Abstract: The invention relates to an improved hydrocarbon steam-cracking method intended to produce more particularly ethylene and propylene.The method is based on the utilization of a multi-channel system made of ceramic material, in which the charge and heat exchange fluids or refrigerants alternatively pass through the channels or rows of channels constituting the continuous assembly comprising a pyrolysis zone followed by a quenching zone.The method according to the invention is applicable to charges ranging from ethane to vacuum gas oils.

Abstract: Vacuum gas oil is catalytically cracked in the presence of a fluid zeolite catalyst in a riser reactor and then quenched before discharging into the disengaging section of a stripper vessel. The quench fluid is injected into the last 10 vol % of the riser reactor to prevent over cracking. In this manner, the amount of cracking which takes place in the disengaging vessel is reduced. The quench injection nozzles should be located at a point near the riser outlet but far enough from the outlet that the mixture in the riser and the quench fluid have come to temperature equilibrium by the time the mixture reaches the riser outlet. The quench fluid should be essentially inert to cracking, e.g. water or selected hydrocarbon fractions such as an intermediate cycle gas oil or heavy recycle naphtha.

Abstract: The method and apparatus are used to disperse a liquid component throughout a gaseous component and to supply a uniform mixture of components to a heat exchanger in a process for thermal cracking hydrocarbons. The method for supplying the mixture of components from a nonuniform mixture includes several supply steps. First, the nonuniform mixture is separated into liquid and gaseous components. Then, the flow of gaseous component is accelerated to a high velocity. Next, the liquid component is dispersed through the gaseous component in a region of its high velocity flow to obtain a uniform mixture. Finally, the uniform mixture is supplied to the heat exchanger through an outlet conduit.The method is preferably accomplished with an assembly that is fabricated from a number of components. An inlet conduit supplies the gaseous component to a venturi which accelerates the flow velocity of the gaseous component in the assembly. A liquid supply conduit provides the liquid component to an atomizer in the assembly.

Abstract: A process for recovering heat from a tar-containing gas while simultaneously cooling the gas in a 3-stage cooling step by (1) directing a tar-containing gas through a jet cooler comprising a bed of solid particles so that the gas contacts the solid particles and forms a fluidized bed with the flow of the tar-containing gas, which jet cooler comprises a central draft tube into which the gas is directed and indirect heat exchange lines containing a liquid coolant therein disposed inside the central draft tube and wherein the gas and solid particles are cooled by such indirect heat exchange lines such that the tar from the gas condenses on the solid particles; (2) directing the gas through a tar cooler in the second stage wherein the gas-containing residual tars and other impurities resulting from the treatment in the jet cooler are sprayed with a circulating tar from a nozzle to remove a residual tars and impurities from the gas and wherein the gas is further cooled in said tar cooler by means of an indirect he

Abstract: A process for high hydroconversion of petroleum residua containing at least about 25 V % material boiling above 1000.degree. F. to produce lower boiling hydrocarbon liquid products and avoid undesirable precipitation of asphaltene compounds. In the process, the feedstock is at least about 50 percent catalytically hydroconverted to material boiling below 975.degree. F. and containing a mixture of gas and liquid fractions, after which the gas fraction is removed and the resulting liquid fractions is pressure-reduced and quenched to a temperature below about 775.degree. F. To avoid precipitation of asphaltene compounds which causes operational difficulties in the downstream equipment, the quench liquid used should have an API gravity not more than about 22.degree. API higher than the API gravity of the first pressure-reduced liquid fraction.

Abstract: A process for the recovery of heat from the gas leaving a unit for the thermal hydrogenation of an oil feedstock, which process comprises quenching the gas with a quench liquid in a quenching zone in which all the internal surfaces thereof are irrigated by the quench liquid and passing the cooled gas and quench liquid to a heat recovery unit in which all the surfaces thereof in contact with gas are irrigated by the quench liquid.The process is particularly suitable for the recovery of heat from the gas leaving a fluidized bed hydrogenator.

