Abstract: When a separation membrane (3) is washed with a chemical solution that is a sodium hypochlorite solution, which has a high concentration, diluted with membrane treated water stored in a chemical solution tank (6), an ammonic nitrogen concentration in membrane-treated water is monitored with a monitoring device (9), and a control device (8) controls a chemical solution dosing pump (7) using the concentration measured by the device (9) to adjust a dilution rate. Thereby, even when water quality of membrane-treated water varies, a sodium hypochlorite concentration in backwashing water can be retained constant, and fluctuation in the chemical washing effect can be prevented.

Abstract: A water or liquid substance filtration device is disclosed which removes microorganisms and organic contamination and sterilizes the containers and water lines after the unit. The unit is portable, or can be mounted stationary. The unit has a five-stage filtration and sterilization system controlled by an independent onboard computer system that can link to a central computer system to keep track of all independent units. The unit will physically filter out of the water contaminants that can be reused, destroyed, or flushed down a safe drain. It can also be modified to filter for a certain size of particulate, making recovery of certain substances possible. The unit has a self-diagnostic system that can determine if the unit is operating properly and can shut down a part thereof if one of the capillary units fails. The system is hydrophilic, can run at low pressures and can be designed from low to extremely high volumes. The unit uses ozone to disinfect containers and water lines.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for treating water laden with pollutants for the purpose of making the water drinkable, said method including: an elimination step consisting of contacting said water laden with pollutants, within a stirred contact tank (2), with an active particulate material (19) using a predetermined concentration of the active particulate material (19) in said water; an extraction step consisting of continuously extracting from said contact tank (2) a mixture consisting of water and of active particulate material (19); a separation step consisting of continuously separating said active particulate material (19) from said mixture. According to the invention, the separation step consists in particular of feeding the mixture of water and active particulate material into a filter drum (4).

Abstract: A purifying device and a process for deeply treating printing and dyeing wastewater are provided. The device includes a nanometer catalytic microelectrolysis system, a membrane filtration and separation system and a a membrane washing regeneration system. The method includes the following steps of: drawing the printing and dyeing wastewater by a first water pump (12), pumping a first part of the wastewater into a nanometer catalytic microelectrolysis tank (13) to perform catalysis microelectrolysis, and a second part of the wastewater into a neutralization tank (16) to mix with the water from the nanometer catalytic microelectrolysis tank (13) to precipitate, filtering the wastewater by a sand filtration tank (17), and then pumping the wastewater into an adsorption and filteration device of granular active carbon (18) for adsorption and filtration. The process has lower cost and higher energy efficiency, and can realize recycled water to be reused.

Abstract: Aspects and embodiments of the present application are direction to systems and methods for treating fluids and to systems and methods for cleaning membrane modules used in the treatment of fluids. Disclosed herein is a membrane filtration system and a method of operating same. The membrane filtration system comprises a plurality of membrane modules positioned in a feed tank, at least one of the membrane modules having a gas slug generator positioned below a lower header thereof, the gas slug generator configured and arranged to deliver a gas slug along surfaces of membranes within the at least one of the membrane modules. The membrane filtration system may further comprise a global aeration system configured to operate independently from an aeration system providing a gas to the gas slug generator. The global aeration system may be configured and arranged to induce a global circulatory flow of fluid throughout the feed tank.

Abstract: Periodically operating a forward osmosis (FO) semi-permeable membrane element in reverse osmosis (RO), to yield product extraction on a feed side of the membrane, to flush out a concentration polarization (salt concentration of the feed side and dilution of draw solution on the draw side) across the membrane. Utilizing treated waste water to generate the flushing solution of low osmotic pressure, and gauge pressurizing the flushing solution to the gauge pressure of the draw solution to keep a constant gauge pressure of the solutions. FO process is interrupted every 5-20 minutes for a 10-60 seconds long flushing RO process, thereby increasing the FO throughput five fold and recovering power from the increased throughput, i.e. from the osmotic pressure of the brine.

Abstract: Monitoring of the performance of a blood fluid removal medium of a blood fluid removal device includes monitoring of condition, such as fluid flow rate or concentration of blood waste product, downstream of the medium. Upstream monitoring of the condition may also be performed to enhance the ability to determine whether the blood fluid removal medium is performing within predetermined ranges.

