Abstract: An electrochemical compressor utilizes an anion conducting layer disposed between an anode and a cathode for transporting a working fluid. The working fluid may include carbon dioxide that is dissolved in water and is partially converted to carbonic acid that is equilibrium with bicarbonate anion. An electrical potential across the anode and cathode creates a pH gradient that drives the bicarbonate anion across the anion conducting layer to the cathode, wherein it is reformed into carbon dioxide. Therefore, carbon dioxide is pumped across the anion conducting layer. The compressor may be part of a refrigeration system that pumps the working fluid in a closed loop through a condenser and an evaporator.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides devices and methods of using same for cleansing a solution (e.g., a salt or used dialysis solution) of urea via electrooxidation, and more specifically to cleansing a renal therapy solution/dialysis solution of urea via electrooxidation so that the renal therapy solution/dialysis solution can be used or reused for treatment of a patient. In an embodiment, a device for the removal of urea from a fluid having urea to produce a cleansed fluid includes a urea decomposition unit and an electrodialysis unit.

Abstract: Provided herein is an electrodialysis metathesis system that has at least one stack or quad of compartments arranged so each compartment is in fluid communication with its adjacent compartment via alternating cation- and anion-exchange membranes. The compartments in a stack are a feed compartment, a substitution salt solution compartment, a first concentrated compartment and a second concentrated compartment. Also provided are processes and methods for separating or recovering a metal, for example, a rare earth element, or a salt or a combination thereof from a salt-containing water. Simultaneous metathesis reactions and electrodialysis across the stack recovers one or more metal or salts from the salt-containing water which desalinates the salt-containing water.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a carbon dioxide treatment apparatus, a carbon dioxide treatment method, and a method of producing carbon compounds, which have high energy efficiency from carbon dioxide capture to reduction and a high carbon dioxide loss reduction effect. In a carbon dioxide treatment apparatus 100 including: a capturing device 1 that captures carbon dioxide; and an electrochemical reaction device 2 that electrochemically reduces carbon dioxide, an absorption unit 12 of the capturing device 1 brings an electrolytic solution A composed of a strong alkaline aqueous solution and carbon dioxide gas into contact with each other to dissolve carbon dioxide in the electrolytic solution A and absorb the carbon dioxide, supplies an electrolytic solution B that has absorbed carbon dioxide between the cathode and the anode of the electrochemical reaction device 2, and electrochemically reduces the dissolved carbon dioxide in the electrolytic solution at the cathode.

Abstract: Herein discussed is a method of producing hydrogen or carbon monoxide comprising introducing a waste gas having a total combustible species (TCS) content of no greater than 60 vol % into an electrochemical (EC) reactor, wherein the EC reactor comprises a mixed-conducting membrane, wherein the membrane comprises an electronically conducting phase and an ionically conducting phase. Also disclosed herein is an integrated hydrogen production system comprising a waste gas source and an electrochemical (EC) reactor comprising a mixed-conducting membrane, wherein the membrane comprises an electronically conducting phase and an ionically conducting phase, wherein the waste gas source is configured to send its exhaust to the EC reactor, wherein the exhaust has a total combustible species (TCS) content of no greater than 60 vol %.

Abstract: Herein discussed is a method of producing hydrogen comprising introducing a first stream comprising a fuel to an electrochemical (EC) reactor having a mixed-conducting membrane, introducing a second stream comprising water to the reactor, reducing the water in the second stream to produce hydrogen, and recycling at least portion of the produced hydrogen to the first stream, wherein the membrane comprises an electronically conducting phase and an ionically conducting phase; and wherein the first stream and the second stream do not come in contact with each other in the reactor.

Abstract: A carbon dioxide treatment apparatus, a carbon dioxide treatment method, and a method for producing a carbon compound that have high energy efficiency in recovery and reduction of carbon dioxide and are highly effective in reducing loss of carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide treatment apparatus (100) includes a recovery device (1) configured to recover carbon dioxide, an electrochemical reaction device (2) configured to electrochemically reduce carbon dioxide, and a pH adjuster (52), wherein pH of a cathode side electrolytic solution is higher than that of an anode side electrolytic solution, carbon dioxide gas is supplied from a concentration part 11 to a gas flow path on a side of a cathode (21) opposite to an anode (22), and the carbon dioxide gas is reduced at the cathode (21).

