Abstract: The present disclosure relates to formulations comprising an electrolyzed carrier fluid, optionally with an organic solvent and/or an additive. The formulations may be applied to in-situ and ex-situ hydrocarbon sources to recover or improve the hydrocarbon material.

Abstract: A method for separating carbon dioxide from a gas flow, in particular from a flue gas flow, where a gas flow is brought in contact with a scrubbing medium in an absorber of a separating device and carbon dioxide contained in the gas flow is separated, the loaded scrubbing medium is fed to a desorber of the separating device in order to release the carbon dioxide, a vapor flow is drawn from the desorber and is fed to a cooling device in order to form condensate, and the condensate formed in the cooling device is at least partially fed to a purifying device, in which degradation products contained in the condensate are removed by reverse osmosis and/or by an ion exchanger. A separating device is adapted for separating carbon dioxide from a gas flow.

Abstract: Method of storing hydrogen by forming a first ionic liquid by inducing a borohydride in a second ionic liquid comprising a cation and an anion comprising borate, and forming the second ionic liquid by releasing the hydrogen out of the first ionic liquid by using water and/or a catalyst, which method is characterized in that the first and the second ionic liquid are both water miscible and the second ionic liquid is separated, particularly is salted out, from solution in water by adding a separation inducer; certain ionic liquids for storing and releasing hydrogen comprising a borohydride or for preparing a ionic liquid for storing and releasing hydrogen comprising a borate; and a process for preparing ionic liquids for storing and releasing hydrogen comprising a borohydride.

Abstract: Provided is a superior method of producing reduced glutathione by electroreduction of oxidized glutathione. In a method of producing reduced glutathione by electroreduction of oxidized glutathione using a cathode cell and an anode cell separated from each other by a separating membrane, oxidized glutathione is produced using an aqueous oxidized glutathione solution with pH 2.0-3.0 comprising a conducting agent other than acid as a solution in the cathode cell.

Abstract: Methods, equipment, and reagents for preparing organic compounds using custom electrolytes based on different ionic liquids in electrolytic decarboxylation reactions are disclosed.

Abstract: The present disclosure is a system and method for producing a first product from a first region of an electrochemical cell having a cathode and a second product from a second region of the electrochemical cell having an anode. The method may include a step of contacting the first region with a catholyte comprising carbon dioxide. The method may include another step of contacting the second region with an anolyte comprising a recycled reactant. The method may include a step of applying an electrical potential between the anode and the cathode sufficient to produce a first product recoverable from the first region and a second product recoverable from the second region. The second product may be removed from the second region and introduced to a secondary reactor. The method may include forming the recycled reactant in the secondary reactor.

Abstract: A room temperature crosslinkable polymer system comprising an anhydride containing polymer and an oxyalkylene amine and a polymer electrolyte derived therefrom are prepared and employed as ion conducting materials for batteries such as lithium ion battery, solar cells and electrochromic devices is disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for direct amination of hydrocarbons to amino hydrocarbons, comprising (a) the reaction of a reactant stream E comprising at least one hydrocarbon and at least one aminating reagent to give a reaction mixture R comprising at least one amino hydrocarbon and hydrogen in a reaction zone RZ, and (b) electrochemical removal of at least a portion of the hydrogen formed in the reaction from the reaction mixture R by means of at least one gas-tight membrane electrode assembly which is in contact with the reaction zone RZ on the retentate side and which has at least one selectively proton-conducting membrane, at least a portion of the hydrogen being oxidized over an anode catalyst to protons on the retentate side of the membrane, and the protons, after passing through the membrane, being partly or fully reduced by applying a voltage over a cathode catalyst to give hydrogen on the permeate side.

