Abstract: An apparatus for detecting the presence of a target molecule is disclosed which includes a conductive nanostructure, a non-conductive polymer coating on at least a portion of the nanostructure, and a cavity formed in the polymer coating having a shape corresponding to the shape of the target molecule. A property of the nanostructure depends on the presence of the target molecule at the cavity.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method of detecting metastasis of a tumor in a subject, such as metastasis to a lymph node. The method includes directly determining an amount of desmoglein-3 (DSG-3) protein in a sample from the subject (such as a lymph node sample) and comparing the amount of DSG-3 protein to a control, wherein an increase in the amount of DSG-3 protein in the sample relative to the control indicates metastasis of the tumor to the lymph node. The disclosed methods further include selecting a therapy (for example, surgery, lymph node dissection, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of two or more thereof) for the subject based on the amount of DSG-3 protein in the sample from the subject.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses relating to large scale FET arrays for analyte detection and measurement are provided. ChemFET (e.g., ISFET) arrays may be fabricated using conventional CMOS processing techniques based on improved FET pixel and array designs that increase measurement sensitivity and accuracy, and at the same time facilitate significantly small pixel sizes and dense arrays. Improved array control techniques provide for rapid data acquisition from large and dense arrays. Such arrays may be employed to detect a presence and/or concentration changes of various analyte types in a wide variety of chemical and/or biological processes.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses relating to large scale FET arrays for analyte detection and measurement are provided. ChemFET (e.g., ISFET) arrays may be fabricated using conventional CMOS processing techniques based on improved FET pixel and array designs that increase measurement sensitivity and accuracy, and at the same time facilitate significantly small pixel sizes and dense arrays. Improved array control techniques provide for rapid data acquisition from large and dense arrays. Such arrays may be employed to detect a presence and/or concentration changes of various analyte types in a wide variety of chemical and/or biological processes.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus relating to very large scale FET arrays for analyte measurements. ChemFET (e.g., ISFET) arrays may be fabricated using conventional CMOS processing techniques based on improved FET pixel and array designs that increase measurement sensitivity and accuracy, and at the same time facilitate significantly small pixel sizes and dense arrays. Improved array control techniques provide for rapid data acquisition from large and dense arrays. Such arrays may be employed to detect a presence and/or concentration changes of various analyte types in a wide variety of chemical and/or biological processes. In one example, chemFET arrays facilitate DNA sequencing techniques based on monitoring changes in hydrogen ion concentration (pH), changes in other analyte concentration, and/or binding events associated with chemical processes relating to DNA synthesis.

Abstract: In order to provide a method of electrochemically detecting a target substance, a method of electrochemically detecting an analyte, and a detection set which have a theoretical advantage in the measurement sensitivity obtained by a conventional electrochemical detection method using a working electrode with a trapping substance immobilized, can reuse the working electrode, and can detect an analyte regardless of the size thereof, there is provided a method including: attracting the target substance containing a labeling substance in a liquid sample to a working electrode in which a trapping substance for trapping the target substance containing a labeling substance is not present; and electrochemically detecting the target substance containing a labeling substance.

Abstract: A method for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy uses interdigitated electrodes functionalized with a first species and nanoparticles functionalized with a second species that preferentially attaches to the first species. The nanoparticles are composed of a material with a dielectric constant (k value) greater than 2. The chemically functionalized electrodes are then exposed to a solution containing the chemically functionalized nanoparticles which then become immobilized on the electrodes through the attachment of the first species to the second species. The impedance spectrum is measured and an amount of the first species is then determined from the measured spectrum. Because the high-k dielectric nanoparticles increase the double-layer capacitive impedance, the sensitivity of determining the amount of the first species attached to the second species is enhanced.