Abstract: A system and process for producing macro length carbon nanotubes is disclosed. A carbonate electrolyte including transition metal powder is provided between a nickel alloy anode and a nickel alloy cathode contained in a cell. The carbonate electrolyte is heated to a molten state. An electrical current is applied to the nickel alloy anode, nickel alloy cathode, and the molten carbonate electrolyte disposed between the anode and cathode. The resulting carbon nanotube growth is collected from the cathode of the cell.

Abstract: [Problem] A microorganism immobilized carrier is provided that is easy for microorganisms to adhere to, and is able to reduce the manufacturing cost of the microorganism immobilized carrier and the running cost of an apparatus that uses the microorganism immobilized carrier. [Solution] A microorganism immobilized carrier is characterized by including a carbon component and a resin, having a zeta potential of from ?25 mV to 0 mV, and containing microorganisms adhered to a surface thereof and/or an interior thereof. The microorganisms are preferably nitrifying bacteria. The carbon component preferably has a particle size of from 1 ?m to 1000 ?m.

Abstract: A CO2 capture and sequestration system. The system includes a reduction cell for separating a solvent-based carrier having an anode generating oxygen and a cathode generating hydrogen from the solvent-based carrier. In addition, the system includes a power supply for providing electrical power to the anode and the cathode. An electrolysis process occurs where oxygen and hydrogen are produced. The anode and the cathode include a plurality of geometrical constructs to increase an active surface area of the anode and cathode to increase an efficiency of the electrolysis process. The geometrical constructs may include vias and pillars.

Abstract: An electrochemical compressor utilizes an anion conducting layer disposed between an anode and a cathode for transporting a working fluid. The working fluid may include carbon dioxide that is dissolved in water and is partially converted to carbonic acid that is equilibrium with bicarbonate anion. An electrical potential across the anode and cathode creates a pH gradient that drives the bicarbonate anion across the anion conducting layer to the cathode, wherein it is reformed into carbon dioxide. Therefore, carbon dioxide is pumped across the anion conducting layer. The compressor may be part of a refrigeration system that pumps the working fluid in a closed loop through a condenser and an evaporator.

Abstract: A method of electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide includes the use of multi-faceted Cu2O crystals as a catalyst to convert CO2 to value-added products. An electrochemical cell for the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide includes a cathode including the multi-faceted Cu2O crystals. The multi-faceted Cu2O crystals have at least two different types of facets with different Miller indices. The multi-faceted Cu2O crystals include steps and kinks present at the transitions between the different types of facets. These steps and kinks improve the Faradaic Efficiency of the conversion of carbon dioxide. The multi-faceted Cu2O crystals may be nanosized. The multi-faceted Cu2O crystals may include 18-facet, 20-facet, and/or 50-facet Cu2O crystals.

Abstract: An apparatus utilizes a membrane unit to capture components from atmospheric air, including carbon dioxide, enriches the carbon dioxide concentration, and delivers the enriched concentration of carbon dioxide to a sequestering facility. The membrane is configured such that as a first gas containing oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide is drawn through the membrane, a permeate stream is formed where the permeate stream has an oxygen concentration and a carbon dioxide concentration higher than in the first gas and a nitrogen concentration lower than in the first gas. A permeate conduit, having a vacuum applied to it by a vacuum generating device receives the permeate stream and a delivery conduit delivers at least a portion of the enriched carbon dioxide to a sequestering facility. The apparatus may comprise a component of a system where the system may have a flue gas generator and/or a secondary enrichment system disposed between the vacuum generating device and the sequestering facility.

Abstract: An electrochemical system utilizes an anion conducting layer disposed between an anode and a cathode for transporting a working fluid. The working fluid may include carbon dioxide that is dissolved in water and is partially converted to carbonic acid that is equilibrium with bicarbonate anion. An electrical potential across the anode and cathode creates a pH gradient that drives the bicarbonate anion across the anion conducting layer to the cathode, wherein it is reformed into carbon dioxide. Therefore, carbon dioxide is pumped across the anion conducting layer.