Abstract: Methods and systems for electrochemical production of urea are disclosed. A method may include, but is not limited to, steps (A) to (B). Step (A) may introduce carbon dioxide and NOx to a solution of an electrolyte and a heterocyclic catalyst in an electrochemical cell. The divided electrochemical cell may include an anode in a first cell compartment and a cathode in a second cell compartment. The cathode may reduce the carbon dioxide and the NOx into a first sub-product and a second sub-product, respectively. Step (B) may combine the first sub-product and the second sub-product to produce urea.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods and apparatus for the preparation of nitrogen fertilizers including ammonium nitrate, urea, urea-ammonium nitrate, and/or ammonia utilizing a source of carbon, a source of nitrogen, and/or a source of hydrogen. Implementing an electrolyte serving as ionic charge carrier, (1) ammonium nitrate is produced via the reduction of a nitrogen source at the cathode and the oxidation of a nitrogen source at the anode; (2) urea or its isomers are produced via the simultaneous cathodic reduction of a carbon source and a nitrogen source; (3) ammonia is produced via the reduction of nitrogen source at the cathode and the oxidation of a hydrogen source at the anode; and (4) urea-ammonium nitrate is produced via the simultaneous cathodic reduction of a carbon source and a nitrogen source, and anodic oxidation of a nitrogen source. The electrolyte can be solid.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for producing a nitrogen-containing carbon material, comprising a first step of subjecting azulmic acid to a first heat treatment in an oxygen-containing gas atmosphere, thereby preparing a heat-treated product, and a second step of subjecting the heat-treated product to a second heat treatment in an inert gas atmosphere.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the electrochemical transformation of a compound to form a product, the process comprising (i) effecting the transformation in the presence of an electrolyte comprising at least one room temperature ionic liquid, wherein the ionic liquid is air-stable and moisture-stable, (ii) recovering the product, and optionally (iii) recovering the ionic liquid. The process can be used to effect the electrochemical transformation of a wide range of organic compounds.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the electrochemical direct amination of hydrocarbons by means of a diamond electrode and also a process for preparing aniline.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of protein electrolysis, comprising: (a) providing a protein sample, which contains a salt selected from alkali metal salts or alkaline earth metal salts having a concentration of 20 mM or above; (b) electrolytically reducing said protein sample; (c) obtaining an electroreduced protein sample. The present invention also relates to a protein obtained by the above-mentioned protein electrolysis method, and a use of said method for protein modification.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing an amine, which comprises the step cathodic reduction of a corresponding oxime derivative of the general formula (I) where R is C1-6-alkyl or C2-6-alkenyl which is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected independently from the group consisting of phenyl, O—C1-6-alkyl, NH—C1-6-alkyl, N(C1-6-alkyl)2, OH and NH2; R1 is H; C1-6-alkyl or C(O)—C1-6-alkyl and A is a 5-, 6- or 7-membered hydrocarbon ring which is saturated or has a double bond and in which at least one CH2 group may, if appropriate, be replaced by —O—, —S— —NH—, —N? or —N(C1-6-alkyl)- and which may optionally be substituted by one or more further substituents selected independently from the group consisting of phenyl, C1-6-alkyl, O—C1-6-alkyl, NH—C1-6-alkyl, N(C1-6-alkyl)2, OH and NH2; wherein, based on the ring carbon bearing the substituent R, the oxime derivative has an excess of the R or S form of at least 10%.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for purifying a recycle base solution waste stream of a composition comprising a quaternary ammonium hydroxide comprising the steps of (a) providing an electrolysis cell which comprises an anolyte compartment containing an anode, a catholyte compartment containing a cathode, and a cation-selective membrane separating the anolyte and catholyte compartments, (b) charging the recycle base solution waste stream comprising the quaternary ammonium hydroxide to be purified to the anolyte compartment and charging water, optionally containing a quaternary ammonium hydroxide, to the catholyte compartment, (c) passing a current through the electrolysis cell to produce a purified aqueous quaternary ammonium hydroxide solution in the catholyte compartment, (d) recovering the purified aqueous quaternary ammonium hydroxide solution from the catholyte compartment, (e) washing the anolyte compartment with a suitable solvent, and (f) repeating steps (b)-(e).