Abstract: The method for detection of cyanide in water is a method for the detection of a highly toxic pollutant, cyanide, in water using ZnO2 nanoparticles synthesized locally by an elegant Pulsed Laser Ablation technique. ZnO2 nanoparticles having a median size of 4 nm are synthesized from pure zinc metal target under UV laser irradiation in a 1-10% H2O2 environment in deionized water. The synthesized ZnO2 nanoparticles are suspended in dimethyl formamide in the presence of Nafion, and then ultrasonicated to create a homogenous suspension, which is used to prepare a thin film of ZnO2 nanoparticles on a metal electrode. The electrode is used for cyanide detection.

Abstract: An electrochemical gas sensor for detecting hydrocyanic acid in a gas sample has a measuring electrode (3) formed of carbon nanotubes (CNT) and a counterelectrode (8) in an electrolyte (9), which contains lithium bromide in an aqueous solution.

Abstract: Potentiometric sensor comprising an ion selective electrode and the latter, on its part, containing a membrane characterized in that it comprises: a thermoplastic material; an electroactive substance based on a salt wherein the cation is the protonated form of the analyte to be determined and the anion is a cluster which comprises boron atoms; and a plasticizing agent. In addition, the invention further relates to the use of said sensor for the detection and/or quantification of a compound containing at least one nitrogen atom.

Abstract: A method for amperometric detection of proteins, especially haemoglobin in faeces, using an electrochemical sensor. The electrochemical sensor includes: a working electrode having an electrically conductive matrix holding a first reagent and/or a second reagent, the second reagent being an oxidising agent, or a precursor thereof, for the first reagent; a counter electrode and optionally a reference electrode; wherein a reaction between the first reagent and the oxidising agent is catalysed by the protein to provide a detectable signal at the working electrode. The electrically conductive matrix is an electrically conductive carbon- or graphite-containing matrix or an electrically conductive porous matrix.

Abstract: The invention is directed to devices that allow for simultaneous multiple biochip analysis. In particular, the devices are configured to hold multiple cartridges comprising biochips comprising arrays such as nucleic acid arrays, and allow for high throughput analysis of samples.

Abstract: Electrodeposition baths, systems and methods are provided. In some embodiments, the baths, systems and methods are used to deposit metal alloy coatings.

Abstract: A bilirubin sensor has a working electrode with a first chemical matrix disposed thereon that contains a binder, a substrate electrode with a second chemical matrix dispose thereon that contains a binder and a chemical agent that consumes bilirubin, a reference electrode, a sample chamber containing the working electrode, the substrate electrode and the reference electrode, and a method of measuring bilirubin in a body fluid.

Abstract: The application generally describes devices, systems, and methods for determination of one or more analytes. Embodiments described herein may be useful as sensors for analytes such as explosives, chemical warfare agents, and/or toxins. In some cases, chemiresistor or chemFET sensor devices for monitoring volatile organics, especially chemical warfare agents such as sarin, are described. Some embodiments comprise functionalised carbon nanotube/conjugated polymer composites (6) as sensing material. In some embodiments, the polymer is poly(3-hexylthiophene), 3PHT, optionally substituted with calixarenes, or hexafluoroisopropanol susbstituted polythiophene, HFIP-PT. Biosensing embodiments are also described, as well as methods of manufacturing the devices.

Abstract: A gas sensor and method thereof are provided. The example gas sensor may include first and second electrodes formed on a substrate, a carbon nanotube connecting the first and second electrodes on the substrate, a light source disposed above the carbon nanotube and an ampere meter measuring current flowing between the first and second electrodes.

Abstract: The invention relates biosensor comprising a conductive or semi-conductive support and an intercalator polymer, wherein the intercalator polymer comprises monomer units of formula (I) wherein P is an electropolymerizable moiety selected among the group consisting in pyrrole, acetylene, phenol, aniline, thiophene, carbazole and azulene; Sp is a spacer, and Im is an intercalator. The invention also relates to a method for the detection of a DNA sequence with the biosensor, comprising the steps of: hybridizing the DNA sequence with a DNA probe for forming a dsDNA incubating the biosensor with the dsDNA for anchoring the dsDNA to the intercalator detecting the quantity of dsDNA on the biosensor.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method to eliminate undesired parallel conductive paths of nanogap devices for aqueous sensing. The method involves the electrical insulation of an electrode pair, except for the nanogap region wherein electrical response is measured. The magnitude of undesired ionic current in a measurement is reduced by two orders of magnitude. The process to accomplish the present invention is self-aligned and avoids fabrication complexity. The invention has a great potential in nanogap device applications.

