Abstract: A filter unit for use in a casing disposed in a septic tank comprising a plurality of stacked filter plates. The individual filter plate is preferably substantially “D” shaped in circumference and has a substantially cone-shaped floor, tapering upward. The filter plates are preferably stacked in a superposed, spaced-apart manner with a particular diameter in relationship to the inner diameter of the case. The filter plates are preferably inserted into the filter case to define a seal horizontally around the bottom opening in the case, thereby allowing wastewater to enter into the filter plates to begin the filtering process. Solids preferably flow upward into the filter plates, where they are separated by size with a predetermined gap in the stacked filter plates.

Abstract: An underground system for distributing and filtering post-septic effluent includes an underground watertight basin containing a filter and conduit connecting a septic tank with the watertight basin for transporting the post-septic effluent into the watertight basin. A discharge pipe connected to the watertight basin transports filtered effluent from the watertight basin into a drainfield reserve for introduction into surrounding natural ground soil.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of depollution by phytoremediation intended for treating wastewater, polluted air or soil comprising a first step of introducing the pollutants in solid, liquid or gaseous form in a planted filter bed, and characterized in that it also comprises a step of irrigation of said planted filter bed so as to define aerobic or anaerobic periods, and to a device for carrying out that method.

Abstract: A reservoir and a septic system are provided. The reservoir can have a wall having a top end and a bottom end, an opening at the top end of the wall, a floor at the bottom end of the wall, an internal cavity defined by the wall and the floor and an inlet passing into the internal cavity above the floor. The septic system can comprise a septic tank, at least one liquid permeable leaching channel connected to the septic tank and at least one of the reservoirs. The reservoir positioned partially in the ground such that the top end of the reservoir is positioned above the ground and the bottom end of the reservoir is positioned below the ground with the inlet of the reservoir connected to the at least one leaching channel.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method for filtering fluid, preferably effluent fluid in a septic system, by providing a staged, filtering array in an effluent flow path, the stages positioned in an orientation designed to maximize filtering capability in conjunction with predetermined aperture positions and dimensions.

Abstract: Methods, systems and compositions for a green sorption media for bioretention soil amendments in drainfields for on-site waste water systems filled with the green sorption media to foster an anaerobic or anoxic environment saturated. The green sorption media includes one or more recycled materials, including tire crumb, sawdust, orange peel, coconut husks, leaf compost, oyster shell, soy bean hulls and one or more naturally occurring materials including peat, sands, zeolites, and clay. The wastewater filtration system for a passive drainfield includes the green sorption material mixture, a cell including baffled compartments and a riser, the cell filled with green sorption material mixture to provide an alternating cycle of aerobic and anoxic environments, an influent distribution system to distribute the influent over the cell, and a piping system arranged for dosing the cell to sustain the functionality of the green sorption material mixture to remove nutrient content in wastewater.

Abstract: A settling and retention basin includes an interior chamber having a peripheral wall preferably provided with two diametrically opposite openings in each of which is received a flow port member having a flow equalization port therein. Depending upon wastewater levels and surges, the flow port members can be removed and replaced by other flow port members of an identical construction, except for different sizes of design flow equalization ports thereof.

Abstract: An improved wastewater treatment apparatus is provided. The waste treatment apparatus illustratively follows a primary treatment system such as, for example, a septic tank, a primary clarifier, a lagoon, or an activated sludge process.

Abstract: A chlorinator for wastewater treatment systems having a circulation pump, circulation tank, and return flow line, which includes a reservoir of disinfectant fluid and a dosage container communicating with the reservoir and the circulation tank to dispense a determined quantity of disinfectant during operation of the circulation pump. The dosage container is vented to atmosphere to prevent vacuum lock in operation and communicates with the reservoir at a flow rate substantially smaller than it communicates with the circulation tank. Operation of the circulation pump causes flow through the return line, inducing distribution of the quantity of disinfectant fluid into the circulation tank. As the dosage container outgoing flow rate far exceeds the dosage container incoming flow rate, once the disinfectant level drops below the point of communication between the dosage container and the circulation tank, no her disinfectant is drawn into the circulation tank.