Abstract: A carbon dioxide reduction apparatus comprises a first electrochemical compartment provided with a first electrode, a second electrochemical compartment provided with a second electrode, an ion conducting membrane which demarcates the first electrochemical compartment from the second electrochemical compartment, and a first connecting path which connects the first electrochemical compartment with the second electrochemical compartment. The first electrode contains a first catalyst which catalyzes a reduction of carbon dioxide to a reduced product, and the second electrode contains a second catalyst which catalyzes a reaction between the reduced product and a reactant. The first connecting path is a connecting path which allows the reduced product in the first electrochemical compartment to flow out to the second electrochemical compartment.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides devices and methods of using same for cleansing a solution (e.g., a salt or used dialysis solution) of urea via electrooxidation, and more specifically to cleansing a renal therapy solution/dialysis solution of urea via electrooxidation so that the renal therapy solution/dialysis solution can be used or reused for treatment of a patient. In an embodiment, a device for the removal of urea from a fluid having urea to produce a cleansed fluid includes a urea decomposition unit and an electrodialysis unit.

Abstract: A method of cleaning used dialysis fluid having urea to produce a cleaned dialysis fluid, the method including passing the used dialysis fluid having urea through a combination electrodialysis and urea oxidation cell, the cell including (i) a first set of electrodes for separation of the used dialysis fluid having urea into an acid stream and a basic stream, wherein the first set of electrodes includes an anode and a cathode; (ii) one or more second set of electrodes positioned to contact the basic stream with an electrocatalytic surface for decomposition of urea via electrooxidation, wherein the one or more second set of electrodes includes an anode and a cathode; and (iii) at least one power source to provide the first and second sets of electrodes with an electrical charge to activate the electrocatalytic surface.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods of making a plurality of carbon nanotubes, the methods comprising applying a current across a catalytically passive anode and a catalytic cathode; wherein the catalytic cathode comprises a catalyst and the catalyst comprises Fe, Co, Mo, Cr, Cu, or a combination thereof; wherein the catalytically passive anode and the catalytic cathode are in electrochemical contact with a molten carbonate electrolyte and a source of CO2; thereby forming a plurality of carbon nanotubes on the catalytic cathode.

Abstract: A method of recovering carbon black includes the step of providing a carbonaceous source material containing carbon black. The carbonaceous source material is contacted with a sulfonation bath to produce a sulfonated material. The sulfonated material is pyrolyzed to produce a carbon black containing product comprising a glassy carbon matrix phase having carbon black dispersed therein. The pyrolysis can be conducted at a temperature from 1100° C. to 1490° C. A method of making a battery electrode and a lithium ion or sodium ion battery is also disclosed.

Abstract: Catalysts, particularly nanocatalysts, useful for converting carbon dioxide into desired conversion products, such as sustainable chemicals and fuels. The nanocatalysts may comprise at least one nanoparticle having a main component and a secondary component, wherein at least one of the main component and the secondary component facilitates the conversion of carbon dioxide. The present disclosure also relates to methods for preparing the nanocatalysts described herein and methods of using the same.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for preparing graphene oxide by cutting an end face of a 3-dimensional carbon-based material by electrochemical oxidation and the graphene oxide prepared by the method. The method comprises connecting a piece of a 3-dimensional carbon-based material as an electrode and another piece of a 3-dimensional carbon-based material or inert material as another electrode to the two electrodes of a DC power supply. A working face of one piece of 3-dimensional carbon-based material contacts the surface of an electrolyte solution, and the two pieces are electrified for electrolysis, during which the working face is between -5 mm below and 5 mm above the surface of the electrolyte solution. The graphite lamella on the end face of one piece of the 3 dimensional carbon-based material used as an electrode is expansion-exfoliated and cut into graphene oxide by electrochemical oxidation, to obtain a graphene oxide-containing electrolyte solution.

Abstract: A dispersion material includes: a plurality of semiconductor nanoparticles; and an adsorption molecule configured to selectively absorb light having a predetermined wavelength and adsorbed to each of the plurality of semiconductor nanoparticles, the adsorption molecule having a plane aligned to be non-parallel to a direction from a center portion of each of the plurality of semiconductor nanoparticles toward an adsorption portion of each of the plurality of semiconductor nanoparticles.