Abstract: The invention relates to quenching a cracked hydrocarbon gas by passing a cracked gas stream axially through a pipe and injecting a liquid coolant into said pipe through a plurality of circumferentially arranged slots in a swirling manner, the weight ratio of the flow rate of the coolant to the flow rate of the gas stream being in the range of about 2 to about 15 whereby a sufficient amount of the coolant is swept into the gas stream to effectively cool the same. Suitable apparatus comprises a quench pipe formed of two substantially abutting sections, the downstream section being grooved to form with the upstream section of said slots. Preferably the upstream section has an internal circumferentially arranged deflector lip overhanging the slots.

Abstract: In the combination of a reactor vessel which includes a quench ring and a dip tube surrounding a bottom outlet, there is an improved quench ring structure. It includes a first annular cooling conduit mounted against the floor of the reactor chamber and surrounding the outlet. That floor supports a refractory lining. There is a second annular cooling conduit mounted beneath the first conduit. And, there is a high temperature resistant seal between the two conduits. The result maintains a tight seal against escape of high temperature reactor gas, in spite of any warping of the reactor floor.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an improved method for continuous thermal cracking of heavy petroleum oil, which can achieve a high degree of cracking in a column-like reactor of relatively small size and provides residual pitch rich in .beta.-resin components and lean in gas mixed therein. The above method comprises charging preheated heavy oil into an upper reaction zone of an upright cylindrical continuous reactor, which is divided into upper and lower reaction zones by means of a partition plate, drawing the resultant cracked gas and oil vapor from the upper reaction zone, and discharging residual pitch through the bottom of the lower reaction zone.

Abstract: Apparatus for quenching and cooling the reactor effluent in a thermal regenerative cracking (TRC) system. The quench apparatus includes a section for introducing relatively cool particulate solids into a hot effluent stream to effect initial quenching and a section to further cool the composite of quenched effluent and solids.

Abstract: A process of quenching an effluent containing materials having a tendency to coke is disclosed, the process being characterized by the quenching of the effluent in a quench zone wherein heat is transferred from the effluent through at least one heat exchange tube wall, and through a solid heat transfer medium surrounding the tube and in contact with the tube, to water, the temperature of the wall being maintained above the dew point of materials having a tendency to coke partly by the provision of the solid heat transfer medium which increases gradually in thickness from a point at or near the entry of the tube to a point at or near the exit of the tube.

Abstract: The flow of cracked gases, for example, from an ethylene plant through the tubes of a transfer line heat exchanger is equalized by employing larger cross-section tubes in the outer portion of the exchanger and smaller cross-section tubes in the inner portion of the exchanger thereby preventing, or substantially minimizing, build-up of coke deposits in the exchanger, especially in the inlets of the tubes in the outer portion where coke formation conventionally occurs.

Abstract: There is described an improved coal liquefaction quenching process which prevents the formation of coke with a minimum reduction of thermal efficiency of the coal liquefaction process. In the process, the rapid cooling of the liquid/solid products of the coal liquefaction reaction is performed without the cooling of the associated vapor stream to thereby prevent formation of coke and the occurrence of retrograde reactions. The rapid cooling is achieved by recycling a subcooled portion of the liquid/solid mixture to the lower section of a phase separator that separates the vapor from the liquid/solid products leaving the coal reactor.

Abstract: Prequenching a conversion zone effluent by direct introduction and heat exchange with a convertable material. The thus quenched effluent passes through a transfer line heat exchange zone with considerably lessened deposition of carbonaceous materials. In one embodiment, liquid ethane and/or propane is injected with the use of a nozzle into the effluent of an ethylene production.

Abstract: In a furnace system for producing carbon black, a primary quench fluid is injected into the combustion products from the furnace to produce effluent. The effluent is passed through a trim quench chamber containing a tubular member. The tubular member has an internal flow path therethrough and is positioned in the housing defining the quench chamber to form an outer flow path therebetween. Part of the effluent flowing through the quench chamber passes through the internal flow path while the remainder passes through the outer flow path. Quench liquid is introduced into the quench chamber for initial contact with substantially only the portion of the effluent passing through the internal flow path.