Abstract: A method for recycling waste water containing slurry from a semiconductor treatment process; including: Filtration in which waste water containing the fresh slurry is continuously introduced into a circulation tank, during which time the mixed waste water is continuously extracted from the circulation tank, the extracted waste water is guided through an ultrafilter device and is concentrated by removing the fluid to form concentrated waste water and the concentrated waste water is introduced into the circulation tank and mixed with the contents of the circulation tank; and concentration in which the addition of fresh waste water to the circulation tank is essentially stopped when the mixed waste water is continuously extracted from the circulation tank, said extracted mixed water waster being introduced through the ultrafilter device and is concentrated by removing the fluid to form concentrated waste water and the concentrated waste water is introduced into the circulation tank.

Abstract: A method of backwashing a membrane filtration module (4), said module (4) including one or more membranes (5) located in a feed-containing vessel (3), the membranes (5) having a permeable wall which is subjected to a filtration operation wherein feed containing contaminant matter is applied to one side of the membrane wall and filtrate is withdrawn from the other side of the membrane wall, the method including: removing liquid from the feed-containing vessel (3) until the level of liquid in the feed-containing vessel (3) falls to a first level (L2) below an upper level of the membranes; suspending the filtration operation; performing a liquid backwash of the membrane wall until liquid level within the feed-containing vessel (3) rises to a second predetermined level (L1) above said first level; aerating the membrane surface with gas bubbles to dislodge fouling materials therefrom; performing a sweep or drain down of the feed-containing vessel (3) to remove the liquid containing the dislodged contaminant matter

Abstract: A spiral wound module is suitable for use with high temperature water that is also very alkaline or has a high pH, for example SAGD produced water. The module uses a polyamide-based membrane with a polysulfone or polyethersulfone backing material. For other components, the module uses primarily one or more of, EPDM; polyamide; polyphenylene oxide; polyphenylene sulfide; polysulfone; polyethersulfone; polysulfonamide; polyvinylidene fluoride; mylar; fiberglass; and, epoxy. Polyester is not used. Polypropylene is not used for the feed spacer. For example, a module may use a PVDF feed spacer, a nylon permeate spacer and a polysulfone center tube. The center tube may be provided with 4 rows of 0.063? diameter holes and be rolled under high tension.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method and apparatus for separating particles and dissolved matter from an untreated fluid stream. Specifically, the present invention includes a first pressure source which transports untreated fluid or contaminated aqueous fluid into a separator annulus with a filter element disposed therein. The untreated fluid is placed under appropriate pressure sufficient to produce turbulent flow, increased particle kinetics and/or cavitation allowing the desired fluid to penetrate and pass into and through the filter media. The treated fluid is then transported to a collection tank. The contaminant matter retained by the filter media may be removed by the nearly instantaneous reverse pressurization of the separator annulus by a second pressure source thereby removing the contaminant particles away from contact with the filter media, and which may then be transported to a waste collection tank or a separator for further treatment.

Abstract: A method of cleaning a filtration membrane includes an alkaline treatment process for supplying an alkaline agent 24 to seawater 11 for a predetermined period of time and filtering the seawater 11, to which the alkaline agent 24 is supplied, through a reverse osmosis membrane 15 during a filtration treatment operation, and a neutralization treatment process for supplying an acid agent 26 to the seawater 11 for a predetermined period of time and filtering the seawater 11, to which the acid agent 26 is supplied, through the reverse osmosis membrane 15 after the alkaline treatment process.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a membrane separation method and a relevant equipment, in particular to a method and an equipment for membrane separation utilizing concentration polarization during membrane filtration process, especially, to a concentration process and equipment and a drawer special for drawing a concentration polarization layer. The direct removal of the concentration polarization layer from membrane surface not only decreases the adverse influence of concentration polarization on membrane separation but also obtains concentrated retention components, thereby significantly improving the ability to maintain membrane flux, solving the twinborn problems concerning concentration polarization and membrane fouling during the membrane separation process, and achieving a high-efficiency concentration for retention components.

Abstract: A system and method for concentrating a slurry is disclosed. A preferred embodiment comprises a filter that is used to filter a slurry into a concentrate and a permeate. A portion of the permeate is used in a backflow operation of the filter once a pressure differential of 0.8 bar is obtained from the filter inlet to the permeate outlet of the filter.

Abstract: This invention provides for sulfate removal from a water source by a reverse osmosis (RO) or nanofiltration (NF) process where the concentrate stream is treated to precipitate and remove reject sulfate and recycle the discharged concentrate water and any backwash water used to clean a filter used to prepare feed water for the RO or NF process.