Abstract: Novel complexes of various earth-abundant, inexpensive transition or main group metals that facilitate the transformation of carbon dioxide into other more useful organic products. These complexes can bind and alter the CO2 at mild conditions of temperature and pressure, enabling, according to some embodiments, the electrochemical conversion of CO2 into new products.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing a graphene material includes a tank, a container, an agitating module, a second electrode disposed in the tank, and a power supply module. The container is used for receiving a graphite material, and is formed with a plurality of through holes for the electrolyte solution to pass therethrough. The agitating module includes a control unit and an agitating unit used as a first electrode, and inserted into the container for agitating the electrolyte solution and the graphite material. The power supply module is electrically connected to the agitating unit and the second electrode for supplying electric power to generate an electrical potential difference.

Abstract: A method is provided for adjusting a continuous dialysate volume flow in a dialysis machine with at least two discontinuous pumps and a controller for generating a desired volume flow of the dialysate. The energy for driving the pumps is set to be constant with a value determined corresponding to the pump-time volume of the respective pump stroke and the delivered volume. A dialysis machine for carrying out the aforementioned method is also provided.

Abstract: A method of producing graphene by the electrochemical insertion of alkylammonium cations in a solvent into graphite is disclosed.

Abstract: A method for the production of graphene and graphite nanoplatelet structures having a thickness of less than 100 nm in an electrochemical cell, wherein the cell comprises: (a) a negative electrode which is graphitic; (b) a positive electrode which may be graphitic or another material; and (c) an electrolyte which is ions in a solvent where the cations are organic ions and metal ions; and wherein the method comprises the step of passing a current through the cell.

Abstract: The present invention relates to catalysts for the production of CO gas through electrochemical CO2 reduction. In particular, the present invention relates to an electrochemical cell comprising an iron porphyrin as the catalyst for the CO2 reduction into CO, a method of performing electrochemical reduction of CO2 using said electrochemical cell thereby producing CO gas, and a method of performing electrochemical reduction of CO2 using said iron porphyrin catalyst thereby producing CO gas.

Abstract: A method of producing nano-scaled graphene platelets with an average thickness smaller than 30 nm from a layered graphite material. The method comprises (a) forming a carboxylic acid-intercalated graphite compound by an electrochemical reaction; (b) exposing the intercalated graphite compound to a thermal shock to produce exfoliated graphite; and (c) subjecting the exfoliated graphite to a mechanical shearing treatment to produce the nano-scaled graphene platelets. Preferred carboxylic acids are formic acid and acetic acid. The exfoliation step in the instant invention does not involve the evolution of undesirable species, such as NOx and SOx, which are common by-products of exfoliating conventional sulfuric or nitric acid-intercalated graphite compounds. The nano-scaled platelets are candidate reinforcement fillers for polymer nanocomposites. Nano-scaled graphene platelets are much lower-cost alternatives to carbon nano-tubes or carbon nano-fibers.

Abstract: A device and a process for producing high purity CO by electrolysis of CO2 in a Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell stack and a gas separation unit, also the gas separation unit may be a Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell stack.

Abstract: A method using an electrolytic cell to electrolyze urea to produce at least one of H2 and NH3 is described. An electrolytic cell having a cathode with a first conducting component, an anode with a second conducting component, urea and an alkaline electrolyte composition in electrical communication with the anode and the cathode is used to electrolyze urea. The alkaline electrolyte composition has a hydroxide concentration of at least 0.01 M.

Abstract: A method for electrochemically reducing CO is provided. A cathode is provided, wherein the cathode comprises a conductive substrate with a catalyst of a metal and a metal oxide based coating on a side of the cathode. An anode is spaced apart from the cathode. An ionic transport is provided between the anode and cathode. The cathode is exposed to CO and H2O. The anode is exposed to H2O. A voltage is provided between the cathode and anode.

Abstract: The present invention relates to catalysts for the production of CO gas through electrochemical CO2 reduction. In particular, the present invention relates to an electrochemical cell comprising an iron porphyrin as the catalyst for the CO2 reduction into CO, a method of performing electrochemical reduction of CO2 using said electrochemical cell thereby producing CO gas, and a method of performing electrochemical reduction of CO2 using said iron porphyrin catalyst thereby producing CO gas.