Abstract: Apparatus for quenching and cooling the reactor effluent in a thermal regenerative cracking (TRC) system. The quench apparatus includes a section for introducing relatively cool particulate solids into a hot effluent stream to effect initial quenching and a section to further cool the composite of quenched effluent and solids.

Abstract: Apparatus and process for quenching and cooling reactor effluent. The apparatus includes a section for introducing relatively cool particulate solids into a hot effluent stream to effect initial quenching and a section to further cool the composite quenched effluent and solids. The process employs relatively cool particulate solids to quench hot effluent and indirect heat exchange between water and the quenched effluent-solids mix to generate high pressure steam and further cool the mix.

Abstract: A catalytic converter is disclosed, which incorporates an improved mechanism to supply a part of a make-up gas for temperature control. A plurality of stages of a gas injection device are provided in the main body of the catalytic converter, each of the stages of the gas injection rings consisting of a plurality of gas injection rings concentrically arranged therein. Each of the gas injection rings is interconnected through connecting tubes to each of the small chambers which corresponds to each of the stages of the gas injection rings and is provided in a make-up gas supply chamber.

Abstract: The tar vapors from carbonizing coal, preferably in a fluidized bed, are treated by quenching with a hydrogen-donor solvent. Tar molecules prone to polymerization upon condensation and upon distillation are partially hydrogenated; the resulting tar solution is of lower viscosity and less likely to coke or form pitch.

Abstract: A process and system for sequentially cracking hydrocarbons in a TRC system. A first hydrocarbon feed is cracked at high severity low residence times and the cracked effluent is quenched by a second hydrocarbon feed which is coincidentally cracked at low severity.

Abstract: Apparatus for the diacritic cracking of heavy hydrocarbon feeds includes a combustor for burning a fuel, to provide the hot combustion products to the reactor. The combustor is water cooled and includes gas filming with an appropriate gas such as N.sub.2 or CO.sub.2 to avoid coking in the combustor by preventing impingement of the fuel and combustion products on the combustor walls. The reactor is of reduced cross-section, also preferably utilizing gas filming to avoid coking on the reactor walls. Feed stock injectors are provided adjacent the reactor inlet. Adjacent the outlet end of the reactor is a quench section designed for the rapid injection of a quench fluid to reduce the stream temperature below that at which further cracking will take place, with the quench injectors also being gas filmed to avoid the coking thereof.

Abstract: A method of recovering heat energy from hydrocarbon pyrolysis effluent characterized by differentiated cooling systems, reduced coking, and high quality steam generation. Steam quality is improved by utilization of a minimum quenched effluent temperature of at least 370.degree. C.

Abstract: A method for reducing coking in quench units is disclosed, the method being characterized by removal of the coking materials from the quench liquid employed.

Abstract: A process for the thermal cracking of hydrocarbons by feeding them into a line together with a fused salt, which comprises: feeding a fused salt mixed with steam into a reaction tube of a thermal cracking furnace of external heating type and further feeding raw hydrocarbons mixed with steam into said reaction tube to thermally crack the raw hydrocarbons; quenching the resulting fluid mixture of the cracking products, fused salt and steam in a quenching device, then dividing the fluid mixture into the fused salt and a gaseous substance, removing sludge and, if necessary, sulfur compounds from thus separated fused salt and recirculating the fused salt to the reaction tube and the quenching device; and dividing thus separated gaseous substance into an oil containing coke, tarry substances and fused salt mist and the intended cracking gas, and subjecting the oil to treatment with steam to convert the coke and tarry substance in the oil into water gas or to partial burning treatment with air or oxygen to divide th

Abstract: A process and system for sequentially cracking hydrocarbon. A first hydrocarbon feed is cracked at high severity low residence times and the cracked effluent is quenched by a second hydrocarbon feed which is coincidentally cracked at low severity.

