Abstract: The invention is directed to steam-cracking in a fluid bed reaction zone, of a charge of hydrocarbons having at least two carbon atoms per molecule.In this process the charge (3) circulates with steam (2) and inert solid particles, heated at a temperature T.sub.1 from 500.degree. to 1,800.degree. C., through at least one enclosure (7). A gas effluent is separated from the particles in the enclosure and fed to a quenching zone (8) opening into said enclosure. Said effluent is circulated with cooling second solid particles which are at a temperature T.sub.2 lower than T.sub.1 and at most equal to 800.degree. C. A steam-cracking effluent is then recovered through line (15).This process can be used in petrochemistry, particularly for producing ethylene and propylene.

Abstract: A method of converting a side by side FCC arrangement adds a new reactor vessel and uses the regenerator vessel and reactor vessel to provide a regeneration section having at least three stages of regeneration that is used as part of an enlarged FCC process. In simplest form, the conversion method calls for the use of the regeneration vessel as a first-stage regeneration zone, the use of the reactor vessel as a second-stage regeneration zone, and the use of the spent catalyst stripper as a third stage of regeneration. This arrangement provides a second stage of regeneration that is positioned to facilitate the addition of partially regenerated catalyst to the stripping zone to facilitate the operation of a hot catalyst stripping section.

Abstract: A process for controlled, multi-stage regeneration of FCC catalyst is disclosed. A modified high efficiency catalyst regenerator, with a fast fluidized bed coke combustor, dilute phase transport riser, and second fluidized bed regenerates the catalyst in at least two stages. The primary stage of regeneration is in the coke combustor, at full CO oxidation conditions. The second stage of catalyst regeneration occurs in the second fluidized bed, at partial CO combustion conditions. The process permits regeneration of spent FCC catalyst while minimizing NOx exmissions and achieving significant reduction of SOx.

Abstract: An improved process and apparatus is provided for simultaneously, independently catalytically cracking dissimilar hydrocarbon feedstocks at elevated temperatures in separate riser reactors and under respective operating parameters which permit selective conversion to desired products, wherein catalyst regeneration is conducted in two steps comprising separate relatively lower and higher temperature regeneration stages.

Abstract: A succession of low profile catalyst chambers each housing a reservoir or catalyst are alternately connected in sequence by openings below the levels of the catalyst reservoirs and openings thereabove. The catalyst in all reservoirs is fluidized by a gas moving upwardly therethrough. Separate portions of the sequence of chambers are operated as reactor and regenerator sections according to the gas used to fluidize the catalyst in those sections. Other portions of the sequence of chambers are used to create inert atmospheric seals between the reactor and regenerator sections. The entire apparatus is configured as a low-profile catalytic cracker wherein the fluidized flow of the catalyst moves throughout the apparatus in an alternating lifting and dropping sequence.

Abstract: A catalytic cracking process is described featuring multiple risers in which a variety of hydrocarbon conversion reactions take place, a stripping unit in which entrained hydrocarbon material is removed from catalyst and a regeneration zone in which spent cracking catalyst is regenerated, which comprises:(a) catalytically cracking a relatively high boiling hydrocarbon charge material in a first riser in the presence of both a first catalyst component which is an amorphous cracking catalyst and/or a large pore crystalline cracking catalyst and a second catalyst component which is selected from zeolite Beta and/or medium pore crystalline silicate zeolite catalyst to provide a variety of products including naphtha and C.sub.3 and/or C.sub.4 olefin;(b) thermally cracking a C.sub.

Abstract: The present invention describes improved FCC and TCC stripper operations by incorporating a stripper operated at a reduced pressure. The improved strippers of the invention will increase total liquid hydrocarbon yield while reducing the coke load on the regenerator. Novel porous TCC bead catalysts are disclosed wherein at least 1/3 of the pore volume of catalyst pores having a pore diameter of at least 3000 Angstroms. These macropores facilitate flash vaporization of hydrocarbons in a stripping zone of the spent catalyst upstream of a regeneration zone.

