Abstract: A method and apparatus for purifying and treating water includes a first magnetic plug having a plurality of polarizing magnets evenly spaced about the circumference of a circular aperture. The longitudinal axis of each magnet is perpendicular to the aperture with its north pole magnetic field directed radially outwardly and its south pole directed radially inwardly to provide a magnetic charge to water molecules passed through the magnetic plug. The water stream is further passed through a chamber having two electrodes made of a copper/silver alloy. By alternating the polarity between the electrodes, copper and silver ions are released into the water while avoiding fouling of either electrode. The water stream is then passed through a filter assembly and a second magnetic plug to enhance retention of beneficial minerals and ions.

Abstract: A device for the treatment of selected solutions wherein the device is a sealed container including a chemical mixture therein, at least one of the ingredients being magnetite.

Abstract: There is disclosed a method for separating an electroformed article from a mandrel wherein the article is more attracted to a magnetic force than the mandrel comprising employing the magnetic force on the article in separating the article and the mandrel.

Abstract: In order to improve a process for the electrolysis of a fluid electrolyte containing cations and anions in an electrolytic cell with a cathode and an anode located opposite the cathode such that primary energy not present in an electrical form, in particular thermal energy from reservoirs having a moderately high temperature, can be used for the electrolysis with lower losses, it is suggested that a current path between the cathode and the anode be closed, that a magnetic field be applied to the electrolytic cell and that a relative movement between the magnetic field and the electrolyte be generated so that on account of the effect of Lorentz forces the cations migrate to the cathode and the anions to the anode and products of electrolysis be formed on the cathode and on the anode in electrolytic reactions, wherein the charge equalization necessary for the electrolytic reactions be carried out by the current path closed between the cathode and the anode.

Abstract: Electrolytic cell apparatus and methods for generating a useful energy product from a plurality of energy sources. In a preferred embodiment, hydrogen gas is produced at a cathode by transmission of electrons through a low voltage potential barrier to electron flow achieved by careful control of electrolyte constituent concentrations and surface materials on the cathode. A portion of the energy captured in the hydrogen gas is provided by heat transmitting activity of ions dissociated from water at an anode which catalytically dissociates the water and thereby transfers thermal energy from the anode to the ions and other constituents of the cell electrolyte. Thermal energy is replaced in the anode by absorption of heat from the surrounding environment.

Abstract: A device for the treatment of selected solutions wherein the device is a sealed container including a chemical mixture therein, at least one of the ingredients being magnetite.

Abstract: An electromagnetic enriching device for electrolytes that are passed through a tubular cathode electrode that coaxially houses a sacrificial anode member. The electrolyte enters a housing containing the tubular cathode member and passes through an electric field established between the anode member and the tubular cathode member. Varying and alternating electromagnetic field is created by a coil wound over the cathode tubular member in order to interfere with the cations leaving the sacrificed anode member. In the manner, the device can be connected to a source of water, applying an electrolyte conditioner and resulting in an enriched water that will be applied to plants that require a particular nutrient. The anode member will be selected depending on the nutrient needed by the plant.

Abstract: This invention is for holding components made of a ferromagnetic material parallel to a component axis for electroplating the component. The component substrate according to the invention has at least two magnet poles, oriented toward the components and having opposite polarity. The magnet field lines extend from one magnet pole to the other magnet pole through the components only in the vicinity of a contact faces of the components oriented toward the magnet poles. This prevents ferromagnetic particles from depositing on the ends of the components remote from the contact faces. The apparatus according to the invention is especially suitable for holding a plurality of components during electrolytic surface coating of the components.

Abstract: A device for continuous electrochemical treating of an electrically conductive web in an electrolyte cell is provided. The invention permits an electrodeless treatment of wide webs with high uniformity and low power consumption without additional electrodes, bars or cables and conductive means.

Abstract: A system adapted for use in decomposing water and separating an oxygen rich gaseous stream and a hydrogen rich gaseous stream. The system comprises an enclosure containing a decomposition zone, an oxygen separation zone and a hydrogen separation zone. The decomposition zone comprising an inlet for supplying a flow of water vapor, a plurality of conductive tubes arranged in a spaced array and connected in a parallel circuit including a source of electrical energy capable of supplying energy to all of the conductive tubes. The tubes in the array are elongated circular structures and preferably spaced less than one-eighth inch from each other.