Abstract: Provided is a method for the electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide to fuels. The method employs reducing CO2 in an electrochemical cell using an aerogel carbon electrode and an ionic liquid membrane, thereby providing a carbon-based combustible.

Abstract: A method for upgrading bio-mass material is provided. The method involves electrolytic reduction of the material in an electrochemical cell having a ceramic, oxygen-ion conducting membrane, where the membrane includes an electrolyte. One or more oxygenated or partially-oxygenated compounds are reduced by applying an electrical potential to the electrochemical cell. A system for upgrading bio-mass material is also disclosed.

Abstract: A graphite oxide and/or graphene preparation method includes providing a plasma electrolytic apparatus, wherein an electrolyte is provided and a graphite electrode is configured as a cathode of the plasma electrolytic apparatus; and providing a cathodic current so as to initiate a plasma electrolytic process at the graphite electrode to obtain graphite oxide and/or graphene. The graphite oxide and/or graphene can be synthesized through plasma electrolytic processing at relatively low temperature under atmospheric pressure within a very short period of time, without the need for concentrated acids or strong oxidizing agents. The present invention may prepare graphite oxide and/or graphene with plasma electrolytic process directly from graphite, without requiring any prior purification or pretreatment. This plasma electrolytic process of the present invention is quite promising and provided with advantages such as low cost, simple setup, high efficiency, and environmental friendliness.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described that utilize mixed conductive membranes in conjunction with solid oxide electrolysis in a single unit operation. The mixed conductive membranes of the systems are high-flux electrochemical separation membranes that can selectively and efficiently capture CO2 from a source gas, e.g., a flue gas or fuel gas, by transporting the CO2 across the membrane in the form of carbonate ions followed by oxidation of the carbonate-ions at the second side of the membrane to reform CO2 in a capture stream. The solid oxide electrolysis can be immediately downstream of the capture system to convert the CO2 into CO and H2O into H2, for example thereby forming syngas thereby capturing CO2 and converting it to a more useful form.

Abstract: A device and a process for producing high purity CO by electrolysis of CO2 in a Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell stack and a gas separation unit, also the gas separation unit may be a Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell stack.

Abstract: Apparatus for separating CO2 from an electrolyte solution are provided. Example apparatus can include: a vessel defining an interior volume and configured to house an electrolyte solution; an input conduit in fluid communication with the interior volume; an output conduit in fluid communication with the interior volume; an exhaust conduit in fluid communication with the interior volume; and an anode located within the interior volume. Other example apparatus can include: an elongated vessel having two regions; an input conduit extending outwardly from the one region; an output conduit extending outwardly from the other region; an exhaust conduit in fluid communication with the one region; and an anode located within the one region. Methods for separating CO2 from an electrolyte solution are provided. Example methods can include: providing a CO2 rich electrolyte solution to a vessel containing an anode; and distributing hydrogen from the anode to acidify the electrolyte solution.

Abstract: A method for the production of graphene and graphite nanoplatelet structures having a thickness of less than 100 nm in an electrochemical cell, wherein the cell comprises: (a) a negative electrode which is graphitic; (b) a positive electrode which may be graphitic or another material; and (c) an electrolyte which is ions in a solvent where the cations are organic ions and metal ions; and wherein the method comprises the step of passing a current through the cell.

Abstract: A gas decomposition apparatus having any one of the following structures: 1) a structure wherein an anode and a cathode on a solid electrolyte layer each have extended regions; the extended regions of the anode and those of the cathode are alternately extended to have a gap between the anode and the cathode; the cathode is higher in electric resistance than the anode; and a cathode electroconductive region connected electroconductively to a power source and made of an electroconductive material is extended in a direction crossing the direction in which the extended regions of the cathode are extended, thereby connecting the extended regions of the cathode electroconductively to each other; and (2) a structure which has an electroconductor layer through which the negative electrode of a power source is electroconductively connected to a cathode; and which is a structure wherein the cathode is laminated on the electroconductor layer to contact the layer, laminates each composed of a solid electrolyte layer and

Abstract: The present disclosure is a system and method for producing a first product from a first region of an electrochemical cell having a cathode and a second product from a second region of the electrochemical cell having an anode. The method may include the step of contacting the first region of the electrochemical cell with a catholyte comprising an alcohol and carbon dioxide. Another step of the method may include contacting the second region of the electrochemical cell with an anolyte comprising the alcohol. Further, the method may include a step of applying an electrical potential between the anode and the cathode sufficient to produce a first product recoverable from the first region and a second product recoverable from the second region.

