Abstract: Apparatus is disclosed for separating an amount of a substance from groundwater, comprising an elongate chamber (18) having an inlet (22) which is arranged in use to admit groundwater into the chamber near a lower first end (24). There is also a gas sparger (26) located near the first end (24) which admits gas into the chamber for inducing groundwater to flow from the first end (24) of the chamber toward a second end upper end, and for producing a froth layer (32) which rises above an interface with the groundwater including a concentrated amount of the substance. A suction hood (38) can be moved downward from the top of the chamber (18) into a position to collapse the froth layer (32) and to cause it to be removed from the well body (14). The suction hood (38) (acting as a froth depth regulation device) controls the amount of groundwater in the froth layer (32), which influences the concentration of the contaminant substance achieved in the froth layer (32).

Abstract: An integrated method for clearance, collection and capture of internal pollutants and algae at the bottom of a lake include the following steps: selecting areas where the pollution level is high, and organic or inorganic particulate matter is prone to accumulation and carrying out trenching operations at the bottom of the lake to form a plurality of traps; and removing the sludge and algae inside the traps and clearing the sediment inside the traps, for subsequent internal pollution control when the surface-layer sludge on both sides of the traps almost fills up the traps. This method makes use of the hydrodynamic disturbances of waves formed by natural wind energy and lake currents to continuously transport sludge with a high pollution level and a small specific gravity and algae in the surface layer of the lake bottom, which are rich in organic debris, to artificially built traps.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for enhancing the removal of a per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) component from waste water using a cationic polymer (e.g., a cationic polymer flocculant or coagulant). The cationic polymer enables gas that is diffused through the waste water to carry at least a portion of the PFAS component to the surface of water, creating a foam that can then be removed.

Abstract: The present disclosure is related to a smart irrigation system that includes a first sensor configured to monitor a moisture level at a location and a second sensor configured to monitor a contamination level within a fluid. The smart irrigation system also includes one or more processors configured to receive a first signal from the first sensor, receive a second signal from the second sensor, and route the fluid to the location in response to the first signal indicating that the moisture level is below a moisture threshold and the second signal indicating that the contamination level is below a contamination threshold.

Abstract: A method for filtering a gas includes delivering a gas into a compartment of a gas filter assembly; applying a partial vacuum to the gas filter assembly so that the partial vacuum assists in drawing the gas through a porous filter body of the gas filter assembly that is at least partially disposed within the compartment of the gas filter assembly; and regulating the application of the partial vacuum based on a pressure reading of the gas upstream or downstream of the gas filter assembly.

Abstract: This publication relates to a method and a system for producing freshwater through a reverse osmosis process in a submerged membrane system requiring a differential pressure over the membrane system. The differential pressure is provided by introducing gas bubbles in the riser device (2) downstream the outlet (7) for fresh water in the riser device (2). The system comprises at least one submerged, reverse osmosis unit (1), with an inlet (4) for water and an outlet (7) for fresh water, a riser device (2) extending from the outlet (7) of the submerged membrane system to at, above or below sea level and a system for providing a low pressure side for the reverse osmosis process.

Abstract: A recycling device (200) for recycling used water from at least one used water source (100, 101) is provided. The recycling device (200) comprises a first water tank (210) arranged to receive used water from the at least one water source (100), and sensor means (211) arranged to measure the water quality of used water in the first water tank (210). The recycling device (200) is characterized in that it comprises a second water tank (220) arranged to store used water within the recycling device (200), and a water pump (240) and one or more valves (231, 232, 233, 234, 235; 301). The pump (240) and one or more valves (231, 232, 233, 234, 235; 301) arranged in the recycling device (200) such that used water is able to be stored in the second water tank (220), or recycled out of the recycling device (200) from the first water tank (210) or from the second water tank (220), when the water quality of the used water is above a determined threshold level.

Abstract: A system for decomposing a waste material in an unlined landfill including a landfill site having at least one waste disposal zone for receiving the waste material. The system also includes a remediation system configured for extracting a mixture of leachate and groundwater from groundwater within or adjacent to the landfill site and feeding the mixture into the at least one waste disposal zone along with air and other nutrients to enhance a rate of decay of the waste material within the at least one waste disposal zone.

