Abstract: An exemplary embodiment of the invention includes a wastewater treatment plant having, in serial fluid flow relationship, a wastewater source, a wastewater treatment plant, and a discharge site. The wastewater treatment plant has, in serial fluid flow relationship, an aerobic bioreactor in fluid flow communication with the wastewater source and an anoxic bioreactor in fluid flow communication with the discharge site. Fixed film packing for growing microbes is disposed in first and second tanks of the first and second bioreactors, respectively. A primary holding tank is disposed between the wastewater source and the aerobic bioreactor. A first pump is used for pumping liquid out of the primary hold tank through a first pressure line into the first tank to a pressure line outlet in a bottom of the first tank.

Abstract: A method of treating sewage or waste water for removing nitrogen and phosphorus as well as organic materials in the sewage or waste water, and an apparatus therefor are provided. The method applies intermittent aeration and dynamic flow to an equipment having at least a pair of reaction basins with intermittent aeration means, a clarifier with sludge transfer means, and a filter for passing liquid without passing solid between the reaction basins. According to the method, the efficiency of removing nutrient salts is excellent and stable even in the treatment of waste water having low content of influent organisms and low C/N ratio.

Abstract: The invention relates to a holistic sustainable wastewater treatment system that utilizes a bast medium as the attached growth medium. The wastewater treatment system of the present invention (Bast Medium Biological Reactor Treatment System) reduces odors and in-house ammonia levels and increases the overall water quality of organic waste streams. It uses naturally occurring microorganisms to process wastewater and remove odor without chemical augmentation. The Bast Medium Biological Reactor Treatment System is simple, with few moving parts and low maintenance requirements. The invention also relates to a method for treating wastewater using the wastewater treatment system according to the present invention.

Abstract: A compact nitrogen reduction wastewater treatment system for treating a waste liquid, the system comprising a single tank. The tank includes an inlet, an aerobic treatment compartment, an anoxic treatment compartment, a suspended micromedia compartment, an aerator, and a tank outlet. The aerobic treatment compartment includes aerobic treatment bacteria and is in fluid communication with the tank inlet. The anoxic treatment compartment is laterally disposed relative to, and in fluid communication with, the aerobic treatment compartment. The suspended micromedia compartment includes separating media. It is positioned laterally relative to, and is in fluid communication with, the anoxic treatment compartment. The suspended micromedia compartment is also laterally disposed relative to, and in fluid communication with, the aerobic treatment compartment.

Abstract: A system for removing pollution from water, utilizing a subsurface constructed wetland system using forced bed aeration and variable water levels, to promote greater root depth and better root structure of the wetland vegetation, and to establish staged anaerobic and aerobic zones within the system.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel bacterial consortium EBC1000 (KCTC 0652 BP) and a method for remedying biologically a chlorine compound and recalcitrant toxic chemicals contained in industrial wastewater, waste materials and soils using the bacterial consortium EBC1000. The novel bacterial consortium EBC1000(KCTC 0652 BP) is composed of aerobic bacterium easy to culture and useful for decomposing a chlorine compound and waste acidic or alkaline recalcitrant toxic chemicals of high concentration contained in the industrial waste materials, such as IPA, MC, DMA, AN, SHS, BD, Tamol-SN, EDTA, FES, TDDM, PMH, DEHA, MeOH, NaOH and CH3CN, thus preventing and recovering environmental pollutions.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of treating ammonia-comprising waste water in which the bicarbonate ion is the counter ion of the ammonium ion present in the waste water. According to the invention half the ammonium is converted into nitrite, yielding an ammonia and nitrite-containing solution, and in the second step the nitrite is used as oxidant for the ammonia. In the method according to the invention the conversion of half the ammonia into nitrite occurs automatically, providing a method which requires fewer controls. Also, the method according to the invention requires no external additive.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for biologic treatment of wastewater using both aerobic and anoxic phases. The flow of influent entering the reactor tank is slowed by a conical influent structure and discharged against the bottom of the reactor tank, so that the influent flows outwardly under a sludge blanket near the bottom of the tank without disrupting the blanket. The sludge blanket acts as a cap which prevents the influent from flowing directly to an outflow opening during decanting of the tank. The sludge blanket is dispersed and mixed in the tank during the aerobic and anoxic treatment phases. The invention also provides for treatment of manure-laden wastewater discharged from a confined animal facility, such as a feed yard, pig farm or dairy. The manure solids are separated from the wastewater flow before the wastewater enters the reactor tank. The wastewater is returned to the facility for reuse, and the manure solids can be disposed of in dry form as fertilizer.