Abstract: An apparatus for diverting wastewater in septic system comprises a top, a side adjoining and extending downwardly from the top, the top and the side form an inner volume and a partially open bottom. The bottom can be fully open. A first opening extends upwardly from the partially open bottom. A second opening, having a perimeter, is also on the side. The apparatus can be placed at outlet end of a trench to receive the trench pipe. The first opening, the open bottom and the inner volume permit the apparatus to be placed over a pipe without adjustments or modifications.

Abstract: A device and method for growing aerobic and facultatively anaerobic bacteria such as Pseudomonas Fluorescens, Bacillus subtilus, Bacillus lichenoformis, Starkeya novella and various autotrophic sulfur metabolizing bacteria, along with methods for releasing these bacteria into suspended growth or fixed film wastewater treatment zones such as soil or media, for the purposes of bioremediation and the removal of nitrogen, sulfur, and carbon wastes.

Abstract: A flow control device for the drain lines of a septic system interrupts the flow in the event the proximate water table rises to a level of over-saturation resulting in the effluent flow being directed to the remaining drain lines. Each drain line is provided with a control box having a float controlled inlet valve having an open position allowing flow to the drain line. When the drain line cannot handle the required flow rate or when the proximate water table rises, the float shifts the valve toward a closed position, thereby redirecting the flow to the remaining lines.

Abstract: A passive drain field assembly reduces nitrogen in wastewater by facilitating nitrification and denitrification. A first chamber receives effluent into a multi-pipe bundle. An air vent is provided that extends from the atmosphere into the first chamber. A second chamber receives effluent from the first chamber, and contains a medium, beneath which is positioned a drainage pipe for releasing treated effluent into the soil therebeneath. A berm creates a retention area in the second chamber that is lined with a water-impermeable liner. In use, ammonia present in the effluent is converted to nitrate in the presence of the oxygen admitted by the air vent in the first chamber. The liquid retained upstream of the berm and above the liner undergoes anaerobic reactions. The remaining liquid proceeds to a place in the second chamber from which the drainage pipe can be entered, from which the treated wastewater can enter the soil.

Abstract: In one aspect of the invention, a sewer system has a waste material flow path which has an entrance and a downstream digester assembly. At least one in-line agitator is disposed upstream to the digester assembly. The at least one in-line agitator adapted to break down the waste material.

Abstract: By providing an easily transported, filler component system, leaching field forming elements for establishing a series of flexible design passageways into which the desired fill material is placed, a highly effective, easily installed, competitively priced with enhanced biological habitat underground fluid distribution system is achieved. In accordance with the present invention, the desired passageways are quickly and efficiently created by employing pre-folded cardboard panels, or other pervious materials, placing the materials in an excavated location or site in cooperating relationship with each other for creating the desired leaching fields. In the preferred embodiment, two, substantially identical, pre-folded cardboard panels are employed and are positioned in juxtaposed, cooperating, spaced, facing relationship with each other, establishing a central passageway therebetween.

Abstract: A closed loop biomass energy system includes at least one agricultural facility that produces agricultural waste; a waste processing system operable to convert the waste into biomass; a wastewater treatment system operable to treat wastewater created by the waste processing system and an energy production system operable to utilize the biomass to produce energy and provide the energy to an energy end-user. In one form, the energy is steam and the energy end-user is a biofuel production facility that utilizes the steam to power production of a biofuel. In a further aspect of this form, wastewater created as a byproduct of the biofuel production is transferred to and treated by the wastewater treatment system. However, additional forms, embodiments, features and aspects are contemplated as discussed in further detail in this document.

Abstract: In one aspect of the invention, a sewer system has a waste material flow path which has an entrance and a downstream digester assembly. At least one in-line agitator is disposed upstream to the digester assembly. The at least one in-line agitator adapted to break down the waste material.

Abstract: Described are a tertiary disinfection system and process for treating a liquid effluent from a domestic secondary treatment unit. The liquid effluent has pathogenic micro-organisms, remaining suspended solids and dissolved organic pollutants. The system has an inlet, a subterranean initial treatment zone filled with a filtering material for removing some suspended solids, dissolved organic pollutants and pathogenic micro-organisms. The initial treatment zone allows the liquid effluent to percolate downward. The system also has a subterranean polishing zone extending horizontally outward from the initial treatment zone, and filled with a filtering material having pore sizes allowing upward capillary dispersion of the liquid effluent. The system also has a subterranean aeration zone having an interface with the initial treatment zone and the polishing zone, to provide aeration enabling aerobic accommodation of microflora for disinfection of the effluent.