Abstract: A method of treating a fluid comprises producing a permeate fluid (24) from an outlet (22) of a filtration unit (12), delivering the permeate fluid (24) to be injected into a subterranean formation, and recirculating at least a portion of the permeate fluid to be mixed with a source fluid (32) to produce a feed fluid (14) to be treated within the filtration unit (12).

Abstract: A hollow fiber membrane module, a hollow fiber membrane module unit using the hollow fiber membrane module, and a water treatment method using the module or the module unit enable the efficient contact of microorganisms on the surface of a membrane with a gas, the module and the unit having excellent durability. The hollow fiber membrane module is formed in such a manner that the end parts of sheet-form hollow fiber membranes are formed in a substantially rectangular shape and the end face of the anchoring member on a side where the hollow fiber membranes open is formed in a substantially circular shape. The hollow fiber membrane module unit is formed in such a manner that a plurality of modules is disposed. The water treatment method is used to purify treated water with the microorganisms adhered onto the outer surfaces of the hollow fiber membranes by using the module or the unit.

Abstract: A method for cleaning and maintaining reverse osmosis membrane filters by injecting sulfurous acid into water to form sulfurous acid (H2SO3), and then sequentially filtering the acidified water through membrane filters to reduce alkalinity and mineral scaling, add sufficient SO2 as a biocide to attack bacteria and other micro organisms to prevent membrane fouling, reduce iron to prevent iron deposit build-up, scavenge and remove dissolved oxygen prior to filtration to prevent membrane oxidation, and prevent concentrated salts within the retentate from precipitating out of solution during transport for land application.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for backwashing a membrane filtration system wherein permeate remaining present in the filtration system wherein permeate remaining present in the filtration system when the filtration process is stopped or suspended is used to provide liquid for backwashing the membrane pores during a backwashing process.

Abstract: During inline cleaning when filtering operation is suspended, a venting step is carried out in which the piping interior of a header piping system is vented above the water surface, and the venting step is followed by a pressurized cleaning step wherein chemical solution is supplied to the header piping system while removing gas from the piping interior, with continued supply of chemical solution to the header piping system even after the piping interior has been sealed and the gas removal has been suspended, for pressurized cleaning of the membrane units. As a result, the supplied chemical solution spreads smoothly throughout the piping interior of the header piping system so that it is equally supplied to each membrane unit or hollow fiber membrane module.

Abstract: The invention provides a cleaning system and process for an immersion-type separating membrane device that allows convenient and reliable cleaning of contaminants that have adhered onto membrane surfaces of separating membrane devices. Cleaning is carried out by injecting the chemical solution from the filtered water side of the separating membrane device which is set in a tank, allowing matter that is to be removed, on the membrane surface of the separating membrane device, to be cleaned by a simple procedure without requiring large amounts chemicals. The chemical solution is injected with the values of X (kPa), as the pressure difference between membranes before the start of cleaning during filtration, and Y (kPa), as the initial pressure difference between membranes at the initial injection of the chemical solution during back pressure cleaning, satisfying the relationship ?0.375X+30?Y?0.5X+80.

Abstract: The present disclosure describes using the naturally present dissolved chemicals as precipitants from local water sources to form an adsorbent and a process of purifying the water using natural resources. The adsorbent may be processed at the right pH and temperature to purify and remove heavy metals from waste water. Once the heavy metals are removed the concentration of the heavy metals are estimated in the reusable water. The local authority acceptable level heavy metal containing reusable water is reclaimed for non-human consumption. This disclosure enables to conserve water and provide a cheap and an effective method to decontaminate industrial waste water.

Abstract: A method for treating ship ballast water with a membrane, which can easily separate and reliably remove a fouling substance attached to a membrane and maintain the membrane flux for long periods. The method including a membrane separation step of taking in seawater in a port area in which a ship is anchored and separating a microorganism with a size equal to or greater than a predetermined size therefrom with a membrane filtration apparatus installed in or on a hull of the ship and having a filtration membrane module, a backwash step of separating a fouling substance attached to a membrane surface of the membrane filtration apparatus from the membrane surface by backwashing is provided.