Abstract: A method for managing a water system habitat environment and a system for managing a water system habitat environment are provided in which oxides which accumulate in a relatively small-scale water environment are continuously and effectively reduction changed and released into the atmosphere, such that a balance between oxidation changing and reduction changing of solute can be achieved. Furthermore, building up to a balanced state can be carried out in a short period of time from creation of the water environment, and the balanced state can be maintained over a long period of time. Soil (22), in which an organic carbon source (21) is mixed-in in a predetermined amount with respect to an amount of water in a pond (10), is covered, to a predetermined thickness, on substantially an entire bottom of a depression (4) which is to become the pond (10) and whose bottom portion has been subjected to a waterproofing treatment (3).

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and system for the treatment of wastewater. One embodiment includes an anaerobic reactor and aerobic reactor. A terminal settling tank includes an upflow anaerobic reactor comprising an inlet mounted at the external lowest region of the anaerobic reactor. An introducing mechanism is directly connected to the inlet and located at the lower region in the anaerobic reactor and has a perforated drain pipe therein. A mixer is provided at the main shaft. A discharge is provided for allowing reaction water, which contains some portion of sludge generate by the mixer, to flow into the aerobic reactor. A sludge-accumulator is provided for collecting the sludge, which is settled by gravity during the reaction and produced by the mixer, to the center of the anaerobic reactor.

Abstract: An apparatus for treating a secondary treated wastewater effluent. The apparatus comprises an anoxic first zone for accepting the secondary effluent wherein the first zone includes heterotrophic bacteria, a carbon source, and an outlet structure including a limestone aggregate. The apparatus further comprises a second zone including an entrance structure that is in fluid communication with the outlet structure and an exit structure in fluid communication with the second zone. The exit structure includes a cationic exchange medium wherein the exit structure discharges the effluent to a disposal mechanism such as a subsurface disposal field.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the biological purification of a water containing ammonium perchlorate, characterized in that aqueous ammonium perchlorate solution is placed in contact, in a first, aerobic reactor, with an activated sludge in the presence of at least one source of mineral carbon and nutritional elements for the metabolism of the microorganisms, and then in that the liquid effluent leaving the first reactor is placed in contact, in a second, anoxic reactor, with an activated sludge, in the presence of at least one source of organic carbon and nutritional elements for the metabolism of the microorganisms. The process makes it possible to treat aqueous solutions containing very large amounts of ammonium perchlorate and to convert both the ammonium ions into molecular nitrogen and the perchlorate ions into chloride ions.

Abstract: There is disclosed a process for nitrifying denitrifying organic waste water to nitrify and denitrify the nitrogenous components in the waste water, which comprises making use of a microbe carrier composed of an organic thermoplastic high molecular compound (thermoplastic polyurethane) in both a nitrifying step and a denitrifying step, preferably in an alternate and repeated manner, wherein the compound has, in a state of complete swelling in water, a water absorption rate in the range of 50 to 3500%, a compressive yield stress of at least 1.0 MPa each being defined by a specific formula, and a particle diameter in the range of 1.0 to 30 mm. The process is capable of efficiently performing nitrifying and denitrifying steps, steadily achieving high treatment performances, contriving compactification of the treatment facility, and curtailing the treatment time and treatment cost, while the microbe carrier can withstand long-term service without any trouble.

Abstract: A wastewater treatment process providing nitrogen, phosphorus, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and suspended solids removal comprises the steps of:

Abstract: A process for treating sulphate-containing waste water comprises introducing a feedstock comprising sulphate-containing waste water, into a pond. The sulphate-containing waste water is subjected to biological sulphate reduction in the pond, thereby to convert dissolved sulphate anions to dissolved sulphide anions. Treated waste water, containing the dissolved sulphide anions, is withdrawn from the pond.