Abstract: A structure and method for three-dimensional restoration of slope soil in an abandoned ion-absorbed rare earth mining area, belonging to the field of ecological restoration technologies. The structure for three-dimensional restoration of slope soil in an abandoned ion-absorbed rare earth mining area provided by the present invention includes an ecological water-harvesting pond, ecological intercepting ditches, an improved soil layer laid on the surface of a to-be-restored slope region and a soil restoration ecological network disposed on the improved soil layer. The improved soil layer, the ecological water-harvesting pond and the ecological intercepting ditches are each provided with a combined plant synusia system.

Abstract: The present invention comprises a surface mount secondary containment system comprising prefabricated pieces that may be assembled to form a wall and adjoining corner with overlapping sections to capture leaks, spillage or the like from a primary liquid container member that may be constructed so that no ground damage and or penetration is done during construction and use.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for installing a groundwater monitoring well inside a permeable reactive barrier (PRB) trench including excavating a PRB trench, installing a trench side-wall support, positioning a monitoring well borehole, installing an outer installation casing for pre-burying the monitoring well, installing a monitoring well positioning bracket, installing a monitoring well casing, installing monitoring well filter packs and seal materials, filling the trench with PRB media and capping with a covering soil layer, removing the outer installation casing, removing the trench side-wall support, completing the monitoring well with a wellhead, and conducting well development.

Abstract: Systems and methods for sulfur-compound removal from hydrocarbon liquids may include at least one tank defining a chamber with top and bottom ends, a gas inlet into the chamber, a gas outlet from the chamber, a fluid inlet into the chamber, and a fluid outlet from the chamber. A fluid circulation assembly creates a hydrocarbon liquid flow on a liquid path, and a gas circulation assembly circulates a gas flow along a gas path. The gas inlet and outlet and the fluid inlet and outlet of the tank may be arranged to create a crossflow and counterflow of the liquid and gas flows in the chamber of the tank such that sulfur-containing compounds are transferred from the liquid to the gas flow. A gas processor assembly may remove sulfur-containing compounds from the gas flow before recirculating the gas flow. The gas flow may be predominantly nitrogen (N2) gas.

Abstract: A self-leveling single axle dump truck is provided, the truck comprising a frame, a dump body pivotably mounted on the frame, and a propulsion and self-leveling system comprising a single axle supporting the frame at least during motion of the self-leveling single axle dump truck, the single axle comprising at least a first and a second wheel and at least a first electric traction motor for driving the first wheel and a second electric traction motor for driving the second wheel.

Abstract: Apparatus is disclosed for separating an amount of a substance from groundwater, comprising an elongate chamber (18) having an inlet (22) which is arranged in use to admit groundwater into the chamber near a lower first end (24). There is also a gas sparger (26) located near the first end (24) which admits gas into the chamber for inducing groundwater to flow from the first end (24) of the chamber toward a second end upper end, and for producing a froth layer (32) which rises above an interface with the groundwater including a concentrated amount of the substance. A suction hood (38) can be moved downward from the top of the chamber (18) into a position to collapse the froth layer (32) and to cause it to be removed from the well body (14). The suction hood (38) (acting as a froth depth regulation device) controls the amount of groundwater in the froth layer (32), which influences the concentration of the contaminant substance achieved in the froth layer (32).

Abstract: A method for treating chemicals below ground is provided. The system includes contacting the chemicals with a rhizosphere to maximize transpiration rate and minimize over-saturation of the rhizosphere. Also provided is a method for using contaminated groundwater as a sole source of irrigation. The method uses extracting the contaminated water and pumping the extracted water to an irrigation zone under the control of an autonomous irrigation system. Each zone includes some trees and the root system for each tree is modified to function as a treatment cell. The invention also provides a system for treating contaminated water, using a contaminated water source situated below ground surface. The system uses a pump for extracting contaminated water from the water source and prevents the contaminated water from directly contacting the atmosphere above the ground surface. Vegetation which defines an underground rhizosphere is adapted to directly receive the water.

Abstract: A drainage component having a continuous, extruded mat having an upper face and a lower face. The mat includes a plurality of patterned three-dimensional structures, each structure spaced from all adjacent structures, and the plurality of patterned three-dimensional structures are provided in a plurality of linear rows or columns in a first direction.