Abstract: A fluidized catalytic cracking process and apparatus operates with a two stage hot stripper between the reactor and catalyst regenerator. Addition of hot, regenerated catalyst to spent catalyst from the reactor heats the spent catalyst in the first stripping stage, which preferably uses steam stripping gas. The second stage of stripping occurs about a heat removal means, such as a stab-in heat exchanger tube bundle, which removes heat from the catalyst during the second stage of stripping. Steam or flue gas may be used in the second stripping stage to fluidize catalyst, improve heat transfer and simultaneously strip the catalyst.

Abstract: An improved fluidized catalytic cracking-catalyst regeneration process for catalytically cracking heavy hydrocarbon feedstocks is provided which comprises first and second, relatively lower and higher temperature, catalyst regeneration zones, wherein CO-rich effluent flue gas from the first regeneration zone is combusted in a CO-incinerator/combustor means to substantially convert all CO present therein to CO.sub.2. The effluent gas from the CO-incinerator/combustor is then combined with the effluent flue gas from the second regeneration zone, with the combined streams thereafter being sent to an expansion turbine-compressor means to recover the work energy therefrom and to provide at least all the compressed air requirements of the first and second regeneration zones, and preferably in addition the compressed air requirements of the CO-incinerator/combustor means.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process and apparatus for catalytic cracking in a fluid phase of a hydrocarbon charge. The process comprises contacting, in ascending or descending flow, the charge and grains of a cracking catalyst in a tubular reactor, ballistically separating the spent catalyst and the cracked charge downstream of the end of said reactor, mixing spent catalyst with grains of at least partially regenerated catalyst having a temperature exceeding that of the grains of spent catalyst, stripping spent catalyst in a dense fluidized phase by means of a fluid injected counter-current into this catalyst regenerating the catalyst under conditions to effect combustion of coke deposited thereon, and recycling regenerated catalyst to feed the reactor.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for cracking heavy hydrocarbons using a mixture of fluid cracking catalyst and a demetallizing additive differing in physical characteristics from the cracking catalyst is described. A heavy, metals containing feed such as a resid contacts demetallizing additive in the base of a riser reactor. The demetallized resid is cracked by contact with a stream of hot, regenerated catalyst. A mixture of metal containing additive, deactivated cracking catalyst, and cracked products is discharged from the riser. The metal containing additive and deactivated catalyst are stripped, preferably with steam, and charged to a two-stage regenerator. The first stage of the regenerator partially regenerates the cracking catalyst and separates it by elutriation from the demetallizing additive, which accumulates as a dense phase fluidized bed in a lower portion of the first stage regenerator.

Abstract: A catalytic cracking process is described featuring multiple risers in which a variety of hydrocarbon conversion reactions takes place, a stripping unit in which entrained hydrocarbon material is removed from catalyst and a regeneration zone in which spent cracking catalyst is regenerated, which comprises:(a) converting a relatively high boiling hydrocarbon charge material in a first riser in the presence of a catalyst mixture comprising, as a first catalyst component, an amorphous cracking catalyst and/or a large pore crystalline cracking catalyst and, as a second catalyst component, a shape selective medium pore crystalline silicate to provide lighter products including naphtha and C.sub.3 and/or C.sub.4 olefin;(b) converting an ethylene-rich charge material introduced to a second riser at a lower level thereof in the presence of said catalyst mixture to provide heavier products and to increase the temperature of the catalyst in said region; and,(c) converting C.sub.3 and/or C.sub.

Abstract: Combustible carbonaceous particles such as particles of sponge coke or coal are incorporated with the circulating inventory of cracking catalyst in a fluid catalytic cracking unit. The carbonaceous particles selectively sorb metal contaminants in the feed, thereby extending catalyst life, and they also serve to reduce NO.sub.x emissions in certain instances. The sorbed metals values may be recovered as the carbonaceous particles are burned.

Abstract: An improvement in gasoline octane without substantial decrease in overall yield is obtained in an integrated process combining a fluidized catalytic cracking reaction and a fluidized catalyst olefin oligomerization reaction when crystalline medium pore shape selective zeolite catalyst particles are withdrawn in partially deactivated form from the oligomerization reaction stage and added as part of the active catalyst in the FCC reaction.