Abstract: A process for treating water having anions comprising sulfur and oxygen dissolved therein involves subjecting the anions to an anaerobic biological reduction to sulfide anions dissolved in the water, followed by a biological oxidation of the sulfide anions to elemental sulfur suspended in the water. The sulfur is separated from the water. The reduction and oxidation are effected together in a series of common reaction stages in which there are oxidizing conditions which permit the biological oxidation without preventing the biological reduction.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for biological purification of waste water by the activated sludge method, whereby the waste water is continuously passed through several treatment zones in which the waste water is successively subjected to nitrification and denitrification. The treatment zones are arranged circularly around a supply zone for waste water, whereby the supply zone is alternatingly connected with one of the treatment zones, and optionally a clarification zone for dividing the treated waste water into a water fraction and a sludge fraction.

Abstract: A filter element assembly (10) has at least two cylindrically-shaped and concentrically-arranged filter media sleeves (11, 12), each connected at one end thereof to an inlet plate (13) and each connected at the other end to a terminal plate (20). Openings (16) are provided in the inlet plate to permit entry of liquid to be filtered into the annular space between the filter sleeves. The terminal plate is closed to prevent the flow of unfiltered liquid from the annular space between the sleeves and to force the liquid through the porous media of the sleeves to effect filtration. The ends of the filter sleeves are ultrasonically welded to flanges extending from the plates.

Abstract: A waste water treatment method and apparatus uses microorganism-containing sludge to treat waste water containing fluorine and does not utilize any chemical reaction. For waste water treatment, a treatment tank has an anaerobic part having sludge containing microorganisms and an aerobic part having sludge containing microorganisms and communicating with the anaerobic part. Waste water to be treated and biological excess sludge are introduced into the anaerobic part. Once treated by the microorganisms, the water is filtered by a membranous separation device in the aerobic part, and output as treated water. In the treatment tank, the microorganisms are moved between the anaerobic part and aerobic part to enhance their ability to concentrate or accumulate therein fluorine or other substances contained in the waste water.

Abstract: This waste water treatment equipment introduces granular calcium carbonate mineral 13, a calcium fluoride 14 in a floc form and a microorganism 15, which are flowing in a lower section 8, into an upper section 7 and sprinkles the same. Therefore, in the upper section 7, the granular calcium carbonate mineral 13 chemically treats fluorine in an exhaust gas, while the calcium fluoride 14 in the floc form chemically treats acid components in the exhaust gas although the effect is little. At the same time, the microorganism 15 biologically treats the organic matter in the exhaust gas. Then, the granular calcium carbonate mineral 13, the calcium fluoride 14 and the microorganism 15 that have not been utilized for exhaust gas treatment treat again the waste water in the lower section 8.

Abstract: A new sulfur-reducing bacterium denoted as KT7 is described. It is a low-GC Gram-positive bacterium related to the genus Desulfotomaculum, capable of reducing sulfite and sulfate to sulfide, having an optimum growth at a temperature between 48 and 70° C. at a pH of between 5 and 9 and at a conductivity of the liquid medium between 0 and 40 mS/cm. It can be used in a process for removing sulfur compounds from water, wherein the sulfur-containing water is subjected to anaerobic treatment with the new sulfur-reducing bacteria, with the addition of an electron donor. The sulfur-containing water can be spent scrubbing liquid from a flue gas desulfurization step.

Abstract: A new method of forming mask ROM in the manufacture of an integrated circuit device has been achieved. A semiconductor substrate is provided with field oxide areas defined and a gate oxide layer overlying the semiconductor substrate. A gate electrode layer is deposited overlying the gate oxide layer. The gate electrode layer and the gate oxide layer are patterned to form gate electrodes. Ions are implanted to form source and drain junctions. A buffer layer is deposited overlying the gate electrodes, the source and drain junctions, and the field oxide areas. The buffer layer is etched down to expose the gate electrodes while leaving a protective thickness of the buffer layer overlying the source and drain junctions. Ions are implanted through the gate electrodes into the semiconductor substrate to selectively code the mask ROM devices and to complete the mask ROM devices in the manufacture of the semiconductor device. A coding mask controls the ion implantation to selectively code the mask ROM.