Abstract: A modular wastewater clarification device that may be positioned external to a septic tank or, alternatively, installed internally within a septic tank chamber to produce sufficiently clean water for lawn and agricultural uses. The modular clarification device includes a filter having a smaller size than the pre-filter bridging between the primary and secondary chambers of a septic tank. In one embodiment, the modular filtration unit resides outside the two-chambered septic tank and receives pre-filtered septic tank effluent fluids stored in the secondary chamber that has accumulated pre-filtered effluent. In another embodiment, the modular wastewater clarification device resides inside the secondary chamber and filters the accumulated pre-filtered effluent.

Abstract: A system that treats wastewater by subjecting it to a heat source and destroying the microbes present therein and disposes of the wastewater to the atmosphere through evaporation. The components of the system are designed for in-ground or below-grade placement for aesthetic purposes and to eliminate a need for separate structures for housing or enclosing the system. The system does not generate a discharge as part of its regular operation and thus eliminates the need for disposal to an on-site feature or public sewer utility.

Abstract: Pipe stands support waste-conveying pipes in a trench in a septic system. The pipe stands are preferably flat bowtie-shaped sheets (preferably polymeric). Holes or notches are formed that align when the sheet is folded, thus providing stable support for a horizontal pipe when the panels' bottom edges rest on the ground. Modified versions include panels having: a fold-out foot for engaging soft soil, a fold-out dispersing flange for dispersing waste dropped from the pipe, a stake for driving into soft soil, punch-out rings or multiple holes for supporting different sized pipes, stabilizers between the panels that fixedly maintain their spacing, a feature for receiving a grounded wire stake, and/or bias from the living hinge of the fold line causing frictional gripping of the pipe. Many versions can be used in different orientations. Also, the present pipe stand can be used to support pipes and wires hanging from overhead rafters.

Abstract: This invention is directed toward a water ionizing system which combines a traditional water ionizing machine with a reverse osmosis machine and mineral filter. The invention can be configured several different ways, with the goal of purifying the water through the reverse osmosis component, optionally sanitizing it with UV light, then remineralizing the water with the mineral filter, and finally ionizing and alkalizing the water with the water alkaline ionizing machine. The result is purified water from which all impurities have been removed, but which also contains helpful minerals and is alkalized and ionized. The invention also provides means by which the pH of the water can be raised up to 3 pH points.

Abstract: A modular subsurface sewage disposal and wastewater treatment system is presented for treating effluent from a septic tank. The system includes an elongated member, leach field medium and at least one pipe. The elongated member is arranged in one of a serpentine or a ladder-shaped configuration and includes a core wrapped in a fabric. The medium is disposed about open areas in the configuration. The pipe uniformly distributes effluent from the septic tank to the elongated member. In one embodiment, the core is a pliable plastic membrane and the fabric wrap is a non-woven fabric. In one embodiment, the elongated member is disposed in a box and retained by an adhesive to permit ease of manufacture, shipping, and installation. In another embodiment, the elongated member is disposed in a rigid or semi-rigid frame defining channels retaining the elongated member. The frame is detectable by a non-invasive above surface detector.

Abstract: A system for treating liquids by forming bacteria flora using earthworm humus is disclosed. In some embodiments, the system includes a containment tank for receiving a contaminated liquid distributed through an opening into the tank, the containment tank further including a layer of earthworm humus through which the liquid is filtered, a medium layer for bacteria inoculation below the earthworm humus layer in the containment tank, and an inert layer below the medium layer proximate to the base of the containment tank.

Abstract: The combined centrifugal separator with supplementary work units is an autonomous stationary or mobile complex apparatus, which is related to the separation of non-uniform granular or fibrous product, such as manure pulps, fruit pulps, sugar contained pulps, pulps for the medicine, etc., from the liquid in which it is carried. The screen, the screen scraper, and the driving shaft, which has the screw, the crusher and the mixer located on it, all have one common axis. However, all three rotate with different speeds around it. They are connected to one motor, and have a transmission system using pulleys and gears. Part of the liquid remainder may be used for internal recycling.