Abstract: A method of water treatment comprising: providing an electrolysis device comprising an electrolysis vessel; providing feed streams to the first salt water chamber of the vessel, second salt water chamber of the vessel, acidic chamber of the vessel, and alkalic chamber of the vessel, the acidic chamber producing an acidic solution and the alkalic chamber producing an alkalic solution; directing at least a portion of the contents of the first and second salt water chambers into a precipitation tank; directing at least a portion of the alkalic solution into the precipitation tank, thereby increasing the pH in the precipitation tank to produce precipitate; and removing the precipitate from the precipitation tank.

Abstract: An appliance such as a water dispenser is described that is configurable between a sanitation configuration and a filtering configuration. In one embodiment, the appliance comprises a fluid treatment assembly with an interface for receiving a treatment media such as a sanitizing media and a filtering media. One or more of the sanitizing media and the filtering media can be disposed in a treatment cartridge, the treatment cartridge being configured to engage the interface and to place in fluid communication the contents of the cartridge and a fluid that flows in the appliance.

Abstract: Sea water is not suitable for human consumption. Naturally present dissolved chemicals in sea water make it inconsumable. The precipitants and dissolved chemicals need to be separated from water to make it consumable. A combination of aeration system, filtration system, crystallizer, hydrophobic membrane carrying filter and pressure retarded osmosis system are used in various combination to desalinate the sea water. Pressure retarded osmosis process is also used to produce pressurized diluted brine which is further decompressed to by the turbine and used by the generators to produce electricity. Various heat exchange apparatus are used for energy conservation and efficient processing of water in a feasible way. The disclosure enables to purify water and provide an economical means for producing electricity.

Abstract: A maple sap reverse osmosis device has a support rack configured and sized to rest atop a tank. The support rack supporting a reverse osmosis device. The reverse osmosis device has a pump line and a dump line both located within the tub. The pump line being located at an upper region of the tank. A pumping means to pump the maple sap from the pump line. The pumping means pushing maple sap through an osmosis membrane. The dump pipe purging concentrate resulting from sap not passing through the osmosis membrane into the deepest region of the tub.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device (2) for drinking water purification, having a water tank (4) for receiving the drinking water (6) to be purified, a pump (8) for transporting the water, and a membrane filter unit (10) which comprises a water inlet (12), a membrane filter (14), a pure water discharge (16), and a rinsing water discharge (18). The water inlet (12) is supplied with water directly or indirectly from the water tank (4) via a feed line (24), and is disposed in the flow direction (19) in front of the membrane filter (14). The pure water discharge (16) is disposed in the flow direction (19) behind the membrane filter (14). To remove deposits, part of the water fed to the membrane filter unit (10) via the water inlet (12) is guided across the membrane filter surface and exits the membrane filter unit (10) via the rinsing water discharge (18). In order to increase user friendliness, a water return line (26) connects the rinsing water discharge (18) to the water tank (4).

Abstract: A filtration method for a filtration device, the filtration device including a process tank, at least one feed line feeding a medium to be processed into the process tank, and at least one filtration arrangement arranged in the process tank. The process tank includes at least one drain and is configured such that filtration of the medium is accomplished such that a retentate remains in the process tank until the retentate is released after completion of the filtration. The filtration method includes the steps of: filling the process tank with the medium to be filtered and producing one of a predefined transmembrane pressure and constant permeate flow at the at least one filtration arrangement; and filtering the medium in the process tank via the at least one filtration arrangement until a predefined limit value for a mass fraction of solid material is reached.

Abstract: The present invention describes a system and method for accurately measuring the concentration of a substance within a filter housing. A concentration sensor and a communications device are coupled so as to be able to measure and transmit the concentration of a particular substance within the filter housing while in use. This system can comprise a single component, integrating both the communication device and the concentration sensor. Alternatively, the system can comprise separate sensor and transmitter components, in communication with one another. In yet another embodiment, a storage element can be added to the system, thereby allowing the device to store a set of concentration values. The use of this device is beneficial to many applications. For example, the ability to read concentration values in situ allows integrity tests to be performed without additional equipment.

Abstract: The present disclosure describes using the naturally present dissolved chemicals as precipitants from local water sources to form an adsorbent. The adsorbent may be collected and used at the right pH and temperature to purify and remove heavy metals from waste water. Once the heavy metals are removed the concentration of the heavy metals are estimated in the reusable water. The local authority acceptable level heavy metal containing reusable water is reclaimed for non-human consumption. This disclosure enables to conserve water and provide a cheap and an effective method to decontaminate industrial waste water.