Abstract: A method of biologically cleaning polluted water uses active sludge and at least three zones, where at least one zone operates as a biological treatment zone and at least two zones variably operate as a biological treatment zone and as a clarifying zone. By this method, the polluted water is fed to a zone operating as a permanent biological treatment zone, where a back-mixing is performed during a period between this zone and a zone variably operating as a biological treatment zone and which has operated as a clarifying zone during a previous period. As a result, the drawbacks are overcome which the known T- and V-channel methods are encumbered with.

Abstract: A process for treating metal-containing acid water comprises adding an alkaline aqueous component to metal-containing acid water, thereby to raise the pH of the acid water and to cause metals therein to precipitate. The precipitated metals are separated from the water in a separation stage. The water is then passed to a biological alkalinity generating stage wherein the alkalinity of the water is increased biologically. The alkaline aqueous component, which is added to the metal-containing acid water, is withdrawn from the alkalinity generating stage. Treated water is also withdrawn from the alkalinity generating stage.

Abstract: An enclosed, elongated structure for placement in the ground to filter and biologically pretreat wastewater after it leaves a septic tank and before it enters a drain field. The structure includes an upstream chamber or compartment connected to an inlet and containing a filter media such as stone and two or more baffles positioned crosswise to the direction of flow to direct the wastewater through multiple, sequential downward and upward flow paths through the stone for filtering and for anaerobic biological conversion of undesirable substances in the wastewater. A downstream chamber or compartment vented to atmosphere contains a filter media such as gravelly sand and receives the wastewater flow from the upstream chamber for further progressive filtering and for aerobic biological conversion of undesirable substances. Beneath the gravelly sand is a U-shaped perforated pipe for collecting the wastewater and directing it to an outlet leading to the drain field.

Abstract: A method is described for the biological treatment of ammonium-rich wastewater in at least one reactor which has a temperature of at least 25° C., which involves the wastewater being passed through the said reactor(s) with a population, obtained by natural selection in the absence of sludge retention, in the suspended state of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria to form, in a first stage with the infeed of oxygen, a nitrite-rich wastewater and by the nitrite-rich wastewater thus obtained being subjected, in a second stage without the infeed of oxygen, to denitrification in the presence of an electon donor of inorganic or organic nature, in such a way that the contact time between the ammonium-rich wastewater and the nitrifying bacteria is at most about two days, and the pH of the medium is controlled between 6.0 and 8.5 and the excess, formed by growth, of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria and the effluent formed by the denitrification are extracted.

Abstract: Apparatus (10) for denitrification of a liquid, such as water, comprises a vertical processing tank (11) including: a bottom section (20) partially filled with activated sludge (22), bottom section (20) having a bottom (12) having a concave upward facing inner surface (13); a horizontal filter (40) spanning tank (11) above sludge (22); an anaerobic process section (50) including a denitrifying biomass section (54); and an oxidation section (60) including a diffuser (61). The method comprising the steps of: injecting impure water (90) into sludge (22) so as to travel helically upward to mix with sludge (22); filtering with filter (40); denitrifying with denitrifying biomass (54); and oxidizing the effluent water from anaerobic biomass (54) in oxidation section (60) including bubbling air from diffuser (63). Water (90) effluent from tank (11) is sterilized with an ozonation device (86).

Abstract: The invention concerns an optimized method for the treatment and energetic upgrading of urban and industrial sewage sludge. It consists of a <<novel>> combination of known and tested equipment, forming a compact assembly with six functions which are: anaerobic sludge digestion (1) and biogas production, mechanical dehydration (2) up to 22-24% of dry solid, a gas turbine installation (3) burning the biogas into <<total energy>>, thermal drying (4) of the sludge up to 92% of dry solid consisting of a thin-layer dryer and a vibrated dryer/cooler with fluid bed (4b), condensation of the vapors (5) for heating the digester and the premises, and optimized energetic upgrading (6) of the dried sludge as booster fuel capable of being stored and fed into the household refuse incinerating boiler-furnaces. The method according to the invention is also applicable to the treatment and transformation of liquid manure into granulated and bagged fertilizer.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the biological purification of wastewater in which a liquid stream is fed to the aerobic biological purification stage, which liquid stream has already been freed in advance from undissolved substances using a membrane separation process.