Abstract: An apparatus for quenching pyrolysis gas, in which cooling of pyrolysis gas of hydrocarbons can be carried out very rapidly, decoking of pyrolysis furnace can be carried out easily and the life of apparatus can be extremely extended, is provided according to the apparatus in which the upper outlet of each of cracking tubes of a multi-tubular pyrolysis furnace for hydrocarbons is connected directly with each of vertical introducing pipes for pyrolysis gas, having a diameter larger than that of said upper outlet, and situated on a level upper than that of said upper outlet; cooling pipes for pyrolysis gas having closed lower ends are inserted in said introducing pipes in the same direction therewith; pipes for flowing-in a cooling medium, the lower ends of which pipes open into said cooling pipes at the position close to the closed ends of the cooling pipes are provided and opening parts for each of fluids are provided in the neighborhood of the upper ends of said introducing pipes and said cooling pipes, respe

Abstract: A closed reactor for the thermal cracking of heavy oils, having an internally mounted, rotatable injection pipe. The injection pipe is adapted to spurt preheated raw material under pressure against the inner wall surfaces of the reactor while rotating to remove coke which has deposited on the reactor walls during the previous cracking operation.

Abstract: The gas stream obtained from the pyrolysis of solid organic wastes and containing chlorine in the form of hydrogen chloride is processed to obtain a substantially chlorine free pyrolytic oil.The gas stream is first contacted with a hydrocarbon immiscible with the pyrolytic oils to quench the gas stream and reduce the gas stream temperature close to the dew point of water. This forms a two phase condensate of the quench hydrocarbon and pyrolytic oil. The phases are separated, the pyrolytic oil recovered and the hydrocarbon recycled as the quench. The resultant gas stream is then treated for removal of hydrogen chloride from the gas stream for disposal or recovery of hydrochloric acid.

Abstract: A method for recovering sensible heat from a thermally decomposed high temperature hydrocarbon gas product in the form of high pressure steam of from 40 to 100 kg/cm.sup.2 has been discovered. This method comprises pre-cooling at first the thermally decomposed gas product of high temperature by mixing said gas product with sprayed low temperature hydrocarbon oil as a quenching oil to a temperature of about 300.degree. to 400.degree. C.; and then passing the mixture through the tubes of a shell-and-tube type heat exchanger so as to transfer the heat of said resulting mixture into a high pressure water flowing through the space of the shell side thereof to recover a high pressure steam, followed by separating the condensed hydrocarbon oil from the mixture to reuse said oil by recirculation.

Abstract: A decoking apparatus suitable for use on a reaction vessel for the thermal cracking of heavy petroleum oils the apparatus essentially including a rotatable main injection pipe to be disposed in the reaction vessel and having a multitude of jet nozzles along its length, and a second or auxiliary injection pipe positioned in the proximity of the main injection pipe to inject a scrubbing liquid over the outer peripheral walls of the main injection pipe to prevent deposition of coke. The main and auxiliary injection pipes are both supplied with heavy petroleum oil to remove the coke deposition from the reactor wall by the heavy petroleum oil jets from the main injection pipe while wetting the exterior of the main pipe with the heavy petroleum oil injected by the auxiliary injection pipe.

Abstract: Coronene deposits are removed from a heat exchange zone of a reforming process by operating the reforming zone at conditions such that at least a portion of the reformer effluent condenses in the heat exchange zone where the coronene deposit occurs.

Abstract: A decoking device suitable for use on a reaction vessel for the thermal cracking of heavy petroleum oils, including an assembly mounted on top of the reaction vessel and having a cylinder and a piston slidably and rotatably received in the cylinder, the cylinder and piston defining a scrubbing liquid chamber which is sealed from the outside. A scrubbing liquid is fed through the scrubbing liquid chamber to a main injection pipe to inject the liquid through a multitude of jet nozzles in the main injection pipe against the inner wall surfaces of the reaction vessel, the main injection pipe being connected to the piston for movement therewith.

Abstract: A process for visbreaking a heavy petroleum fraction wherein the effluent of the visbreaking heater is quenched by admixture with an overhead liquid produced by condensation of the overhead vapors of a secondary flash zone. The visbreaker effluent is then passed into a rectified flash zone, with the bottoms liquid of the rectified flash zone forming the feed stream to the secondary flash zone.

