strip is provided that includes a generally planar substrate and a plurality of conductive areas disposed on the substrate to define five distinct conductive portions comprising at least five contact lands defining respective vertices of a polygon, and in which two contact lands are located in a single conductive portion. System and method utilizing the test strip are also described.

Abstract: A reference electrode consisting of a metal in contact in contact with an electrolyte containing an anion or cation whose concentration in part determines the redox potential of the electrode? This electrolyte contains a polyelectrolyte that partially and reversibly binds this chemical cation or anion thus lowering the free concentration of the cation or anion compared to the osmotic pressure of the same concentration of cation or anion if present as a simple salt. The polyelectrolyte can be anionic or cationic depending on the chemistry of the redox electrode and a thickener may also be added to the electrolyte.

Abstract: A flowing junction reference electrode comprises a microfluidic liquid junction member situated between a pressurized reference electrolyte solution and a sample solution. The liquid junction member has an array of nanochannels spanning the member and physically connecting the electrolyte and the sample. The number of nanochannels in the array can be between 10 and 108. Preferably, the nanochannels are substantially straight and parallel to one another. The nanochannels can be coated to facilitate the flow of the electrolyte solution through the junction member. The nanochannels can have widths of between 1 and 500 nanometers, and the width of any one nanochannel is substantially equal to the width of any other nanochannel. The member can be manufactured out a polymer such as polycarbonate and polyimide, and may also be made of silicon, glass, or ceramic. In one embodiment, the reference electrode includes means for pressurizing the electrolyte solution.

Abstract: A semi-permanent reference electrode for use in monitoring and measuring metals in field applications, such as cathodic protection. This electrode has an outer electrode body with a cap and porous plug. The outer electrode body is filled with a fill solution which is a saturated salt solution formed from a solid salt. The solid salt is hygroscopic with a low deliquescence point. An opening is provided in the cap to allow moisture into the outer electrode body to combine with the fill solution to maintain the saturated salt solution in the field. This saturated salt solution must maintain a constant pH for use in the semi-permanent reference electrode. A wire is used within the outer electrode body which connects to a voltmeter. This voltmeter measures the potential difference between the reference electrode and the field component of interest, which can include pipelines, storage tanks and bridges.

Abstract: A ruthenium oxide electrode. The ruthenium oxide electrode includes a substrate, a ruthenium oxide film formed thereon, and a conductive wire connecting to the ruthenium oxide film. The invention also provides a method of fabricating the ruthenium oxide electrode.

Abstract: An electrochemical sensor is provided that includes a housing having an outer wall, a plurality of longitudinal walls disposed within the outer wall, and a reference chamber housing a reference electrode. The longitudinal walls define a plurality of longitudinal chambers. Ionic communication between the target fluid and the reference electrode passes sequentially through each of longitudinal chambers from a first longitudinal chamber to the reference chamber. In this manner, the sensor provides generally a long, tortuous flow path, or salt bridge, between the target fluid and the reference electrode, resulting in a high resistance factor for the sensor.

Abstract: The invention comprises novel apparatuses and testing methods for evaluating a fluid diffusion component. The apparatus includes a fluid capable of undergoing oxidation or reduction, a half-cell electrode assembly able to receive the fluid, and a change in acidity indicator in communication with the assembly. An inventive method of the invention includes the steps of passing a fluid capable of undergoing oxidation or reduction through a half-cell electrode assembly to form a sample, contacting the sample with an indicator, and detecting a change in acidity in the indicator.

Abstract: A polymer electrolyte for an electrochemical half cell, in particular for a reference half cell, contains a polymer which as a first monomer component contains at least one alkyl methacrylate. The alkyl methacrylate has a substituted alkyl group with from three to seven carbon atoms and at least two substituents. The aforementioned substituents are selected from the group comprising OR1 and NR2R3, in which R1 , R2 and R3 are selected from the group comprising hydrogen, methyl, and ethyl, on the condition that the substituted alkyl group contains the substituent OH at most once.

Abstract: A potentiometric sensor with suppressed leak current on the surface of an electrode and improved for a dynamic range and a response speed, in which a redox compound is immobilized through insulative molecules on the surface of a gold electrode, and a current between a source and drain of an insulated gate field-effect transistor along with reaction between an oxidized substance or a reduced substance produced by the reaction of a measured substance in a sample solution injector for supplying the sample solution containing the measured substance and an enzyme and a redox compound on the surface of the gold electrode, is monitored on real time to measure the change of the surface potential.

Abstract: An electrochemical sensor is provided that includes a housing defining a cavity for a reference electrolyte and defining an opening to the cavity configured to be proximate to a target fluid. The sensor further includes a junction plug comprising a porous material and a cross member impermeable to a target fluid positioned between the junction plug and the cavity. The cross member includes a planar portion disposed against the junction plug that defines an aperture to enable electrochemical communication between the target fluid and the reference electrolyte.