Abstract: Coaxial disk armatures, counter-rotating through an axial magnetic field, act as electrolysis electrodes and high shear centrifugal impellers for an axial feed. The feed can be carbon dioxide, water, methane, or other substances requiring electrolysis. Carbon dioxide and water can be processed into syngas and ozone continuously, enabling carbon and oxygen recycling at power plants. Within the space between the counter-rotating disk electrodes, a shear layer comprising a fractal tree network of radial vortices provides sink flow conduits for light fractions, such as syngas, radially inward while the heavy fractions, such as ozone and elemental carbon flow radially outward in boundary layers against the disks and beyond the disk periphery, where they are recovered as valuable products, such as carbon nanotubes.

Abstract: A process for the catalyzed electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide wherein a metal organic framework comprising metal ions and an organic ligand is used as a catalyst and novel metal organic frameworks based on bisphosphonic acids.

Abstract: An alkaline production system comprising an electrochemical unit comprising a hydrogen-oxidizing anode, a cathode compartment comprising a cathode and a hydrogen delivery system configured to deliver hydrogen gas to the anode, wherein the unit is operably connected to a carbon sequestration system configured to sequester carbon dioxide with the cathode electrolyte; and methods thereof. In another embodiment, a system comprising a hydrogen-oxidizing anode in communication with a cathode electrolyte comprising bicarbonate ion; and an hydrogen delivery system configured to deliver hydrogen gas to the anode; and methods thereof.

Abstract: Methods and systems for electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide to organic products including formate and formic acid are provided. A method may include, but is not limited to, steps (A) to (C). Step (A) may introduce an acidic anolyte to a first compartment of an electrochemical cell. The first compartment may include an anode. Step (B) may introduce a bicarbonate-based catholyte saturated with carbon dioxide to a second compartment of the electrochemical cell. The second compartment may include a high surface area cathode including indium and having a void volume of between about 30% to 98%. At least a portion of the bicarbonate-based catholyte is recycled. Step (C) may apply an electrical potential between the anode and the cathode sufficient to reduce the carbon dioxide to at least one of a single-carbon based product or a multi-carbon based product.

Abstract: A method for electrochemically reducing CO2 is provided. A cathode is provided, wherein the cathode comprises a conductive substrate with a catalyst of a metal and a metal oxide based coating on a side of the cathode. An anode is spaced apart from the cathode. An ionic transport is provided between the anode and cathode. The cathode is exposed to CO2 and H2O. The anode is exposed to H2O. A voltage is provided between the cathode and anode.

Abstract: A method reducing carbon dioxide to one or more products may include steps (A) to (C). Step (A) may bubble said carbon dioxide into a solution of an electrolyte and a catalyst in a divided electrochemical cell. The divided electrochemical cell may include an anode in a first cell compartment and a cathode in a second cell compartment. The cathode may reduce said carbon dioxide into said products. Step (B) may adjust one or more of (a) a cathode material, (b) a surface morphology of said cathode, (c) said electrolyte, (d) a manner in which said carbon dioxide is bubbled, (e), a pH level of said solution, and (f) an electrical potential of said divided electrochemical cell, to vary at least one of (i) which of said products is produced and (ii) a faradaic yield of said products. Step (C) may separate said products from said solution.

Abstract: The invention provides a system and a process that allow for the selective electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide with high energy efficiency, using a cathode comprised of bismuth in combination with an anode such as an anode comprised of platinum. The electrolysis system may be comprised of a single or two compartment cell and may employ an organic electrolyte or an ionic liquid electrolyte. The invention permits the storage of solar, wind or conventional electric energy by converting carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide and liquid fuels.

Abstract: A process for the transformation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to nanoribbons composed of a few layers of graphene by an electrochemical approach involving dispersing CNTs by sonication and depositing onto a conducting substrate, and oxidizing CNTs at controlled potential, followed by reduction to form graphene nanoribbons having smooth edges and fewer defects.