Abstract: A multistage process and apparatus for regenerating fluid catalytic cracking catalyst is disclosed. Each stage preferably has a successively higher temperature, and flue gas is removed after each stage. The process may regenerate a single phase catalyst or, preferably, a dual phase catalyst system, wherein an intermediate pore zeolite catalyst contained within a less elutriatable catalyst particle and a larger pore zeolite catalyst contained within a more elutriatable catalyst particle, thereby separating the intermediate pore zeolite catalysts from the larger pore zeolite catalysts prior to a final regeneration step.

Abstract: Resid hydrotreating conversion of resid can be substantially increased by blending the resid with high-temperature flash drum oil before being hydrotreated in a train of ebullated bed reactors. The high-temperature flash drum oil also improves the overall thermal efficiency of the process.

Abstract: The invention concerns a process for recovering power in a fluid catalytic cracking unit used particularly for the treatment of heavy charges, wherein at least a portion of the power available in the gas flows withdrawn from two catalyst regenerators (4) and (21) of a fluid bed catalytic cracking unit are recovered.According to the invention the fumes from regenerator (4) are fed to one of the stages of a turbine (35), the pressure in this stage being lower than the pressure of the fumes from regenerator (4) and the fumes from regenerator (21) (whose pressure is lower than that prevailing in the first regenerator (4)) are fed to another stage of the same turbine (35) whose pressure is lower than that of the stage to which the fumes of regenerator (4) are supplied.

Abstract: Medicinal white oils and medicinal paraffins are prepared from petroleum fractions containing aromatics and nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur compounds, e.g. light and heavy atmospheric gas oils, vacuum gas oils and residues, which have been pretreated in a first stage by acid treatment or catalytic hydrogenation, by hydrogenation in a second stage over a nickel-containing catalyst under from 50 to 200 bar and at elevated temperatures, by a process in which the catalyst used in the second stage and present in the oxide form is reduced with a hydrogen-containing gas, passivated and then again activated with hydrogen, before the hydrogenation to medicinal white oils or paraffins is carried out.

Abstract: A dual riser cracking operation in combination with sequential stages of catalyst regeneration in which the second regeneration stage is a riser regenerator is described in combination with deep solvent deasphalting a vacuum resid. The deasphalted resid is subjected to hydrogenation treatment prior to cracking thereof in a riser cracking zone in admixture with a heavy vacuum gas oil which may or may not be hydrogenated prior to cracking thereof. Lower boiling fractions of the crude oil are subjected to catalytic cracking in a separate riser cracking zone. Partially regenerated catalyst of dense fluid bed regeneration may be employed in the heavy oil feed riser cracking operation charged with deasphalted oil. The partially regenerated catalyst may be used alone or in combination with more completely regenerated catalyst of the riser regeneration operation.

Abstract: A slurry catalytic hydroconversion process comprising at least two hydroconversion zones is provided in which the heavy hydrocarbonaceous fresh oil feed is added to more than one hydroconversion zone. Additional portions of catalysts or catalyst precursors are also added to the first hydroconversion zone and to additional hydroconversion zones.

Abstract: An improved method which provides for an extended cycle length in catalytic lube dewaxing of residual lube oil feedstocks and easier catalyst regeneration. The method may incorporate catalytically dewaxing a feedstock in a fixed bed reactor with or without product recycle, or a series of reactors with interreactor separation of vapors from liquids. Improved performance is achieved by operating the reactor at a temperature between about 490.degree. and about 620.degree. F., employing a high activity crystalline zeolite catalyst having an alpha value between about 50 and about 900 based on the zeolite and a space velocity sufficiently low to produce a dewaxed effluent of desired pour point and to maintain an average catalyst aging rate of less than about 2.degree. F. per day. This relatively low temperature operation allows catalyst performance to be restored by simple hydrogen reactivation.