Abstract: There is provided a cleaning method for a hydrophobic filtration membrane used for membrane filtration of water to be treated such as seawater, discharged water and ballast water including a jelly-like suspended substance and clogged with the suspended substance in the water to be treated, the filtration membrane being brought into contact with limonene-containing water, or backwashing of the filtration membrane with a cleaning liquid being done, and then, a flow having air taken therein being applied onto a surface of the filtration membrane or a water stream from an eductor nozzle being sprayed onto the filtration membrane. There is also provided a membrane filtration apparatus capable of efficiently performing the above-mentioned cleaning method.

Abstract: A water filtration system uses previously used medical filters, such as dialysis filters, for water purification. After medical use the filters are cleaned and sterilized and mounted singly or in groups so as to receive input water under pressure. The system produces sterile filtered water.

Abstract: The present invention describes a system and method for accurately measuring the concentration of a substance within a filter housing. A concentration sensor and a communications device are coupled so as to be able to measure and transmit the concentration of a particular substance within the filter housing while in use. This system can comprise a single component, integrating both the communication device and the concentration sensor. Alternatively, the system can comprise separate sensor and transmitter components, in communication with one another. In yet another embodiment, a storage element can be added to the system, thereby allowing the device to store a set of concentration values. The use of this device is beneficial to many applications. For example, the ability to read concentration values in situ allows integrity tests to be performed without additional equipment.

Abstract: The process includes operation as follows: putting ozone generated by an ozone generator into raw water, in a normal mode, to subject the raw water to ozone treatment; injecting a flocculant into the raw water before or after the ozone treatment; filtering the raw water by a separation membrane after the ozone treatment and the injection of the flocculant; and intermittently setting cleaning mode to put a larger quantity of cleaning ozone than that in the normal mode into the raw water so as to intermittently increase the concentration of dissolved ozone, thereby cleaning the filtration membrane.

Abstract: A rapid one-pass liquid filtration system efficiently concentrates biological particles that are suspended in liquid from a dilute feed suspension. A sample concentrate or retentate suspension is retained while eliminating the separated fluid in a separate flow stream. Suspended biological particles include such materials as proteins/toxins, viruses, DNA, and/or bacteria in the size range of approximately 0.001 micron to 20 microns diameter. Concentration of these particles is advantageous for detection of target particles in a dilute suspension, because concentrating them into a small volume makes them easier to detect. Additional concentration stages may be added in “cascade” fashion, in order to concentrate particles below the size cut of each preceding stage remaining in the separated fluid in a concentrated sample suspension. This process can also be used to create a “band-pass” concentration for concentration of a particular target size particle within a narrow range.

Abstract: Nanofilms useful for filtration are prepared from oriented amphiphilic molecules and oriented macrocyclic modules. The amphiphilic species may be oriented on an interface or surface. The nanofilm may be prepared by depositing or attaching an oriented layer to a substrate. A nanofilm may also be prepared by coupling the oriented macrocyclic modules to provide a membrane.

Abstract: A pre-treatment method for cleaning and maintaining reverse osmosis membrane filters by injecting sulfurous acid into waters with suspended solids in a liquid fraction to be filtered to form sulfurous acid (H2SO3) to acid leach heavy metals into the liquid fraction, reduce alkalinity and mineral scaling, add sufficient SO2 as a biocide to attack bacteria and other micro organisms to prevent membrane fouling, reduce iron to prevent iron deposit build-up, scavenge and remove dissolved oxygen prior to filtration to prevent membrane oxidation, and then sequentially filtering the acidified water through membrane filters to create a metal free permeate and a brine retentate, which can be pH adjusted to remove the heavy metals as metal hydroxide precipitates.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to a filtration system having one or more apparatuses for filtering gases, liquids, or fluids (e.g., water) to remove particulate matter, and methods of making and using the apparatus. More particularly, embodiments relate to apparatuses and methods for applying centrifugal force(s) to push a fluid or gas to be filtered through a porous membrane or filter within the apparatus to separate particulate matter therefrom. The present invention takes advantage of the Coriolis effect within a cylindrical filter radiating out from a rotating central body. The filtration apparatus provides an energy efficient system for microfiltration (or other filtration process) to remove contaminants from gases and fluids, such as waste water.