Abstract: Use of an organic compound salt of general formula A-XY??(I) wherein A means an organic residue, X means a charged group and Y means a counter-ion, as a reagent in an electrochemical reaction and organic compound salt corresponding to the formula R1R2ZC-T-Q-XY wherein X is a charged group, Y is a counter-ion, Z is a group capable of being substituted, R1 and R2 mean organic residues, T means a group containing a hetero atom selected among N-R4, O and S, and Q means a connecting group linking the hetero atom and the charged group.

Abstract: Process for preparing an N-unsubstituted or N-substituted aziridine of the formula which comprises reacting an olefin of the formula I where R1 to R5 are each, independently of one another, hydrogen, a linear or branched alkyl radical having from 1 to 16 carbon atoms, a hydroxyalkyl radical having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyl radical having from 5 to 7 carbon atoms, a benzyl or phenyl radical which in each case may be substituted in the o, m or p position of the phenyl radical by methoxy, hydroxy, chlorine or alkyl radicals having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms and the radical R1 or R2 together with the radical R3 or R4 may be closed to form a 5- to 12-membered ring or the radicals R1 and R2 may be closed to form a 5- to 12-membered ring, with ammonia or a primary amine of the formula R5NH2 in the presence of iodine or bromine.

Abstract: A method for the electrochemical synthesis of dinitro compounds is disclosed. The method comprises using an anode to oxidize an inactive chemical mediator, such as a ferrocyanide (Fe(CN)6?4) ion, to an active chemical mediator or oxidizing agent, such as a ferricyanide (Fe(CN)6?3) ion, in the presence of a differential voltage. The oxidizing agent reacts with a nitro compound and a nitrite ion to form a geminal dinitro compound. The anode may continuously oxidize ferrocyanide to regenerate active ferricyanide, thus keeping sufficient amounts of ferricyanide available for reaction.

Abstract: This invention relates to a series of organic/inorganic hybrid polymers that are easy to fabricate into dimensionally stable films with good ion-conductivity over a wide range of temperatures for use in a variety of applications. The polymers are prepared by the reaction of amines, preferably diamines and mixtures thereof with monoamines with epoxy-functionalized alkoxysilanes. The products of the reaction are polymerized by hydrolysis of the alkoxysilane groups to produce an organic-containing silica network. Suitable functionality introduced into the amine and alkoxysilane groups produce solid polymeric membranes which conduct ions for use in fuel cells, high-performance solid state batteries, chemical sensors, electrochemical capacitors, electro-chromic windows or displays, analog memory devices and the like.

Abstract: Liquid phase processes for producing fuel in a reactor comprising the step of combining at least one oxidizable reactant with liquid water and at least one electrolyte to form a mixture and conducting a fuel-producing reaction in the presence of an electron transfer material, wherein the mixture permits the movement or transport of ions and electrons to facilitate the efficient production of the fuel. An alternative embodiment produces fuel in an electrochemical cell, the reaction characterized by an overall thermodynamic energy balance according to the half-cell reactions occurring at the anode and cathode. Energy generated and/or required by the system components is directed according to the thermodynamic requirements of the half-cell reactions, thereby realizing improved fuel production efficiency.

Abstract: The present invention is directed toward methods of selectively functionalizing carbon nanotubes of a specific type or range of types, based on their electronic properties, using diazonium chemistry. The present invention is also directed toward methods of separating carbon nanotubes into populations of specific types or range(s) of types via selective functionalization and electrophoresis, and also to the novel compositions generated by such separations.

Abstract: An improved continuous process for converting methane, natural gas, and other hydrocarbon feedstocks into one or more higher hydrocarbons, methanol, amines, or other products comprises continuously cycling through hydrocarbon halogenation, product formation, product separation, and electrolytic regeneration of halogen, optionally using an improved electrolytic cell equipped with an oxygen depolarized cathode.