Abstract: The disclosure provides a soil-groundwater joint remediation device and a method. The soil-groundwater joint remediation device is disposed in an area to be remediated and includes an injection structure, an extraction structure, and a control structure. The injection structure is disposed in an injection well defined in the area to be remediated. The injection structure includes a hot air injection member, an oxidant injection member, and a micro-bubble injection member. The extraction structure is disposed in an injection well defined in the area to be remediated and spaced from the injection structure. The extraction structure includes a liquid phase extraction member and a gas phase extraction member. The control structure controls the liquid phase extraction member and the gas phase extraction member to perform an extraction operation.

Abstract: A porous micromodel network to simulate formation flows includes a substrate, two or more porous micromodels formed on the substrate and a fluid inlet formed on the substrate. The first porous micromodel defines a first fluidic flow pathway and is representative of a first hydrocarbon-carrying formation. Flow through the first fluidic flow pathway is representative of flow through the first hydrocarbon-carrying formation. The second porous micromodel is fluidically isolated from the first porous micromodel. The second porous micromodel defines a second fluidic flow pathway different from the first fluidic flow pathway. The second porous micromodel is representative of a second hydrocarbon-carrying formation different from the first hydrocarbon-carrying formation. Flow through the second fluidic flow pathway is representative of flow through the second hydrocarbon-carrying formation.

Abstract: A drainage assembly is disclosed. The drainage assembly has a subgrade material having a bottom surface and at least one side surface that forms an angle with the bottom surface, a first layer of a first material disposed on the bottom surface and the at least one side surface, a passage disposed on or in the first layer, and a second layer of a second material disposed above the passage and the first layer. The first material is coarser than the second material. An angle of repose of the second material is equal to or steeper than the angle.

Abstract: A method of treating an organic contaminated material includes producing manganese oxide media in a first treatment system; and contacting the organic contaminated material with the manganese oxide media in a second treatment system. The manganese oxide media may be coated aggregate having a layer of manganese oxide. The manganese oxide media may be manganese oxide solids. The manganese oxide solids can be formed by removing at least a portion of the manganese oxide layer from the coated aggregate.

Abstract: The present invention provides a ferromagnetic metal nanowire dispersion having an excellent dispersibility, from which a ferromagnetic metal nanowire film having an excellent electrical conductivity can be made. The present invention relates to a ferromagnetic metal nanowire dispersion comprising a ferromagnetic metal nanowire and a polymer compound.

Abstract: A method for determining breakthrough time of anti-seepage liners in a landfill, includes (a) detecting a leachate sample of the landfill to determine the initial concentration C0 of pollutants, and monitoring the leachate head h of the landfill; (b) determining the pollution-causing concentration CA of the pollutants according to functional orientation of local groundwater of the landfill; (c) determining, related parameters of the anti-seepage liners including the thickness z of the anti-seepage liners, the permeability coefficient k of the liners, and the porosity n of the material of the liners, and determining the related parameters of pollutant migration including the effective diffusion coefficient Da* and the mechanical dispersion coefficient Dm of the pollutants in the anti-seepage liners, and the adsorption retardation factor Rd of the anti-seepage liners on the pollutants; and (d) calculating the breakthrough time t of the anti-seepage liners according to a formula, t = nR d ? z 2 (

Abstract: A building panel may be installed below a slab in the construction of buildings. The building panel supports the slab and also provides a ventilation layer that may be depressurized to eliminate or reduce infiltration of radon gas into the building. The ventilation layer may comprise channels which provide a two-dimensionally interconnected void. Ventilation panels which include collars for connecting to ventilation systems may be provided. The panels may be installed directly on compacted soil. The building panels may additionally provide sub-slab insulation and/or a capillary break for water drainage. In some embodiments the building panels are formed substantially entirely of thermal insulating material such as rigid polystyrene foam. In an example embodiment the panels are approximately 4 inches thick and have a grid of intersecting channels formed on an underside of the panels.

Abstract: A system and method for remediation of polluted sites, implementing a combination of chemical and biological breakdown modes on the contaminating compounds. The system includes at least one reactor for production in situ of reagents required for the breakdown modes. The reactor includes at least three types of substantially independent electro-cells for production of Fenton reagents and dissolved oxygen. The method according to the invention includes utilizing at least one reactor which comprised of substantially independent electro-cells for producing reagents required for remediation of the polluted sites and a computerized controller loaded with data obtained from a site survey, measurements made by instruments and programmed sequence. The existing remediation techniques encounter in serious difficulties due to poor process control. Using the system according to the present invention allows control of the parameters and acceleration of the remediation process.