Abstract: A fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process and apparatus which exposes a residuum to microwave energy to activate the residuum prior to feeding to a fluid catalytic cracking riser. The process and apparatus also cracks a portion of a light hydrocarbon stream to produce reactive free radical and olefinic compounds by contacting the light hydrocarbon stream with a fluid catalytic cracking stream in the riser. The catalyst and activated light hydrocarbon stream then combines with the microwave-activated residuum in the riser. The present invention may be employed in a multiple riser system or in a single riser system. The present invention minimizes coke production by quickly and uniformly heating residuum in the microwave heater prior to passing into the riser.

Abstract: A regeneration zone for fluid catalytic cracking contains ammonia (NH.sub.3) when the regeneration zone is operated in a partial combustion mode as defined by a content of CO of between 1 and 6 percent by volume. If the ammonia is not removed from the regeneration zone off gass, the same will be passed to a CO combustion zone where, in the presence of oxygen, CO is oxidized to CO.sub.2 and some of the ammonia will undesirably be oxidized to NO.sub.x. This invention reduces the presence of ammonia in the feed gas to a CO combustion zone of an FCC process by the introduction of a NO.sub.x -containing gas to dilute phase of a regeneration zone or to a regeneration zone off gas. Ammonia, NO.sub.x and oxygen present in the regeneration zone off gas of the regeneration zone, will tend to react to produce nitrogen and water vapor, which then is passed to the CO combustion zone for CO oxidation to CO.sub.2. Where the addition of NO.sub.x is made at temperatures greater than 1700.degree. F.

Abstract: An improved process for hydrocarbon conversion-catalyst regeneration processes particularly useful for residual oil, especially high carbon content residual oil conversion. The process generally comprises cooling the compressed air which is introduced into the second stage catalyst regeneration vessel in order to allow processing of feeds which typically produce high coke loading of catalyst in the conversion zone. The cooling process described can be installed and maintained with minimal expense in existing facilities and generally comprises a refrigeration unit and a heat exchange means installed in the conduit transporting air from a compressor unit to the second stage catalyst regenerator air distributor means.

Abstract: A hydrotreating reactor having a plurality of vertically spaced contacting stages having frusto-conical baffles for back-mixing hydrocarbon oil being treated and a plurality of clear oil outlets in fluid communication with a corresponding plurality of annular stilling chambers.

Abstract: A novel FCC method and apparatus, wherein a fresh hydrocarbon feed of relatively poor crackability is fed to one riser of a two riser system. The spent catalyst from the other of the two risers is fed to the inlet of the first riser to produce relatively mild cracking conditions. Improved total gasoline plus distillate yields are achieved. The novel two riser system facilitates heat balancing of the system.

Abstract: A three stage catalytic cracking process capable of converting high molecular weight hydrocarbons containing catalyst poisons into products of lower molecular weight by cascading catalyst from a fluid catalytic cracking unit to a reduced crude conversion unit to a metals removal unit is disclosed. Efficiencies in conversion operations are made possible.

Abstract: A method for catalytically cracking different fractions of crude oil with a zeolite containing catalyst in separate riser regeneration zone followed by sequential regeneration of catalyst particles in separate riser regeneration zones is described wherein the hydrocarbon vapor-catalyst suspension of hydrocarbon conversion is discharged downwardly from a half circle centrifugal separation conduit comprising the riser upper discharge section, second stage riser regeneration of catalyst is discharged downwardly from a half circle centrifugal separation section into the top of a high temperature catalyst recovery zone provided with cyclone separation zones external thereto. The first stage upflow riser regeneration zone is effected with oxygen lean gas and steam in an amount equal to, more or less, than the oxygen containing gas whereby the regeneration temperature is restricted from exceeding a desired upper temperature limit with or without promoting the water gas shift reaction.

Abstract: A two-stage cascade flow fluid catalytic cracking process capable of converting high molecular weight hydrocarbons containing catalyst poisons into products of lower molecular weight with high activity cracking catalyst susceptible to catalyst poisons, the cascade flow process resulting in higher yields of desired motor fuel fractions than those obtainable with conventional riser flow fluid catalytic cracking processes. Catalyst poisons, e.g.