Abstract: A gas sensor for detecting NOX is provided. The gas sensor may have a plurality of substrate members, a first sensing electrode, and a second sensing electrode. The gas sensor may also have a first heater element associated with the first sensing electrode and being located on a first side of one of the plurality of substrate members, and a second heater element associated with the second sensing electrode and being located on a second opposing side of the one of the plurality of substrate members.

Abstract: Provided are nanoscale devices suitable for multiplexed, parallel detection of multiple analytes and methods for fabricating such devices.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for the detection and/or enrichment of a large number of different analyte proteins and/or analyte peptides from a sample mixture which includes proteins and/or peptides. The method includes the following steps: a) provision of the sample mixture and, where appropriate, fragmentation of the proteins contained therein into defined peptides, b) provision of first binding molecules which are specific for a peptide epitope of at least one of the various analyte proteins and/or analyte peptides, whereby the peptide epitope includes up to a maximum of five, preferably two to three, amino acids, c) incubation of the first binding molecules with the sample mixture, and d) detection and/or enrichment of the analyte proteins and/or analyte peptides bound to the first binding molecules.

Abstract: A biomolecules detection method which detects a detection target biomolecule by a measurement of an electrochemical response, the method including: a standard solution measurement process which measures an electrochemical response of a standard solution which includes an electrochemically reactive agent having a direct or indirect binding capacity to the detection target biomolecule; sample solution measurement process which measures the electrochemical response of a sample solution, the sample solution containing, a sample material containing the detection target biomolecule, and the electrochemically reactive agent; a comparison process which compares an electrochemical response measurement result of the standard solution and an electrochemical response measurement result of the sample solution, and thereby obtains a comparison result; and a biomolecules content information detection process which, based on the comparison result, detects a content information of the detection target biomolecule in the sampl

Abstract: One subject of the present invention is a transparent solid support coated with at least one layer of metal and with at least one layer of transparent conductive oxide (TCO), especially tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) in order to form a solid support that can be used at the same time or independently for detection by SPR and by an electrochemical method. The invention comprises a process for producing such supports, especially by cathode sputtering using a device comprising a radiofrequency (RF) generator, this device also being included in the invention. Another subject of the invention is a kit and a method for detection or identification of an organic or mineral compound by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and/or electrochemical plasmon resonance comprising or using such supports.

Abstract: There is provided a method of detecting an analyte in a sample, which comprises the steps of contacting the sample with a working electrode in the presence of an electrolyte and determining the electrochemical response of the working electrode to the sample, wherein the working electrode comprises a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) and wherein detection takes place in the presence of a species which is capable of forming an intercalation compound with a carbon host material. Electrochemical sensors and compositions suitable for use in said method are also provided.

Abstract: An ammonia gas sensor is disclosed that includes a reference electrode, an ammonia selective sensing electrode and an electrolyte disposed therebetween. The ammonia sensing electrode comprises an oxide material characterized by the formula CewAxLyVOz wherein L is lanthanum or another lanthanide element other than cerium, A is one or more other metals, and w, x, y and z are numbers indicative of atomic proportion with w ranging from about 0.001 to about 4 x ranging from 0 to about 0.8, y ranging from about 0.001 to about 4, and z with a range to balance the existence of Cew, Ax, Ly and V.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses relating to large scale FET arrays for analyte detection and measurement are provided. ChemFET (e.g., ISFET) arrays may be fabricated using conventional CMOS processing techniques based on improved FET pixel and array designs that increase measurement sensitivity and accuracy, and at the same time facilitate significantly small pixel sizes and dense arrays. Improved array control techniques provide for rapid data acquisition from large and dense arrays. Such arrays may be employed to detect a presence and/or concentration changes of various analyte types in a wide variety of chemical and/or biological processes.