Abstract: The formation and accumulation of coke or other reaction by-products of olefins produced by the pyrolysis of hydrocarbons is prevented. This is accomplished by maintaining the transfer portion extending from the outlet port of the pyrolysis reaction tube to the multi-tubular quenching device at a temperature below 450.degree. C. This technique is especially applicable to the manufacture of olefins by the pyrolysis of hydrocarbons which are gaseous at room temperature under atmospheric pressure or liquid hydrocarbons having a volumetric average boiling point of below 90.degree. C., at temperatures ranging from 750.degree. to 900.degree. C., followed by quenching in a multi-tubular quenching apparatus. It is only necessary to cool the transfer portions to a temperature below 450.degree. C. in those areas where cracked gas is flowing at a flow rate below 50 kg/m.sup.2 per sec.

Abstract: Thermal cracking of hydrocarbons by the introduction of liquid feedstock into a stream of hot gaseous combustion products, the method comprising introducing and mixing said liquid as at least one stream in said hot gaseous combustion product stream while concurrently surrounding and shrouding each of said liquid streams with a co-injected annular stream of gas having a velocity sufficient to supplement momentum without substantial dilution of the combustion product stream.

Abstract: An apparatus for the cooling of a cracking-gas stream comprises a vertical pipe through which the cracking-gas stream is conducted and opening into a larger pipe section which surrounds the first-mentioned pipe across an annular gap. A plurality of inlets open tangentially into this gap, upstream of the mouth of the first pipe to distribute cooling oil along the wall of the second pipe. The cooling oil film is found to be uniform and coherent and prevents contact of the cracking gas with the wall of this pipe. A further pipe opening axially into the surrounding pipe or pipe section sprays an additional quantity of cooling oil into the cracking-gas stream downstream of the mouth of the inlet pipe.

Abstract: A fluids spraying assembly for use with pressure vessels, the assembly being adapted to permit the spraying head to be retracted for inspection and replaced in spraying use without leakages of gases from the pressure vessel.

Abstract: A method for quenching cracked gases and recovery of heat therefrom by cooling the gases in heat exchange with steam to increase superheat level of the steam and subsequently recovering heat from the superheated steam.

Abstract: A system to produce ethylene includes, in one embodiment, separately cracking a heavy hydrocarbon feed and a lighter feed, cooling the latter product in a transfer-line exchanger before admixture with the former product and cooling the mixed product in a transfer-line exchanger. Both exchangers are preferably a novel transfer-line exchanger that has a construction including a vertical tank, with a cylindrical intermediate portion and conical bottom entrance and top exit end portions, tube sheets at the top and bottom ends of the intermediate portion of the tank, vertical tubes extending between the tube sheets and in alignment with openings in the tube sheets. The tubes extend downwardly through the lower tube sheet with their ends at openings in a conical shield that is supported in the entrance conical portion of the tank by the tubes or by the conical entrance portion of the tank.

Abstract: In a thermal cracking process employing inert hot solids as a heat source, the cracker effluent solids are passed to a burner for combustion of deposited and entrained coke. The liquid product of the thermal cracking process is distilled and the liquid residue comprises a low value solids-containing slurry which is used as a torch oil in the coke burner. The liquid residue from a catalytic cracking process also comprises a low value slurry since it contains particles of cracking catalyst and in the present process is used as auxiliary torch oil in the solids burner. The catalyst particles are rendered inert at the high temperature of the burner, thereby enhancing the quantity of inert solids circulating in the thermal cracking process. The use of a second slurry as torch oil reduces the quantity of thermally cracked liquid residue required as torch oil and enhances the quantity of more valuable solids-free distillate liquid recoverable from the thermal cracking process.

Abstract: A cooling device for use in the quenching of combustion gases containing hydrogen chloride. The device is an elongated steel vessel with angularly spaced openings to receive nozzles for the injection of a quenching liquid. The vessel contains a hard rubber layer extending over its inner surface and an acid-resistant ceramic lining within the hard rubber layer.