Abstract: Haloamine biocides are prepared via multi-step processes in an integrated apparatus comprising an electrochemical cell and a mixing chamber, wherein active halogen donor species are electrochemically generated and subsequently reacted with amine-containing compositions to form haloamine biocide. Haloamine biocides prepared according to such processes are used to treat liquids in order to inhibit, reduce, and/or control microorganism growth therein.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrochemical process for producing ionic liquids. The ionic liquids may be hydrophilic or hydrophobic ionic liquids. The ionic liquids are made by subjecting an electrochemical cell to electrolysis.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of glycine derivatives, which comprises electrochemically oxidizing &bgr;-hydroxyethylammonium compounds to give the corresponding acids.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a new process for the electrochemical preparation of p-aminophenols, especially 5-aminosalicylic acid. The process can be performed at a low temperature of below 50° C.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrochemical process for producing ionic liquids. The ionic liquids may be hydrophilic or hydrophobic ionic liquids. The ionic liquids are made by subjecting an electrochemical cell to electrolysis.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for removing heat stable amine salts using an electrodialysis process. The process of the present invention can be used to reduce the level of heat stable salts in a lean solvent stream in an acid gas removal process. A base is added to the electrodialysis unit in order to permit the recovery of the heat stable amine salts as salts corresponding to the base added. The purified amine solution can be used again to remove acid gases from a gas stream.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for improving the purity of a composition comprising a quaternary ammonium hydroxide comprising the steps of (a) providing an electrolysis cell which comprises an anolyte compartment containing an anode, a catholyte compartment containing a cathode, and at least one intermediate compartment, said at least one intermediate compartment being separated from the anolyte and catholyte compartments by cation selective membranes, (b) charging water, optionally containing a supporting electrolyte, to the anolyte compartment, charging water, optionally containing a quaternary ammonium hydroxide, to the catholyte compartment, and charging the composition comprising the quaternary ammonium hydroxide to be purified to the intermediate compartment, (c) passing a current through the electrolysis cell to produce a purified aqueous quaternary ammonium hydroxide solution in the catholyte compartment, and (d) recovering the purified aqueous quaternary ammonium hydroxide solution from

Abstract: One embodiment of the present invention provides a process, which includes: electrochemically oxidizing at least one organic compound by bringing the organic compound into contact with an anode, wherein the anode includes: an electrically conductive support; and an electrically conductive, anodically polarized layer on the support; wherein the anodically polarized layer is formed in situ upon the support by precoating; and wherein the organic compound is not phosphonomethyliminodiacetic acid. Another embodiment of the present invention provides a product, produced by the above process.

Abstract: A novel process for the continuous preparation of perfluorinated organic compounds by electrochemical fluorination of the parent non-fluorinated or partially fluorinated organic compounds using hydrogen fluoride having an arsenic content of less than about 10 ppm can be operated over a prolonged period of time without the electrode area-time yield decreasing over time.

Abstract: An array of selectively addressible microelectrodes for combinatorial synthesis of complex polymers or alloys.

Abstract: A process for preparing phthalides by I. reducing phthalic acid or phthalic acid derivatives, where the carboxyl groups may be replaced by units which can be derived from the carboxyl groups by a condensation reaction and where one or more of the hydrogens of the o-phenylene unit may be substituted by inert radicals, at a cathode in a undivided electrolytic cell and dissolved in an electrolyte, II. discharging the electrolyte from the electrolytic cell when the reaction has proceeded to the stage where the molar ratio (M), formed by the proportion of phthalide and the sum of the proportions of phthalide and phthalic acid of phthalic acid derivatives in the electrolyte, is from 0.8:1 to 0.995:1, and III. crystallizing the phthalides from the electrolyte and removing them from the mother liquor, if appropriate after distillative work-up of the electrolyte is described.