Abstract: An ammonia gas sensor is disclosed that includes a reference electrode, an ammonia selective sensing electrode and an electrolyte disposed therebetween. The ammonia sensing electrode comprises vanadium silicide, vanadium oxysilicide, vanadium carbide, vanadium oxycarbide, vanadium nitride, or vanadium oxynitride.

Abstract: One embodiment of an ammonia gas sensor includes: a reference electrode, an ammonia selective sensing electrode and an electrolyte disposed therebetween. The sensing electrode comprises the reaction product of a main material selected from the group consisting of vanadium, tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium oxides, tungsten oxides, molybdenum oxides, and combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing main materials, and an electrically conducting material selected from the group consisting of electrically conductive metals, electrically conductive metal oxides, and combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing.

Abstract: Exposure of diffusion limited sensors to target gas concentrations above their range can result in non-linearity and slow recovery times. Applications where both a high concentration and a low concentration need to be measured in succession are problematic if the high concentration gas adversely affects the response of the sensor to low gas concentrations. By employing two sensors, one for high range and one for low range gas concentrations, and a means to isolate the low range sensor from the gas source whenever the concentration exceeds a threshold value as determined by the high range sensor and reengage the low range sensor when the target gas concentration falls below the threshold, allows both the measurement of target gas to high concentrations as well as the high resolution measurement of target gas at low concentrations.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a new compound derived from ruthenium, of formula (I), known as pentaamin ruthenium [3-(2-phenanthren-9-yl-vinyl)pyridine] complex, as well as the use thereof as an electrochemical indicator of hybridization in a method for the detection of hybridization between nucleic acid sequences, for the quantification of said sequences, as well as the detection of the presence of a mismatched base and the position thereof within a nucleic acid sequence.

Abstract: Gas-selective electrodes in liquid analyzing devices have a characteristic curve K with a linear portion L and a non-linear portion NL. In the non-linear portion NL, the characteristic previously could only be estimated so that determinations of the concentration were rather inexact. According to the present application, the electrode is rinsed with an acid and the zero point voltage UN at the electrode is determined during the rinsing. Using the zero point voltage UN, the non-linear portion NL of the characteristic K is determined with high precision so that even low concentrations c can be determined with great accuracy.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of detecting a structural change in a molecule, said molecule being attached to a surface, said surface being electrically conductive, wherein the phase of the electrochemical impedance at said surface is monitored, and wherein a change in the phase in the electrochemical impedance at said surface indicates a change in the structure of said molecule. The invention further relates to methods for making arrays having molecules such as, polypeptides attached to electrically conductive surfaces such as electrodes, and to arrays.

Abstract: A ceramic gas sensor for measuring a gas component in a gas mixture, which includes a sensor element, which has at least one first electrode exposed to the gas mixture to be determined, and at least one further electrode. Only one shared electrical contacting is provided for the first electrode and for the additional electrode, an electrical resistor, which is situated inside the gas sensor, being preconnected to the first electrode and/or the additional electrode.

Abstract: A method and a sensor element are provided for determining the concentration of an oxidizable gas in a gas mixture, e.g., in exhaust gases of internal combustion engines. Within the sensor element of a gas sensor, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen, and/or carbon monoxide contained in the gas mixture are at least partially removed in an initial step. In a further step, the concentration of the gas to be detected in the gas mixture freed of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and/or hydrogen is ascertained.

Abstract: A bilirubin sensor has a working electrode with a first chemical matrix disposed thereon that contains a binder, a substrate electrode with a second chemical matrix dispose thereon that contains a binder and a chemical agent that consumes bilirubin, a reference electrode, a sample chamber containing the working electrode, the substrate electrode and the reference electrode, and a method of measuring bilirubin in a body fluid.