Abstract: A method of and an apparatus for the electroplating of material onto substrates, such as computer memory disks, by use of a plating cell comprising cathodes, anodes, passive shields, filters, an oscillation system and an electrical power supply. Anodes and magnets are attached to the inside side walls of the plating cell. The magnets have a coating of an electrically non-conducting material covering it. Shields, each having a filter attached to it, are also fixed to the inside side walls. A pallet, having openings for holding disk substrates during electroplating, is placed between the shields in the plating cell. The disk substrates function as cathodes during electrolytic plating. The anodes and cathodes when electrically energized results in deposition of desired material, having uniform thickness, across the entire surface area of the substrate.

Abstract: The system includes at least one electrolysis cell having a principal direction of current flow. The electrolysis cell has two electrode surfaces whose mean surface planes are substantially parallel, separated by a fluid electrolyte layer.Separate electric current conducting means, energized by an electric power source and independent of the electrolysis circuit elements are so arranged and constructed with respect to the cell to increase the average component of the magnetic field substantially parallel to the mean electrode surfaces within the fluid electrolyte layer. This increase in the magnetic field is relative to the magnetic field due solely to the electrolysis current. A flow return conduit is included for connecting at least one entrance port of the electrolysis cell to a least one exit port of the electrolysis cell. The ports are disposed substantially parallel to the pressure gradient formed by the magnetic forces present during operation.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of electroplating in which the electroplating bath is treated by the direct injection of electromagnetic radiation. Most preferably, the electromagnetic radiation is within the radio frequency range and is injected through a metal conductor directly in contact with the bath. Such treatment increases the speed of electroplating as well as the quality of the plated product. The invention is applicable to the plating of zinc, chrome, nickel, precious metals and the like.

Abstract: A waste gas treating apparatus including a discharge tube comprising a tubular container having a gas introduction opening and a gas leading opening and at least one pair of an anodes and a cathodes placed within the container, a dc or ac power supply connected to said electrodes, and a gas flow passage formed in the discharge tube whereinat least a pair of anodes is provided opposite to each other in the flow passage,at least a pair of cathodes is provided opposite to the anodes in a direction nearly at right angles to the anodes without contacting the anodes in a space including the pair of anodes;a set of electrodes is composed of said pair of anodes and said pair of cathodes;a part of the whole of said anodes and said cathodes are composed of a plurality of plates or pillars and they are electroconductively connected integrally; anda device for forming a magnetic field application device forming a dc or ac magnetic field in the opposing direction of the cathodes is fixed to the discharge tube.

Abstract: An automatic water treatment system including a magnetic descaler, a centrifugal separator and an electrode purifier operationally connected to a water supply and controlled by a microprocessor so as to monitor conductivity, pH and copper/silver content and control the descaler, separator and purifier as well as the blowdown as required to insure acceptable levels of water purity while avoiding excessive blowdown.

Abstract: A portable self-contained solar powered water purifier for swimming pools, spas, and other bodies of water is disclosed. The purifier includes a buoyant housing for supporting a solar cell array above the surface of water to be treated and a purification cell below the surface of water to be treated. Suitable electrical connections, between the solar cell array and purification cell, are sealed to prevent the entry of water therebetween which could result in electrical shorts and corrosion. The purification cell includes a sacrificial anode, having a metal alloy essentially composed of copper and silver and a cathode which is preferably constructed of stainless steel so as to not react adversely with the sacrificial anode. Metallic copper and silver ions are released by the sacrificial anode to prevent algae and bacterial growth.