Abstract: A process for economically converting carbo-metallic oils to lighter products. The carbo-metallic oils contain 650.degree. F.+ material which is characterized by a carbon residue on pyrolysis of at least about 1 and a Nickel Equivalents of heavy metals content of at least about 4 parts per million. This process comprises flowing the carbo-metallic oil together with particulate cracking catalyst through a progressive flow type reactor having an elongated reaction chamber, which is at least in part vertical or inclined, for a predetermined vapor riser residence time in the range of about 0.5 to about 10 seconds, at a temperature of about 900.degree. to about 1400.degree. F., and under a pressure of about 10 to about 50 pounds per square inch absolute sufficient for causing a conversion per pass in the range of about 40% to 90% while producing coke in amounts in the range of about 6 to about 14% by weight based on fresh feed, and laying down coke on the catalyst in amounts in the range of about 0.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for catalytic conversion of hydrocarbon feedstocks and regeneration of coked catalyst resulting from the hydrocarbon conversion reaction in which the catalyst regeneration is carried out in a combination of dense phase fluidized bed, an entrained phase regeneration zone and a second dense phase fluidized bed and the hydrocarbon conversion reaction is carried out in a high velocity short contact time dilute phase reaction zone wherein the reaction time and temperature and the regenerator temperature may be separately varied to provide and maintain optimum conversion conditions.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon conversion-catalyst regeneration process and apparatus is described for converting residual oils and regeneration of catalyst in two separate low and higher temperature regeneration stages stacked one above the other on the same or different vertical axis to provide catalyst at a temperature above the residual feed psuedo-critical temperature. A CO rich flue gas is recovered from the low temperature regeneration stage and a CO.sub.2 rich flue gas is recovered from the higher temperature regeneration stage. The temperature of the catalyst mixed with the residual oil feed is sufficient to obtain substantially complete vaporization of the residual oil charge. A special arrangement of apparatus is provided in the lower portion of a riser conversion zone to obtain the intimate vaporization contact between residual oil feed and the high temperature catalyst charged to the riser.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon conversion-catalyst regeneration operation and apparatus required is described. Hot regenerated catalyst is mixed with spent catalyst in a first upflow annular fluid catalyst bed regeneration operation about a second concentric downflow fluid catalyst bed regeneration operation. Catalyst flow-through passageways pass catalyst from said downflowing catalyst bed operation to said upflow catalyst bed regeneration operation.

Abstract: A method and system for cracking hydrocarbons with distinct fluid catalyst particles differing in activity, selectivity and physical characteristics is described wherein a common catalyst regeneration system is employed which will measurably contribute to the heat requirements of the operation as well as the activity/selectivity characteristics of the catalyst employed. Except for size, the catalysts upon make-up may have different or identical catalytic characteristics. However, upon contact with a particular hydrocarbon stream, such as vacuum resid, the selectivity and coke producing characteristics of the catalysts may be altered.

Abstract: In a fluid catalytic cracking unit utilizing a zeolite cracking catalyst and employing a multiplicity of elongated reaction zones or risers, significant improvements are obtained by introducing a light gas oil to at least one elongated reaction zone and a heavier gas oil to at least one other elongated reaction zone. Optionally, the vaporous effluent from either or both elongated reaction zones may be subjected to further cracking in the dense phase of catalyst in the reactor vessel. Operating conditions within the elongated reaction zones are established to permit the conversion of the heavier gas oil to be 0-30 volume percent lower than the light gas oil. Higher yields of higher octane gasoline are obtained where the unit is operated in the disclosed manner.

Abstract: An apparatus for catalytically cracking hydrocarbons comprising a riser reactor having a plurality of catalyst injectors positioned along the length thereof. Adjacent to and upstream of certain of the catalyst injectors, cyclone separators are connected to the reactor so that fluid which contains a partially converted or cracked hydrocarbon and catalyst pass therethrough for separating the catalyst from the fluid with the fluid being returned to the reactor. Fresh catalyst is introduced into the fluid after same exits the separator to continue the cracking process. Steam can also be introduced into the reactor adjacent the catalyst injectors.