Abstract: A method for treating wastewater, comprising distributing the wastewater into a disposal trench, percolating the wastewater through primary filtration treatment material positioned within the trench, transferring the wastewater into a storage area filled with storage material, percolating the wastewater through secondary treatment material, transferring the wastewater away from the secondary treatment material and into the environment, wherein the secondary treatment material is positioned at a distance horizontally from the trench and a device for treating wastewater, comprising at least one disposal trench adapted to receive, transport and percolate wastewater therefrom, primary filtration treatment material positioned within the trench and adapted to receive and percolate wastewater therethrough, a storage area filled with storage material, secondary treatment material positioned at a distance horizontally from the trench adapted to receive and percolate wastewater therethrough, means for transferring the

Abstract: An aerator assembly for use in the aeration vessel of a wastewater treatment system comprising a rigid tubular member having an upper end and a lower end, and a diffuser assembly, the diffuser assembly comprising a flexible connector and a diffuser head, the flexible connector connecting the diffuser head to the lower end of the rigid tubular member and providing a fluid flow path between the tubular member and the diffuser head, the upper end of the rigid tubular member being adapted to be connected to a source of an oxygen-containing gas such as air.

Abstract: A system for treating wastewater having a treatment bed of particulate material, inflow distributing plumbing for applying wastewater from a wastewater supply source to upper part of the treatment bed. The wastewater percolates downwardly through the particulate material and is collected by outflow plumbing and conveyed out of the treatment bed. Preferably, the particulate material in the treatment bed is suitable for supporting aquatic plant life.

Abstract: The present invention is directed towards an anaerobic reactor useful for purifying waste water. The reactor comprises a chamber with a first water inlet for receiving a volume of waste water and a first water outlet connectable to a biofilter. A number of interdigitated baffle walls are arranged in the chamber and define a water passageway between the first water inlet and the first water outlet.

Abstract: The system involves a transitionary septic tank. The transitionary septic tank includes an enclosed containment body having an interior portion. An inlet opening is formed in the enclosed containment body. A first outlet opening is formed in the enclosed containment body. A divider is positioned in the interior portion between the inlet opening and the first outlet opening.

Abstract: This invention concerns a low concentration sewage treatment system combined with landscape, comprising a primary filter unit, a rotation flow separator combination and a primary aerobic aeration tank, wherein the back of said primary aerobic aeration tank is connected with a wetland bio-landscape facility of residential plot, the said wetland bio-landscape is equipped with aeration plants. This system adopts wetland, a kind of bio-landscape in a residential district, as a meaning of sewage purification to reduce capital investment and land occupation and to beautify the environment.

Abstract: A subsurface drip wastewater disposal system and method are disclosed that eliminate the need for headworks, reduce the risk of damage to the system, and permit optimal pump sizing by simultaneously dosing, flushing the pipe network and flushing the filter. A tank and pump package provide effluent under pressure to the field piping network comprising a supply manifold, a return manifold, and a plurality of emitter lines. A discharge filter that is capable of simultaneous filtering and flushing is provided on the discharge line, and a first flow restrictor is provided on the filter flush return line. Effluent is discharged at a rate and pressure that permits simultaneous pipe flushing and dosing, with the return manifold returning to the tank through a field return line having a second flow restrictor. The size of the first and second flow restrictors is selected to provide the desired flow splits.

Abstract: The invention relates to a plant for the desalination/purification of brackish water and industrial waste with zero liquid discharge, including reverse osmosis (1 and 9) or filtering (20) modules, containers for receiving waste (18), a centrifugal module (6), dryers (7 and 17), a heating circuit (11) and high-vacuum chambers (14) fitted with ejectors (15) that are supplied with fresh water as a driving fluid. The invention also includes an internal combustion engine (12) which is connected to an alternator (19) in order to produce electric power. The invention takes the from of a combined heat and power plant which, in addition to producing the power necessary for the operation of the drinking water production plant, can also produce excess electric power to be transferred to the grid, by harnessing the heat energy of the exhaust gases and the cooling of the engine (12) in order to heat the closed heating circuit (11) using exchangers and to heat the air from the dryers (17) using air generators.