Abstract: This invention provides a process for the biotreatment of wastewater from pulping industries. Sulfides are removed by a number of strains of bacteria from the genus Thiobacillus or Thiobacillus denitrificans. COD and BOD are concurrently removed with the sulfides by an improved co-cultural blend comprising co-cultures of a number of strains of the Thiobacillus or Thiobacillus denitrificans bacteria with heterotrophs. At least approximately 20%, and preferably between approximately 40% and approximately 60%, of the improved co-cultural blend comprises the co-cultures of a number of strains of the Thiobacillus or Thiobacillus denitrificans bacteria with the heterotrophs. Acclimation of the heterotrophs to the species to be removed is accomplished with biological acclimation reactors which reduce mycell toxicity for the heterotrophs. To control pH of the heterotrophic reaction with inorganic and organic sulfides, magnesium oxide (MgO) is utilized along with caustic.

Abstract: A wastewater treatment system substantially reduces wastewater treatment time and increases treatment capacity. The system includes at least one completely covered aerobic reactor cell and a completely covered quiescent anaerobic reactor cell. The system can also include a polishing reactor for further treating wastewater after treatment by the anaerobic reactor cell. The covered aerobic reactor cell preferably includes a pair of subcells in which a first cell includes continuous mixing and aeration of the wastewater and the second cell includes only intermittent mixing and aeration of the treated wastewater. The system optionally includes a completely covered anoxic reactor cell for treating wastewater prior to treatment by the completely covered aerobic reactor cell. The anoxic reactor cell receives partially treated wastewater recirculated from the polishing reactor. Growth media can be used in the reactor cells to enhance biological activity.

Abstract: A method serves to treat water, in particular condensate and/or seepage water from a biological degradation process. To simplify and improve such a method, the water is alternately put into aerobic and anaerobic states.

Abstract: An anaerobic process for digesting organic waste solids to produce residual solids having low levels of pathogens so as to meet regulatory Class A requirements involves a pasteurization step to reduce pathogen levels and digestion of the pasteurized material to reduce the solids volume.

Abstract: A process of treating a liquid waste containing organic matters, which includes contacting, in a digestion zone maintained in anaerobic conditions, the liquid waste with bacterial granules of (a) acid fermentation bacteria and/or methane-producing bacteria and (b) phototrophic bacteria, while irradiating the bacterial granules with light, to digest the organic matters and to proliferate the phototrophic bacteria.

Abstract: A method of treating an organic waste water, which is capable of separating and recovering phosphorus components in a liquid or solid form, is provided. According to the method of the present invention, reuse of phosphorus components can be facilitated, while the content of phosphorus components contained in a large quantity of a primary treated liquid can be reduced.

Abstract: The invention provides a system 10 for treatment and purification of domestic household effluent, and for the elimination within said system of organic solid wastes, comprising elements 12 and 14 for separately collecting first and second constituents of the sewage of a domestic residential unit, lavatory sewage comprising said first sewage constituent, and bath, shower, wash basin, laundry, kitchen sink sewage and the like comprising said second sewage constituent, a first and a second dual-purpose vessel 22 and 24, each vessel having at least one inlet port 18 and 20 and at least one outlet port 26, 28, 30, 32 and being arranged so that during the time period that one of said vessels 22 receives said first sewage constituent and acts as a collector and settling tank, the remaining vessel 24 operates as an anaerobic reaction vessel, the vessel operating as an anaerobic reaction vessel carrying out a decomposition process during which the volume of sludge 34 contained therein is greatly reduced by conversion