Abstract: In its broadest aspect, the present invention provides a method of effecting an electrochemical specific-binding assay of a ligand, either qualitatively or quantitatively, in an apparatus comprising at leasts one electrode, in which method a labelled component of the assay medium is, at least in part, magnetically held in the vicinity of the electrode. The electrochemical assay method may include a separation step, whereby bound label may be separated from free label in the assay medium. Preferably the electrochemical assay method will include the step of determining a perturbation in an electrochemical characteristic of components of the assay medium associated with a ligand complexing reaction.Such an assay method is applicable to, for example, antibodies and antigens and suitable labels include redox centers, enzyme labels in the presence of an electron-transfer mediator and electron-transfer mediator labels in the presence of an electron donor or acceptor.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process and device for fusing cells in which the cells are doped with magnetic particles and exposed to a nonhomogeneous magnetic field which permeates the fusion space in such a way that the doped cells collect close together, and then, in order to create the disruptions in the membrane structures of the adjacent cells, the cells are exposed either to the pulse of an electric field of at least the level of the breakdown voltage or to chemicals which cause the disruptions in the membrane structure such as polyethylene glycol, or to inactivated viruses which cause the disruptions in the membrane structure such as Sendai viruses.

Abstract: An electrolytically ionized water forming apparatus including: a plurality of electrolysis devices, each comprising an electrolysis vessel having a cathode and an anode opposed to each other and an electrolysis diaphragm partitioning the space between both of the electrodes into a cathode chamber and an anode chamber; water supply channels each disposed on one side and two discharge systems of an ionized alkaline water discharge channel in communication with the cathode chamber and an acidic water discharge channel in communication with the cathode chamber each disposed on the other side of the plurality of electrolysis devices respectively; the plurality of electrolysis devices being connected in series in a plurality of stages such that only one of the two ionized water discharge channels of the electrolysis device at a certain preceeding stage constitutes a water supply channel to the electrolysis device at the succeeding stage.

Abstract: A device for countering the deposition of hard water scale comprises a cathode and an anode defining a passage for water passing through the device and connected in an electrical circuit including the water as an electrolyte. The anode is a sacrificial anode which releases salt particles and ions into the water during operation of the device. At least a substantial proportion of such particles and ions are non-adherent to the anode, and thereby form sites for crystal formation in the water and reduce deposition of scale. An external electrical potential may be applied across the circuit to cause an externally generated current to pass through the device. Means may be provided for generating a magnetic field downstream of the anode and cathode.

Abstract: A process and an apparatus for treating water which comprises decomposing the minerals dissolved in the water into cations comprising ferromagnetic, paramagnetic and residual particles, and disaggregating the cations and anions by utilizing ferromagnetic particles as a temporary mobile anode facing a strong cathode and paramagnetic particles as a weak cathode. The disaggregated minerals form a dielectric layer on the strong cathode, which is extracted.

Abstract: While a large number of positive and negative electrodes are alternately arranged in an alignment on a same level in an electrolytic tank, a pair of magnets having the polarities thereof fixed in the same direction and which are disposed along the direction horizontally orthogonal to the arrangement of the electrodes of the same level, so that an electric field and a magnetic field will be generated on the horizontal directions orthogonal to each other and a force according to the Fleming's left-hand rule will be directed to the upward direction perpendicular to both the electric field and the magnetic field. The small bubbles adherent to the surface of the electrodes are enabled to be separated therefrom and allowed to float up owing to the addition of the upward force to their insufficient buoyancy.

Abstract: The invention relates to the protection of the environment.The invention may be most efficiently used for removing from aqueous media ions of heavy, non-ferrous and noble metals, organic substances, flotation reagents and petroleum products.The process comprises dissolving a metal anode in the presence of a non-soluble cathode and precipitating organic and inorganic impurities on the resultant compounds. The precipitation is conducted using a cathode made of a material having a potential which is higher than the potential of the anode, the electrodes being alternately brought in contact with the air oxygen and the liquor being treated.An apparatus for carrying out the process comprises a drum having openings for charging a metal scrap and the liquor being treated and for discharging the resultant precipitate. Wings are concentrically arranged on the inner surface of the drum. A perforated partition wall is provided adjacent to the outlet opening for preventing the loss of scrap from the drum.

Abstract: The invention consists of an electromagnetic-field pump. Electrolyte which is an electromagnetic conductor can be stirred and pumped by forcing a field through the electrolyte to magnetically charge the electrolyte and making use of magnetic force exerted on the charged electrolyte by a magnetic field to move the electrolyte. There are no moving parts in the device, only the changing magnetic fields. The magnetic pump assembly is submerged in an electrolyte and consists of an open ended tubular nonmagnetic chamber through which the electrolyte is forced to move in response to changing magnetic fields from external coils which are positioned about the exterior of the tubular chamber and operated to sequentially change in phase.