Abstract: A liquid treatment system includes: a filter casing including a structural wall, a first screen formed though the structural wall, and a second screen formed though the structural wall; and a liquid treatment cartridge configured for placement in the filter casing between the first and second screens. The liquid treatment cartridge includes a cartridge casing having an upper end and a lower end, and an inflatable seal surrounding the cartridge casing at an intermediary position between the upper end and lower end. A method of servicing a groundwater treatment installation includes: vertically displacing a liquid treatment cartridge within a filter casing having a structural wall, a first screen formed though the structural wall, and a second screen formed though the structural wall.

Abstract: Provided is a biological purifier, by which metal ions in untreated waste water containing the metal ions and sulfate ions can be removed in a low temperature environment with a water temperature of 15° C. or less for a long period of time. The biological purifier for untreated waste water containing metal ions and sulfate ions used for removing the metal ions from the untreated waste water by precipitating sulfides of the metal ions, the biological purifier includes chaff retaining sulfate-reducing bacteria; and an organic-containing material containing 5 mass % or more of crude protein.

Abstract: A substantially cylindrical drainage unit for use when buried in soil as part of a wastewater leach field comprises a first plastic bead aggregate mass, optionally with a central perforated pipe, surrounded by a segmented-quilt exterior surface. Quilts are held in place around part or all of a drainage unit by straps, a circumscribing netting sleeve, or by being themselves in the form of tubular sleeves. Preferred rectangular quilt segments contain a second pebble aggregate that is smaller than the first aggregate. Quilts are fabricated by mating two horizontally-moving layers of geotextile and disposing the second aggregate into channels or cavities that are defined by seams that join the layers to each other.

Abstract: A water conditioning system that both softens and improves the smell of water by removing dissolved ferrous iron and hydrogen sulfide from the water includes: a water softening tank, a cation exchange media situated in the water softening tank, a brine tank, a programmable control valve which regulates flow through the system and the periodic rejuvenation of the cation exchange media using flow from the brine tank, a valve that assists in providing a flow of aerated, pressurized water to the system, and an adapter with a bottom portion and a flow control valve that control the volume of the gaseous pocket that is created in the top portion of the water softening tank.

Abstract: A substantially cylindrical drainage unit for use when buried in soil as part of a wastewater leach field comprises a first plastic aggregate mass that is contained within netting, with an optional central perforated pipe. A segmented quilt comprises the exterior surface of the drainage unit which is in contact with soil. Pebble aggregate that is smaller in particle size than the first aggregate is contained with the cavities of the quilt segments. Quilts having different segment shapes and sizes are manufactured by specialized apparatus which creates rectilinear or serpentine seams.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an artificial aquifer for decreasing the contents of metals, metalloids, nitrate, nitrite, pesticides and organic micro contaminants in natural ground water or artificial infiltrated groundwater from surface water. The system comprising a basin of filling material creating a reaction zone, a feeding line, one or more satellite wells, at least one main well and a pumping well, whereby the feeding line is applied in the upper outer periphery of the basin and wherein the main well is connected to a pumping well via a bottom outflow provided with a regulating valve to maintain a given level of water in the aquifer. The invention further relates to a method for purifying water.

Abstract: A method of and a device for separating oil from water, or a lighter fluid floating on a heavier fluid or denser fluid. The device includes floating arms in V-shape formation that gather the fluids into a collecting channel which device thickens the layer of the lighter fluid to separate the lighter fluid using a drain where a self-adjusting float sits above the heavier fluid and below the lighter fluid. The lighter fluid is gravity discharged through a conduit into container to be later pumped out from the container or directly pumped from the drain.

Abstract: A water purification and storage system comprises a water storage container, a covering plate and an impermeable wall. The water storage container is formed by a plurality of tangentially connected polygonal water-filtering wells having well walls of a water-permeable structure, and an impermeable layer is arranged at the bottom of the well. At least one water-filtering well is a water output well. The covering plate is arranged at the upper portion of the water storage container, and comprises an impermeable covering plate arranged at the upper portion of the water output well and a water-permeable covering plates arranged at the upper portions of the remaining water-filtering wells. The impermeable wall is arranged around the water storage container. The system is suitable for the collection and purification of rain water. Also disclosed are a water-filtering well for use in the system, and a polygonal building block for the water-filtering well.