Abstract: Methods of forming low molecular weight oligomers of aniline-based compounds are provided as well as methods of forming varied molecular weight oligomers and polymers that are aniline-based which are end-functionalized and capable of being reacted with other monomeric species to form a variety of copolymers. The oligomers, end-functionalized oligomers and copolymers exhibit corrosion-resistant properties and provide corrosion-resistant compounds for use on various substrates.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method for extracting by electrodialysis a compound comprising at least amine functions capable of protonation from a liquid medium. More particularly it concerns a method for extracting, and separating at least the monomers comprising amine functions capable of protonation from a liquid medium derived from the hydrolysis of polyamides. The method of extraction from a liquid medium consists in subjecting to protonation the amine function(s) of the compounds to be extracted by adjusting the pH of the medium and in separating the compounds by passing them through a cationic membrane under the effect of an electric current. The invention is particularly applicable in processes for the chemical stabilisation of polyamides such as the PA 66 PA 6.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of chiral 2-aryl or 2-heterocyclyl-propionic acids of the formula wherein the substituents are as defined in the specification.

Abstract: A method of producing a conductive polymer comprises the following steps of depositing a solid-state organic compound and contacting a collector with an electrolytic solution thereby to cause an electrolytic polymerization of said organic compound.

Abstract: Electrolysis of organic disulfides in liquid sulfur dioxide is used to obtain organothiating agents, which can then be reacted with appropriate substrates to effect the synthesis of organothioaromatic compounds efficiently and in high yields. With appropriate phenolic compounds, regioselective substitution occurs in which para substitution greatly exceeds ortho substitution.

Abstract: Metal nitride, carbonitride, and oxycarbonitride powder with high surface area (up to 150 m2/g) is prepared by using sol-gel process. The metal organic precursor, alkoxides or amides, is synthesized firstly. The metal organic precursor is modified by using unhydrolyzable organic ligands or templates. A wet gel is formed then by hydrolysis and condensation process. The solvent in the wet gel is then be removed supercritically to form porous amorphous hydroxide. This porous hydroxide materials is sintered to 725° C. under the ammonia flow and porous nitride powder is formed. The other way to obtain high surface area nitride, carbonitride, and oxycarbonitride powder is to pyrolyze polymerized templated metal amides aerogel in an inert atmosphere. The electrochemical capacitors are prepared by using sol-gel prepared nitride, carbonitride, and oxycarbonitride powder. Two methods are used to assemble the capacitors.

Abstract: In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a method of preparing a hydroxylammonium salt, involving the steps of: providing an electrochemical cell containing an anode, a cathode, and a divider positioned between the anode and the cathode, to define a catholyte compartment between the cathode and the divider and an anolyte compartment between the anode and the divider; charging the catholyte compartment with a first solution comprising a nitrogen containing compound and a mediator and the anolyte compartment with a second solution comprising an ionic compound; passing a current through the electrochemical cell to produce a hydroxylammonium salt in the catholyte compartment; and recovering the hydroxylammonium salt from the catholyte compartment.

Abstract: A process for the electrochemical reduction of an organic compound by bringing the organic compound into contact with a cathode, wherein the cathode comprises a support made of an electrically conductive material and an electrically conductive, cathodically polarized layer formed thereon in situ by alluviation.

Abstract: Describes a method of electrochemically converting amine hydrohalide, e.g., ethyleneamine hydrochloride, into free amine, e.g., free ethyleneamine. A three compartment electrolytic cell is provided having (1) a catholyte compartment containing a cathode assembly comprising a cathode and an anion exchange membrane, (2) an anode compartment containing an anode assembly comprising either (a) a hydrogen consuming gas diffusion anode and a current collecting electrode or (b) a hydrogen consuming gas diffusion anode which is fixedly held between a hydraulic barrier and a current collecting electrode, and (3) an intermediate compartment separated from the catholyte and anode compartments by the anion exchange membrane and either (i) the hydrogen consuming gas diffusion anode or (ii) the hydraulic barrier respectively.