Abstract: The method and system for removing ions from an ionized liquid includes electrically charging the ions, establishing a given flow direction, and applying a magnetic field to the electrically-charged ions causing movement of the ions in the direction of fluid flow. Liquid having higher ion concentration is discharged at a location remote in the direction of flow, and liquid having lower ion concentration is withdrawn near the location of the applied magnetic field.

Abstract: An electric storage battery including a magnetohydrodynamic pump between the active cell element and the container wall wherein the pump comprises a conduit magnet means for establishing a magnetic field transverse the conduit and electrode means for passing current transverse the field and the conduit to effect movement of electrolyte through the conduit.

Abstract: A method and device for manufacturing semiconductor elements of amorphous licon which convert light into electrical energy comprising, supplying a silicon compound to a vessel, passing an electric field through the vessel sufficient to produce a glow discharge having free electrons in the vessel to precipitate amorphous silicon from the silicon compound onto a substrate in the vessel, and providing a magnetic field in the vessel which is directed substantially transversely to the electric field and is of a magnitude sufficient to conduct the free electrons along closed paths over the surface of the substrate.

Abstract: A process for separating and collecting viable female spermatozoa (X-chromosome) and male spermatozoa (Y-chromosome) comprises subjecting a semen sample to an electromagnetic field to cause the female and male spermatozoa to migrate in opposite directions along the direction of the magnetic field. The semen sample is placed in an elongated tube having closed ends and the tube aligned in the direction of the magnetic field whereby the female spermatozoa are collected at the end of the tube in which the magnetic flux of the magnetic field enters and the male spermatozoa are collected at the opposite end of the tube at which the magnetic flux exits.

Abstract: An electrolysis process in which the source of the voltage difference between the anode and the cathode of the electrolysis cell is an electromotive force. The electromotive force is produced in the electrodes by introducing a magnetic field into the electrolysis cell while mounting the electrodes on a conducting element. Movement of the conducting element or magnet, or alternating the magnetic field then creates the necessary electromotive force. Movement of the conducting element may be caused by the flow of electrolyte. Several conducting elements may be contained in each cell.

Abstract: A deposition unit having a cathode surface is submerged in a natural body of moving water containing various materials including metallic materials carried by the flow of movement of the water body. The flow of water encompasses the deposition unit and contacts the cathode surface. An electric current at the cathode surface causes electrodeposition of certain materials contained within the flow of moving water. The electrical energy for electrodeposition is derived from a naturally occurring and proximate energy source at the body of water. Energy from tidal flow, from water movement beneath the surface, from wave motion at the upper surface, or from a temperature difference between the upper and lower levels of the water body, operates an electrical generator which supplies the electrodeposition energy. The flow of water relative to the deposition unit cooperatively interacts with magnetic flux emanating from another embodiment of the deposition unit to establish the electrodeposition energy.

Abstract: A ferromagnetic metal sheet, e.g. of mild steel to be tin-plated, is transported across the surface of a bath of electrolyte by means of a conveyor comprising a series of rollers. A magnetic field is produced in each roller, e.g. by permanent magnets, so that the sheet is held against the underside of the conveyor by the resulting magnetic force acting on the sheet. The upper surface of the sheet may be in contact with the series of rollers or with an endless flexible strip passing along the underside of the series of rollers. The lower surface of the sheet is in contact with the electrolyte.

Abstract: An apparatus for decomposition of liquid in which vortical negative and positive electrodes are arranged in a closed relation but in short free positions and these two electrodes are supplied with a power through external terminals and the electrolyte is placed to flow between the negative and positive electrodes for the electrolysis between two electrodes under the function of the potential magnetic field formed by the coil current which is generated by the electrodes with active movement of an electrolytic ion so that the electrolysis of water takes place smoothly under the spin functions of the atom and electron.

Abstract: A generating cell for hydrogen and oxygen utilizes permanent magnets and electromagnets. Means are provided for removing gases from the electrodes. Mixing chambers are provided for water and the electrolyte used in the cell.