Abstract: In a device and a process for purifying water which is contaminated with sulphate ions and heavy metal ions, the water is collected in a water reservoir and a substance having basic activity in water is fed to the water reservoir in such a manner that a precipitant having heavy metal ions is precipitated from the water, wherein at least a subquantity of water is taken off from the water reservoir and is separated into pure water which is substantially freed from sulphate ions and heavy metal ions and dirty water which is enriched with sulphate ions and heavy metal ions. The dirty water is at least in part recirculated to the water reservoir, as a result of which a concentration of sulphate ions in the water reservoir is achieved such that a precipitant having sulphate ions is precipitated from the water.

Abstract: The present device provides a system for recirculating water in a well to reduce unwanted odor and mineral deposits that develop from stagnated well water. The water recirculation system comprises a wellhead having a vent aperture and a spigot line, a water filter, a nozzle, and a vent adapter, which are coupled with a water pump and water tank to create a mist for recirculating water within the system. The nozzle is positioned to spray the well walls of the well with a mist to reduce material deposits that may otherwise develop. The system operates solely on the water pressure provided by the water pump and water tank.

Abstract: Reactive treatment cells (RTCs) are described in combination with sediment capping systems as a means for environmental remediation. RTCs include an impermeable housing defining an interior, a permeable ceiling and floor typically including filtration materials such as geotextiles, and at least one interior compartment for treatment reagents. One RTC includes a gabion-like cage structure retaining a geomembrane-supported geosynthetic clay liner (GM-GCL) housing, while a second embodiment includes a hard, cylindrical shell as a replaceable reagent cartridge. RTCs may be employed in initial capping system installations or retrofitted into existing capping systems. RTCs may include optional baffles, flow restrictors, floating discs, sensor probes, and two or more serial reagent zones or compartments.

Abstract: The present invention involves a persulfate-release material used in the filler of permeable reactive barrier (PRB). This material presents double-layered structure characteristic: inner- and outer-layers are consisted of persulfate, cement, sand and water with different mass ratio. Two different types of moulds are used for the regulation of the shape-of the two-layer structures, which guarantees the stability and reproducibility of its structures and properties. During the whole released process, the released rate become more uniform and stable by the use of this material. During the whole service period, the change of the released rate is very slow, and the service lifetime can be 1-10 years. This invention can both reduce the initial released rate and improve the later released rate, and thus the whole released rate can be more uniform, which can be an important method to promote the efficiency of the persulfate toward engineering application.

Abstract: An improved upward flow constructed wetland cell for treatment of water contaminated with chlorinated aliphatics is disclosed. The improvements include adding ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms to the methane-oxidizing microorganisms already present in an oxygenated root zone and adding improved pore-water sample chambers for measuring the performance of the constructed wetland cell.

Abstract: A system for resource usage optimization employs an automatically controlled sensor suite providing data to a computer system for the analysis of spatial relationships of the sensors and resources. A control module incorporates an interactive logic, in an exemplary embodiment of well-stream coupled dynamic or game theory engines, operating in conjunction with the spatial data processing algorithms, GIS in an exemplary embodiment, receives as an input an objective function set for the use of the resource and constraint sets which are then monitored by the sensor suite. Incoming data is compared to the constraint sets and upon impact to any of the elements of the objective function set, creates a report/alarm for action or to trigger a corrective action.

Abstract: A water purification chamber is provided. In one embodiment, a system comprises a purification chamber comprising a selective adsorbent activated carbon fiber fabric including one or more selective functional groups that bind arsenic.

Abstract: Described herein are systems for manipulating a flowable substance, comprising: a flowable substance; a heating means; a cooling means; and a composition comprising chemically inert particles coated with a stimuli-responsive material. Compositions and methods for using the compositions are also described herein.

Abstract: A method of treating a site containing perfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) is described. The method and apparatus treats the site with fine oxygen/ozone gas bubbles delivered with a hydroperoxide coating and solution which is activated by self-created temperature or applied temperature to raise the oxidation potential above 2.9 volts. Once begun, the reaction is often self-promulgating until the PFC is exhausted, if PFC concentrations are sufficiently elevated.