Abstract: A method for measuring a concentration of creatinine includes the steps of: (A) mixing a sample containing creatinine with a creatinine quantitative reagent containing a metal complex of at least one of hexacyanoferrate and hexacyanoruthenate in the absence of picric acid and any enzyme responsive to creatinine, to cause the creatinine to reduce the metal complex; (B) electrochemically or optically measuring the amount of the metal complex reduced in the step (A); and (C) determining the concentration of the creatinine contained in the sample from the amount of the reduced metal complex measured in the step (B).

Abstract: An electrochemical sensor and method of detecting gaseous analytes are provided, which involve the use of a working electrode comprising edge plane pyrolytic graphite.

Abstract: A diagnostic kit disclosed herein comprises a nanoparticle-biomaterial complex, an extraction solution, a collection electrode, and a current peak measurement unit. The nanoparticle-biomaterial complex comprises: one or more nanoparticles selected from a metal group consisting of zinc, cadmium, lead, copper, gallium, arsenic, thallium, nickel, manganese and bismuth; one or more biomaterial-binding materials binding to the nanoparticles through a binding-stabilizing agent and binding specifically to the biomaterials to be detected; and a binding-stabilizing agent forming bonds between the nanoparticles and the biomaterial-binding materials. The extraction solution serves to isolate and extract the nanoparticles from the nanoparticle-biomaterial complex. The collection electrode serves to collect the nanoparticles from the extraction solution. The current peak measurement unit serves to measure current peaks corresponding to the nanoparticles collected from the collection electrode.

Abstract: In accordance with the present invention, there are provided systems for detecting hybridization of nucleic acids using electrochemical methods having improved sensitivity. Such systems include an electrode having a variably charged oligonucleotide probe and a redox probe. In some embodiments, the systems may further include a binding nexus having an immobilized reporter oligonucleotide probe, which hybridizes to a target nucleic acid sequence. The reporter oligonucleotide probe may be naturally charged, uncharged, or either partially negatively or positively charged. Further provided are methods for detecting the presence of a nucleic acid sequence of interest in a sample.

Abstract: The invention provides methods and kits for the electrochemical detection and/or quantification of a target nucleic acid molecule by means of a detection electrode. In one method there is immobilized on the detection electrode a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) capture molecule, which has a nucleotide sequence that is at least partially complementary to at least a portion of the target nucleic acid molecule. The electrode is contacted with a solution expected to include the target nucleic acid molecule and the target nucleic acid molecule allowed to hybridize to the PNA, thereby allowing the formation of a complex between the PNA capture molecule and the target nucleic acid molecule. A polymerisable positively chargeable precursor is added, which associates to the complex formed between the PNA capture molecule and the target nucleic acid molecule.

Abstract: A sensor including a species selective electrode and a reference electrode having an electrolyte layer disposed therebetween; a reference gas channel in fluid communication with the reference electrode; a heater and a temperature sensor; wherein the species selective electrode is disposed on a first side of an insulating layer separating the species selective electrode from the electrolyte layer, the insulating layer having a first substantially solid area and a second area having an opening pattern extending through the insulating layer; the species selective electrode comprising a species sensing electrode portion disposed on the opening pattern of the insulating layer so as to contact the electrolyte layer through the opening pattern and a non-active electrode lead portion disposed over the first substantially solid area so that the non-active electrode lead portion is in electrical communication with the species sensing electrode portion and is free from contact with the electrolyte layer.