Abstract: An alternating anaerobic contact system for treating wastewater through an apparatus including one enclosed vessel partitioned into two or more enclosed chambers wherein each chamber is flow connected to other chambers by conduits or an apparatus including two or more enclosed vessels wherein each vessel is flow connected to other vessels by conduits. Each apparatus comprises at least one conduit which allows for (1) an anaerobic liquor to flow between a pair of chambers or vessels and (2) for treated wastewater to be separated and collected from the anaerobic liquor. Each apparatus overcomes the degassification problems common to anaerobic contact processing by assuring that the partial pressures of each chamber or vessel remain consistent. Each apparatus, furthermore, performs the settling stage of anaerobic contact processing in either a separate chamber or vessel thereby eliminating the need for external tankage, pumps, and piping.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a process and a device for controlling and regulating the nitrification and denitrification phase in waste water treatment, the redox potential (U.sub.R) of the waste water being measured. In a first embodiment, the inflection point of the redox potential is determined statistically. For this a series of measurements of the redox potential are carried out at separate intervals of time, which measurements first are determined and then combined for determining an increase value. The difference between sequential increase values is compared, and a first switch signal (S1) is generated which contains information concerning this result. In a another embodiment, the difference of the redox potential (U.sub.R) between maximum and switching off the denitrification phase is determined and compared with the corresponding value of the previous measurement cycle. Depending on the comparison result, a second switch signal (S2) is generated.

Abstract: A method and system for carrying out the bio-degradation of perchlorates, nitrates, hydrolysates and other energetic materials from wastewater, including process groundwater, ion exchange effluent brines, hydrolyzed energetics, drinking water and soil wash waters, which utilizes at least one microaerobic reactor having a controlled microaerobic environment and containing a mixed bacterial culture. By the method of the present invention, perchlorates, nitrates, hydrolysates and other energetics can be reduced to non-detectable concentrations, in a safe and cost effective manner, using readily available non-toxic low cost nutrients. The treatment of significantly higher concentrations of perchlorate, nitrate, etc. (<1.5 wt %) than was previously contemplated is made possible.

Abstract: A process for concentrating and destroying the perchlorate and nitrate anions present in ground water and drinking water sources is disclosed. In the process, the perchlorate and nitrate anions present in feed water are concentrated into a much smaller effluent stream. A typical process configuration involves using a continuous contacter apparatus known as ISEP wherein the perchlorate present in feed water is adsorbed on to an ion-exchange resin resulting in a perchlorate-free treated water. The ISEP unit also incorporates a regeneration zone where the adsorbed perchlorate is effectively removed from the resin using relatively low volumes of concentrated brine solution as the regenerant. The waste from the ISEP unit is a concentrated brine solution containing perchlorate and other anions that may be present in the feed stream.

Abstract: In a third tank, calcium carbonate mineral is filled to react with fluorine in treatment water. Then, generated treatment water containing calcium fluoride is aerated and stirred so that aerobic microorganisms are propagated, by which organic matters are treated. A fourth water tank is to perform treatment of hydrogen peroxide by anaerobic microorganisms in return sludge from a sixth tank, treatment of phosphorus by slaked lime newly added in a small amount, and secondary treatment (advanced treatment) of fluorine that has already been primarily treated in the third tank. In a fifth tank, flocs are coagulated. In the sixth tank, the coagulants are settled and separated so as to be discharged as treated water. Thus, mixed waste water of hydrogen-peroxide- and phosphorus-containing fluorine waste water and organic-matter-containing waste water is treated simultaneously with low running cost and maintenance cost.

Abstract: Extracorporeal affinity adsorption devices which are aimed at the substantial removal of two or more compounds that are etiological in the pathogenesis of diseases in man, provide effective therapeutic intervention means for these diseases. The devices are particularly suitable for the treatment of atherosclerosis, cancer, degenerative and autoimmune diseases. Extracorporeal chelation and immunotherapy for artherosclerosis, extracorporeal chelation treatment with on-line regeneration or replacement of chelant, extracorporeal immunotherapy with antibody fragments, and extracorporeal immunoadsorption utilizing antibodies bound to Protein A are also disclosed.

Abstract: In a method of biologically removing nitrogen and a system therefor according to the present invention, by utilizing the characteristics of AH bacteria as being nitrifying bacteria of nitrous acid type for displaying high activity at the high concentration of ammonium nitrogen and the characteristics of AL bacteria as being nitrifying bacteria of nitrous acid type for displaying high activity at the low concentration of the ammonium nitrogen, in the nitrifying process, operations capable of obtaining the maximum nitrifying speed in accordance with the concentration of the ammonium nitrogen can be performed, and the nitrifying reaction of nitrous acid type for producing nitrous acid as being an intermediate oxide material of the ammonium nitrogen can be performed.