Abstract: Soil treatment device for treating a contaminated soil and/or groundwater contained therein, comprising measuring means for measuring contamination of the soil, injecting means for injecting soil decontamination agents in the soil and a longitudinal soil penetration rod provided with a rod tip at an end of the soil penetration rod for moving the soil penetration rod into the soil, the outer surface of the soil penetration rod comprising a measuring section comprising at least one sensor of the measuring means for measuring contamination of the soil adjacent to the measuring section when moved into the soil and an injection section comprising at least one injection nozzle of the injecting means for injecting decontamination agent in the soil adjacent to the injection section, wherein the measuring section and the injection section are provided at longitudinally distinct locations of the soil penetration rod and in that the measuring section is closer to the rod tip than the injection section, characterized in

Abstract: An artificial oil lifting unit uses an endless olephilic absorbent belt, driven by a surface equipment and tensed by a down hole equipment placed in the well production casing. The said absorbent belt (1) is looped over a central pulley (2) from a driving and collecting module (C) and driven by a double toothed belt (4) looped over six pulleys from which five are free (6,7,8,9 and 10). One is a driving pulley (5) placed over an entry shaft (36), the double toothed belt (4) being looped also over the oil absorbent belt on the central pulley and tensed with two identical systems (I) with pulleys commanded from the exterior of the case (13).

Abstract: A method and apparatus for separating a first fluid from a fluid mixture. In one embodiment water containing methane is passed through an agitation chamber with a plate at the chamber's proximal and distal ends. Both plates have orifices permitting the mixed fluid to pass into and out of the agitation chamber. In one embodiment, the mixed fluid rotates about its axis of flow through the agitation chamber. In one embodiment, the mixed fluid passes through a separation chamber having a plurality of baffles that promote separation of the methane from the methane/water mixture. In one embodiment, the separated methane is removed from the water in a collection chamber that facilitates gravity separation of the mixed fluids.

Abstract: The present invention provides systems and methods for in-situ remediation of soil and groundwater having contaminants such as but not limited to organic compounds perhaps providing adsorption, chemical oxidation, and even biodegradation of contaminants with novel treatments such as but not limited to mixtures of granular activated carbon, calcium peroxide, sodium persulfate, and nitrate perhaps in various concentrations.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides systems and methods for at least partially remediating soil and/or groundwater containing perfluroroalkyl compounds (PFCs). In some embodiments, the systems and methods utilize an oxidase such as laccase, optionally with one or more enzyme-catalyzed oxidative humification reaction (ECOHR) mediators. In some embodiments the method is an in situ method. Optionally, the oxidase can be immobilized on soil, sand, clay, and/or activated carbon.

Abstract: When a large-scale contaminant plume is located under a surface area with conditions that prevent placement of a network of injection and associated extraction wells, embodiments of the invention may be used to pump a specific volume of the contaminant plume to at least one remote in-situ treatment cell, comprising at least one injection well surrounded by a plurality of associated extraction wells, where each extraction well is less than 300 feet from the associated injection well, and has a treatment zone with treatment reagent between injection and associated extraction wells.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a system (1) and to a method for collecting chemical compound(s) in aggregate (S), characterized in that it comprises at least one surface on which is placed at least one geocomposite (2) comprising at least one draining layer (22) on which there are perforated mini-drains (23) each containing at least one chemical compound fixing filament (24), aggregate (S) being placed on said geocomposite (2) in such a way that a fluid (L), which becomes laden with chemical compound(s) as it passes through the aggregate (S), reaches the inside of said perforated mini-drains (23) in which said fixing filaments (24) collect the chemical compound(s).

Abstract: A method of treating a site containing contaminants and apparatus are described The method and apparatus sparges the site with an air/ozone gas stream delivered with a hydroperoxide, which is a substantial byproduct of a reaction of a contaminant present in the aquifer or soil formation with the ozone.

Abstract: An oil recovery process that utilizes one or more filtration media having an efficiency of 30% or greater for particles of 1 micrometer size or greater and a flow rate of 2 milliliters per minute per centimeter squared of media per unit pressure of the liquid (ml/min/cm2/kPa) to remove silica and/or oil and/or dissolved organics and/or dissolved solids from produced water which includes separating oil from the produced water and precipitating silica into particles and wherein the produced water having the precipitated silica is directed to a filtration medium which operates in a direct flow filtration mode and removes the precipitated silica from the produced water to form a permeate stream.