Abstract: Describes a method of electrochemically converting amine hydrohalide, e.g., ethyleneamine hydrochloride, into free amine, e.g., free ethyleneamine. A three compartment electrolytic cell is provided having (1) a catholyte compartment containing a cathode assembly comprising a cathode and anion exchange membrane, (2) an anolyte compartment containing an anode assembly comprising an anode and a cation exchange membrane, and (3) an intermediate compartment separated from the catholyte and anolyte compartments by the anion and cation exchange membranes respectively. An aqueous solution of amine hydrohalide is charged to the catholyte compartment, while hydrogen halide solutions are charged to the intermediate and anolyte compartments. Direct current is passed through the electrolytic cell and an aqueous solution comprising free amine is removed from the catholyte compartment.

Abstract: A process is described for preparing onium hydroxides from the respective onium salts and for purifying onium hydroxides in an electrochemical cell. In one example, the present invention relates to a process for preparing onium hydroxides from the corresponding onium salts which comprises the steps of: (A) providing a cell comprising an anode, a cathode and one or more unit cells assembled for operational positioning between the anode and the cathode, each unit cell comprising: (A-1) four compartments defined by, in sequence beginning at the anode, a bipolar membrane, a first divider and a second divider, said bipolar membrane having an anion selective side facing the anode and a cation selective side facing the cathode.

Abstract: An electrodeposition coating method characterized in that in electrodeposition coating of a water soluble composition of a polyimide precursor which is prepared by using 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid or its imide-forming derivative and a diamine and has a percentage of residual acid value of 30 to 3%, there is added previously a water soluble solvent selected from the group consisting of an alcoholic solvent, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethylformamide and dimethylacetamide to the above-mentioned composition, and an electrodeposition coating agent used therefor. There can be provided the electrodeposition coating method practicable for the use of a water soluble polyimide composition which is capable of forming a uniform baked coating film having a continuous surface and being excellent in adhesivity to substrate and in toughness.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for forming a novel carbonaceous material, which has properties such as acceptor properly useful as a secondary cell electrode material and a host material for catalyst, comprising of the steps of electrochemically polymerizing a nitrogen-containing organic compound as a monomer constituent, and heat-treating the resultant polymer as a carbon precursor.

Abstract: An electrolyte contains a tetravalent salt of titanium and a trivalent salt of cerium in a methanesulfonic acid solution. A reducing agent consisting of trivalent titanium and an oxidizing agent consisting of tetravalent cerium are provided in the same solution. An electrochemical cell is disclosed wherein the catholyte and anolyte utilize this electrolyte. The reduction of tetravalent titanium into trivalent titanium is accomplished by electrolysis in the presence of extraneous trivalent cerium ions. The oxidation of trivalent cerium into tetravalent cerium is accomplished by electrolysis in the presence of extraneous tetravalent titanium ions. Simultaneous reduction of tetravalent titanium into trivalent titanium and oxidation of trivalent cerium to tetravalent cerium by electrolysis is also disclosed. Reduction of organic compounds using trivalent titanium in the presence of trivalent cerium in methanesulfonic acid is disclosed.

Abstract: A process is described for preparing 3-exomethylene cephalosporanic acid derivatives for use in the synthesis of cephalosporin antibiotics such as ceftibuten. The process comprises electrochemical reduction of a compound of the formula (IV) ##STR1## wherein: R.sup.3 is CH.sub.3 C(O)--; ##STR2## is an optional sulfoxide group; n is 2 or 3; R.sup.1 is H and R is H or NHR.sup.2, where R.sup.2 is H or a protecting group selected from C.sub.6 H.sub.5 CH.sub.2 OC(O)--, C.sub.6 H.sub.5 C(O)-- or C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkoxy-C(O)--; or wherein R and R.sup.1 together with the carbon atom to which they are attached comprise --C(O)--, and produces the desired 3-exomethylene compounds with low levels of the corresponding 3-methyl tautomers.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for the preparation of a 2,4,6-triiodinated or 2,4,6,2',4',6'-hexaiodinated 3,5-disubstituted-aniline or 3,3'-disubstituted-5,5'-linked bisaniline, which process comprises electrochemically iodinating a 3,5-disubstituted-aniline or a 3,3'-disubstituted-5,5'-linked bisaniline in an acidic solvent which comprises water and optionally at least one water-miscible organic solvent.