Abstract: Apparatus and a process for mixing and horizontally distributing vertically flowing fluids are disclosed, the apparatus being adapted to be self-supporting in a vertically elongated shell or to support a bed of particulate solids within a shell. The process and apparatus are particularly useful for supporting an upper catalyst bed and for mixing and distributing liquid hydrocarbons and a hydrogen-containing gas across the cross-section of a downstream catalyst bed in a reactor system. The apparatus is preferably adapted for introducing a cooling gas into a reaction stream between upstream and downstream catalyst beds.

Abstract: Production of acetylene by pyrolytic cracking of hydrocarbons following lr volumertric heating by: doping the feed stock with an absorbing gas such as ethylene to absorb laser radiation in a controlled manner: applying laser radiation in the form of a sheet with a thickness from about 5 to about 20 mm perpendicular to the flow direction of the feed stock; maintaining a reaction temperature around 1800.degree. to 200.degree. K by adjusting the energy output of the laser; and maintaining the temperature of the reaction chamber walls below 1000.degree. K.

Abstract: A process for the thermal cracking of heavy oils with a fluidized particulate heat carrier is carried out while recovering particles of the heat carrier accompanied by a stream of the reaction product by means of a cyclone and a gravitational separator, returning the particles of the heat carrier recovered by the cyclone directly to the reactor and returning the particles of the heat carrier recovered by the gravitational separator to the reactor in the form of suspension in a cracked oil.

Abstract: In the thermal cracking of a hydrocarbon feedstock, the quenching of the gases leaving the cracking zone is deliberately deferred for a very short time to permit continued endothermic reaction and thereby increase the ethylene yield.

Abstract: A method for rapid cooling of high temperature reaction gases obtained by ermal cracking of hydrocarbons, which comprises conducting an indirect heat exchange between a high temperature reaction gas obtained by thermal cracking of a hydrocarbon and a molten metal maintained at a prescribed temperature, lest heavy components in the high temperature gas be substantially condensed. In this method, the molten metal can be circulated by the use of a pressurized inert gas. In practice of this method, there can be effectively used a high temperature reaction gas cooling apparatus comprising a double-tubular heat exchanger, a cooling tank connected to said heat exchanger, and an inert gas circulating passage connected to a conduit connecting said heat exchanger and said cooling tank.

Abstract: A method of and apparatus for increasing yields of certain recoverable gases, particularly ethylene feedstocks, produced during the manufacture of coke from a raw material in a coking apparatus is disclosed.The method includes the steps of heating the raw material to its coking temperature to cause evolvement of the recoverable gases in an effluent zone in the coking apparatus above the raw material; and simultaneously introducing a cooling fluid into the effluent zone to maintain the temperature of the recoverable gases in the effluent zone below their decomposition temperature, thereby increasing the yield of certain recoverable gases from the coking apparatus while maintaining maximum coke-producing rates in the coking apparatus.

Abstract: A device suitable for mixing and redistributing reactants between the beds of a multi-bed, mixed phase down flow reactor comprising means for injecting gas into the reactor having a number of parallel perforated pipes extending across the width of the reactor and a number of quench boxes also extending across the width of the reactor. The quench boxes also have an inner and two outer compartments, passages through the walls between the inner and outer compartments, passages in the roof of either the inner or outer compartments and passages in the floor of whichever of the inner or outer compartments has no passages in its roof.

Abstract: Heavy hydrocarbon feedstocks, such as atmospheric and vacuum residua, heavy crude oils and the like, are converted to predominantly liquid hydrocarbon products by contacting said feedstocks in the presence of hydrogen with a regenerable alkali metal carbonate molten medium containing a glass-forming oxide, such as boron oxide, at a temperature in the range of from above about the melting point of said molten medium to about 1000.degree.F. and at elevated pressures. Preferably, the regenerable molten medium comprises an oxide of boron in combination with a mixture of sodium and lithium carbonate or a mixture of sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate and lithium carbonate. The carbonaceous materials (coke) which are formed in the molten medium during the above-described conversion process are gasified by contacting said carbonaceous materials with a gaseous stream containing oxygen, steam, or carbon dioxide at temperatures of from above about the melting point of said medium to about 2000.degree.F.