Abstract: A gas sensing device (nanosensor) includes a substrate with at least a pair of conductive electrodes spaced apart by a gap, and an electrochemically functionalized semiconductive nanomaterial bridging the gap between the electrodes to form a nanostructure network. The nanomaterial may be single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) functionalized by the deposition of nanoparticles selected from the group consisting of an elemental metal (e.g., gold or palladium), a doped polymer (e.g., camphor-sulfonic acid doped polyaniline), and a metal oxide (e.g. tin oxide). Depending on the nanoparticles employed in the functionalization, the nanosensor may be used to detect a selected gas, such as hydrogen, mercury vapor, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen dioxide, methane, water vapor, and/or ammonia, in a gaseous environment.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are analogs of tetrahydrobiopterin, compositions containing the same, and methods of treating an individual suffering from a condition responsive to tetrahydrobiopterin by administration of the analog. These analogs are contemplated for use wherever tetrahydrobiopterin is currently used to treat conditions responsive to tetrahydrobiopterin therapies.

Abstract: A method for detecting a target nucleic acid sequence in a sample, by subjecting it to an amplification and taking continuous electrochemical measurements on it during the reaction. The method can be used to determine whet amplification reaction has taken place, to quantitate the amount of target in the sample or to determine sequence characteristics. disclosed is apparatus for use in the method, comprising (i) an amplification reaction vessel which comprises an electrochemic (ii) means for taking continuous electrochemical measurements on a sample contained in the vessel and (iii) tempertature coat measurement means, wherein the electrochemical cell comprises an element formed from an electrically conducting plastics such as a polymer loaded with an electrically conducting material. Further disclosed is a reaction vessel for use in the appar probe for use in the method and a kit for effecting the method.

Abstract: A nucleic acid hybridization detection assay is carried out at an electrode. A solid electrode, such as an indium tin oxide electrode, is modified by capture probes comprising single-stranded oligonucleotides immobilized to the surface of the electrode. In some embodiments using sandwich assay methodology, the capture probes hybridize complementary target nucleic acid sequences, which in turn are bound to detection probes comprising nanoparticle-oligonucleotide conjugates comprising target-complementary oligonucleotides. In some embodiments, detection probes comprise nanoparticles attached to molecules comprising one partner of a ligand-binding pair (e.g., streptavidin), while target sequences comprise the other partner of the ligand-binding pair (e.g., biotin).

Abstract: A electrochemical sensor comprising a mounting having screen printed array of electrodes located thereon, the array comprising a reference electrode, a counter electrode and a plurality of working electrodes, wherein the working electrodes are each overlaid with an insulating layer of insulating material, the insulating layer having an array of apertures, exposing a respective array of working regions of the working electrodes, and a method of making same by applying screen printing technic, and a method of using same for chlorine determination.

Abstract: The present claimed invention is to provide a method for measuring a protein that enables to detect the protein with high accuracy and high sensitivity through an electrochemical method at a high speed with a simple operation using a simple device. With the method, a working electrode 5 and a counter electrode 4 are made to contact with a sample solution 1 containing the protein as being an object to be measured, and a voltage is impressed between the working electrode 5 and the counter electrode 4 so that a current value at the voltage can be measured and the protein can be electrochemically analyzed.

Abstract: Resistive-sensors are provided wherein networks or nanoframeworks of conducting polymer nanowires are electrochemically grown from pre-polymer solutions in the junction gap located between electrode pairs.

Abstract: According to the present invention, phenols may be detected using an electrochemical sensor comprising a final compound, a working electrode and an electrolyte in contact with the working electrode, wherein the first compound operatively undergoes a redox reaction at the working electrodes to form a second compound which operatively reacts in situ with the phenol, wherein said redox reaction has a detectable redox couple and wherein the sensor is adapted to determine the electrochemical response of the working electrode to the consumption of said second compound on reaction with the phenol. The phenol may be, for example, cannabinoid or a catechin compound.

Abstract: A method is described for characterisation of the quality of a sialoglycoprotein via its isoform number I which is calculated from the isoform distribution of the capillary electrophoretic analysis of the sialoglycoprotein and represents a quality feature for the batch consistency, storage stability, biological half-life and the biological effectiveness of a therapeutic glycoprotein. Uses of this method are also described.