Abstract: A wastewater treatment system including a biological reactor is disclosed. At least one controlled-reaction-volume module is provided to the biological reactor. The at least one controlled-reaction-volume module includes a fixed-film media for supporting a biological growth. At least one mixer, such as, for example, a high momentum mixer, for communicate a fluid to the at least one controlled-reaction-volume module so that wastewater and the biological growth communicate to thereby treat the wastewater.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and a facility for conversion of organic waste into biogas, i.e. a methane containing gas, with an improved efficiency and economy. The method comprises three consecutive steps of: i) digestion of the organic waste in a first reactor; ii) hydrolysis of the digested organic waste in an anaerobic hydrolysis tank; and iii) digestion of the hydrolyzed organic waste in a second reactor; wherein evolved gases are removed from the anaerobic hydrolysis tank.

Abstract: The system comprises one or more of the following: primary treatment units, flexible pipes, and optionally, one or more pumps. The system is designed and installed in a manner that enables the flow of liquid to be predominantly due to gravity, although one or more pumps may optionally be included at key positions. The system can be sealed and pressure tested in order for optimal performance to be achieved during operation.

Abstract: The present invention provides a mixed bacterial culture, designated as the culture Atz Mix 1, which degrades atrazine at various temperatures (10° C. to 30° C.) in a wide range of atrazine concentrations (several ppb to ten thousand ppm), without formation of toxic metabolites. Atz Mix 1 is a stable mixed culture and includes catabolic genes trzN, atzB, atzC coding the enzymes for the degradation of atrazine to cyanuric acid, and the gene trzD coding the enzymes for subsequent opening of s-triazine ring. The invention further includes a microbiological method of degrading atrazine and other s-triazine compounds for remediation of atrazine-contaminated soils, even those rich in nitrogen, as well as for accelerating the process of atrazine mineralization in waste waters containing high concentrations of s-triazine compounds.

Abstract: An air driven particle recirculator designed to introduce air around a single or multiple compartment septic tank discharge outlet baffle or filter assembly. The air driven particle recirculator causes a movement of waste particles and suspended solids to be forced away from the inlet of the outlet baffle or filter assembly to only allow cleaner filtered effluent to enter the secondary treatment system. The particle recirculator performs a function normally carried out by a settling compartment or clarifier zone associated in aerobic type septic systems. When installed in a single or multiple compartment septic tank utilizing an aerobic process, the particle recirculator will remove waste particles from the discharge area causing cleaner discharge and a cleaner septic tank filter assembly or outlet baffle reducing potential pre-mature failure or damage to the secondary treatment system.

Abstract: A new process for the production of methane gas from flush dairy operations utilizing heated baffles in a lagoon is disclosed. The baffles are aligned in rows with the rows oriented perpendicular to the flow of nutrient-rich liquid through the lagoon. The baffles are indirectly heated by either hot water or steam and are suspended sheets of porous material upon which methane-producing bacteria are resident. The methane is contained beneath and removed from an enclosing cover over the lagoon.

Abstract: A leaching conduit comprising: a low aspect ratio channel; a pipe in fluid communication with the low aspect ratio channel; wherein the aspect ratio of the low aspect channel is configured to promote aerobic conditions in and around the leaching conduit. A wastewater system comprising: a processing tank; a leaching conduit in fluid communication with a dosing device; wherein the leaching conduit comprises: a low aspect ratio channel; a dosing pipe in fluid communication with the low aspect ratio channel; and wherein the aspect ratio of the low aspect channel is configured to promote aerobic conditions in and around the leaching conduit. A dosing pipe comprising: a perforated tube; and a slotted sleeve located over the perforated tube. A slotted sleeve configured to fit over a perforated tube.

Abstract: A wastewater treatment system according to various embodiments of the present invention includes one or more of a settling tank for receiving wastewater; a mineral removal system receiving water from the settling tank, the mineral removal system being for removing at least some of the minerals from the water; and a vaporization system receiving water from the mineral removal system, the vaporization system being for vaporizing the water.

Abstract: A wastewater filtering system is provided for the passage of the wastewater from the home to the septic tanks prior to passage to the drain fields. The system comprises a separate septic tank assembly and a grease trap assembly operatively adapted to receive the wastewater from the home prior to the passage of the wastewater into the drain fields. Septic tank assembly and grease trap assembly are specifically configured to separate the filtering of waste water from the kitchen from the sewage from the bathrooms to prevent the clogging of the entire filtering system.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method for filtering fluid, preferably effluent fluid in a septic system, by providing a staged, filtering array in an effluent flow path, the stages positioned in an orientation designed to maximize filtering capability in conjunction with predetermined aperture positions and dimensions.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method for the removal of petroleum hydrocarbon and toxic constitutes from contaminated soils and sediment. The method comprises the removal of contaminated materials from soils and performs bioremediation for the removed contaminated materials in an efficient mode. The remained contaminated materials in the soils are biologically stabilized to allow microorganisms to grow and to consume the remained contaminated materials in the soils.