Abstract: A continuous loop reactor system has flow channels in the form of 3-dimensional spirals, defined by a pair of nested vortical walls and vanes which extend from the innermost of the vortical walls towards the outermost wall without contact. The vanes in combination with the vortical walls define a false bottom ditch for treating waste water, particularly for oxidative denitrification. Air exposure is limited to the beginning portion of the spiral flow pattern where the process is still in its aerobic stage. Denitrification is completed in an anoxic stage as waste water progresses further along the pattern. Aeration and motivation are provided by a lift tube/aerator assembly. By employing a false bottom, frictional surface area is decreased and sediment accumulation is eliminated between two vertically adjacent flow paths to provide energy efficient water treatment at low minimum flow rates.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for in-sewer wastewater treatment comprising steps of largely spontaneously growing acidogenic bacteria in sewer lines and providing methanogenic bacteria in these lines. Methanogenic bacteria can be grown using wastewater, solid, or other waste, or other organic feedstock as a substrate. Methanogenic bacteria can be cultivated at a wastewater treatment plant or at other locations in special reactors, or provided from anaerobic wastewater pretreatment plants. Digestion gases can be either vented out or collected and used.

Abstract: The disclosed process for treatment of organic wastewater such as manure-washing wastewater discharged from the livestock industry or wastewater discharged from the food industry comprises the step (1) of subjecting the organic wastewater to an aerobic biological treatment, and the step (2) of subjecting the treated water obtained in the step (1) to a biological treatment in a lagoon. The process may further comprise, before the step (1), the step of subjecting a mixture of the organic wastewater and part of the treated water obtained in the step (1), recycled back and combined therewith, to a biological denitrification treatment. The treated water obtained by the process is so improved in quality as to enable safe disposal thereof. A submerged biofilter process (packed-bed reactor process) is preferably used in the aerobic biological treatment since it can remarkably improve the overall stability of the whole wastewater treatment process to obtain a stable quality of treated water.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a process for the aerobic purification of waste water in a reactor containing unsupported granular active sludge. The oxygen necessary for maintaining aerobic conditions within the reactor is provided in the form of an oxygen-containing gas. The oxygen-containing gas is preferably introduced into the reactor at such a place that the oxygen-containing gas provides at least some mixing action in the reactor. The invention also provides a reactor suitable for this process.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of producing a landfill and the landfill produced thereby wherein waste to be landfilled is comminuted to yield homogeneously-sized waste particles, mixed with liquid wastes such as waste water treatment sludges and the like, and then placed into a sanitary containment site with a leachate and gas collection system such that there is a uniform moisture distribution throughout the waste mass. Leachate collected from the waste mass is uniformly re-introduced into the waste mass so as to maintain the uniform moisture distribution. The landfill produced thereby maximizes anaerobic fermentation within the waste mass, thereby maximizing the production of valuable landfill gasses.

Abstract: A process is described for the aerobic treatment of effluent in a reactor of the UASB type, into the bottom of which the effluent to be treated is fed and, at the same time, oxygen is fed in an amount such that the growth of a facultative and an aerobic biomass is promoted. An apparatus for the aerobic treatment of effluent is also described, which apparatus consists of a UASB rector, distributors for supplying liquid and aeration means being located at the bottom of the reactor and means for integrated settling of biomass and gas collection being located at the top of the reactor. The apparatus can also be an integrated anaerobic/aerobic reactor.

Abstract: A wetland bioreactor treatment cell for use in a waste water treatment process for reducing stated water quality indicators of the waste water is provided. The wetland bioreactor treatment cell comprises a vegetated containment area containing porous media for receiving an influent comprising water and organic waste material with the containment area having a front end and a rear end. A manifold distributor structure for receiving and distributing the influent into the containment area is provided with the manifold distributor structure being positioned entirely within the front end of the containment area and the manifold distributor structure having a port for allowing cleaning or maintenance of the manifold distributor structure. A hydraulic upflow structure is positioned nearingly adjacent and downstream from the manifold distributor structure with the hydraulic upflow structure maintaining a substantial amount of suspended solids in the front end of the containment area.