Abstract: A high rate, upflow filtration system is described in which a compressible, fibrous lump filtration media is compressed to adjust the porosity and collector size of the media in the bed and to provide a porosity gradient within the bed proceeding from more porous to less porous in a direction opposite to the flow of fluid so that filtration proceeds in a direction from a more porous to a less porous filter bed. Larger particles are removed by the more porous media and successively smaller particles are removed as the filter bed becomes less porous. The system is capable of reducing the turbidity of influent municipal wastewater from about 8 NTU to about 2 NTU at a wastewater flow rate of from about 820 to 1230 L/m2·min (20 to 30 gal/ft2·min), at a bed compression ration of from about 15 to 40 percent, and at a backwash rate of from about 1 to 6 percent based on the total wastewater passing through the filter.

Abstract: A high rate, upflow filtration system is described in which a compressible, fibrous lump filtration media is compressed to adjust the porosity and collector size of the media in the bed and to provide a porosity gradient within the bed proceeding from more porous to less porous in a direction opposite to the flow of fluid so that filtration proceeds in a direction from a more porous to a less porous filter bed. Larger particles are removed by the more porous media and successively smaller particles are removed as the filter bed becomes less porous. The system is capable of reducing the turbidity of influent municipal wastewater from about 8 NTU to about 2 NTU at a wastewater flow rate of from about 820 to 1230 L/m2·min (20 to 30 gal/ft2·min), at a bed compression ration of from about 15 to 40 percent, and at a backwash rate of from about 1 to 6 percent based on the total wastewater passing through the filter.

Abstract: A sieve device for insertion in a shaft has a connection for wastewater arriving in a supply device, which supply device is connected to a sieve surface of the sieve device for separating material to be separated from the wastewater. A worm conveyor transports the material to be separated out of the shaft. A fastening device is arranged in the shaft for the vertical fastening of the sieve device. The fastening device comprises a guide for the sieve device. An intersection is provided between the supply device and the sieve device. The guide positions the sieve device in front of the intersection when the sieve device is moved relative to the supply device into the shaft for purposes of mounting.

Abstract: A subsurface drip wastewater disposal system and method are disclosed that eliminate the need for headworks, reduce the risk of damage to the system, and permit optimal pump sizing by simultaneously dosing, flushing the pipe network and flushing the filter. A tank and pump package provide effluent under pressure to the field piping network comprising a supply manifold, a return manifold, and a plurality of emitter lines. A discharge filter that is capable of simultaneous filtering and flushing is provided on the discharge line, and a first flow restrictor is provided on the filter flush return line. Effluent is discharged at a rate and pressure that permits simultaneous pipe flushing and dosing, with the return manifold returning to the tank through a field return line having a second flow restrictor. The size of the first and second flow restrictors is selected to provide the desired flow splits.

Abstract: A check valve (10) comprises, a flexible tube (11) having first and second end portions defining an inlet (13) and an outlet (14), respectively, and a rigid valve body (12) surrounding the flexible tube (11). The end portions of the flexible tube are sealingly fixed to the valve body (12) to define an enclosed space (17) between the exterior of the flexible tube and the interior of the valve body. A fixed volume of a substantially incompressible fluid is located in the enclosed space (17). When the pressure at the outlet (14) is greater than the pressure at the inlet (13), the flexible tube is substantially collapsed so as to close the valve or allow severely restricted flow. However when the pressure at the inlet is greater than that at the outlet, some of the fluid is displaced from the inlet area towards the outlet area so that the flexible tube (11) is expanded in the area adjacent the inlet and the tube is substantially open.

Abstract: A leach field comprising: a channel, the channel comprising: an infiltrative volume, the infiltrative volume comprising: a plurality of opposing infiltrative surfaces, the surfaces being permeable; a volume of treatment media between each opposing pair of infiltrative surfaces; and a distance D between each opposing pair of infiltrative surfaces, where D is between about 2 inches and about 12 inches.