Abstract: Water treatment systems and methods are provided to minimize membrane fouling and the required maintenance that results therefrom. A water treatment system includes a pressure vessel with a plurality of spaced-apart membranes disposed therein, and an impeller or other means for circulating feed water through the interior of the vessel and past the membranes. Antifouling particles (such as diatomaceous earth or activated carbon) and/or pellets can be added to the feed water inhibit membrane fouling and extend the useful life of the membranes. A pressure differential across the membranes can be periodically reduced or eliminated, for example by closing a permeate valve, while the feed water continues to circulate.

Abstract: Disclosed is a versatile multi-use high water recovery process that integrates the use of water purification membranes including reverse osmosis and nanofiltration with ion exchange water softening resins in a number of configurations that optimize operation and achieve maximum membrane permeate recoveries while eliminating the use of fresh water, sodium chloride and other chemicals needed to regenerate the IX resin. The invention provides process mobility and flexibility that enable selection of optimum process configurations and features to address variability in the Influent Water quality.

Abstract: A membrane system is disclosed. The membrane system may include a treatment process wherein both at least a portion of a permeate output of the membrane system and a concentrate output of the membrane system are recirculated back to an input of the membrane system. The membrane system may include a treatment process wherein a higher level permeate is used to treat the membrane system. The membrane system may include a storage reservoir to store at least a portion of the concentrate output of a purge cycle of the membrane system.

Abstract: A desalination apparatus according to the present invention includes: a pretreatment device having a pretreatment membrane that filters a turbid content contained in raw water; a reverse osmosis membrane device having a reverse osmosis membrane that reduces a salt content contained in filtrate water supplied from the pretreatment device to produce permeated water; a first control valve that is provided between a high-pressure pump mounted on a filtrate water line through which the filtrate water is supplied from the pretreatment device to the reverse osmosis membrane device and the reverse osmosis membrane device, and temporarily decreases a supply pressure of the filtrate water; and the control device that operates the first control valve to perform suck-back control by which a pressure at the entrance of the reverse osmosis membrane device is decreased in a pulse-like manner during operation.

Abstract: The present invention describes a system for accurately measuring the concentration of a substance within a filter housing. A concentration sensor and a communications device are coupled so as to measure and transmit the concentration of a particular substance within the filter housing while in use. This system allows the operator to certify the integrity of the filters within the filter housing at the customer site without additional equipment. In one embodiment, a tracer gas, such as helium or hydrogen, is added to a carrier and injected into the system. The concentration of tracer gas at a specific operating transmembrane pressure is indicative of bubble pointing specific pores in the filter. This test will give a more sensitive indication of the bubble point and the presence of defects than a standard diffusion test. In a second embodiment, two gasses, in a known ratio, are introduced into the filter housing.

Abstract: A desalination apparatus, and a method of using same, comprising a porous inorganic molecular sieve membrane including a retentate side and a permeate side and a salty water inlet to direct salty water to the retentate side of the porous inorganic membrane wherein water passing through the membrane, from the retentate side to the permeate side, is removed as a vapour from the permeate side of the membrane to maintain the permeate side of the membrane at a low water vapour pressure. The present membranes allow the desalination of water at relatively high flux rates without the need for large applied pressures.

Abstract: A filtration device is provided for withdrawing permeate essentially continuously from a multicomponent aqueous substrate containing growing microorganisms in a reservoir. A vertical skein of fiber is scrubbed with coarse bubbles which emanate from a conversion baffle positioned under the skein. The substrate is aerated with fine bubbles in a size range small enough to transfer oxygen to the substrate efficiently. The baffle traps the fine bubbles and converts them to coarse bubbles which are effective to scrub the fibers. In the most preferred embodiment, the finished headers of the skein are derived from composite headers comprising a fixing lamina of resin in which the fibers are potted near their terminal ends, and a fugitive lamina of fugitive powdery material in which the terminal ends of the fibers are potted. The fugitive lamina is removed, preferably by dissolving the powder, e.g. finely divided common salt in water.

Abstract: Metal oxide particles heated while immersed in water in a closed container are combined with membrane filtration to remove contaminants from water. The use of the heated particles reduces fouling of the membrane typically encountered when membranes alone are used to remove contaminants from water.

Abstract: The present invention is characterized in that a base material comprises ester groups in the main chain and/or in the side chain(s), and comprises a polymer having hydrophobic groups. Particularly, the hydrophobic groups can be introduced by irradiating the base material with a radiation during the base material contacts an aqueous solution of a monohydric alcohol or an aqueous solution of an alcohol having not less than 2 hydroxyl groups, which is a monomer or a polymer, and which has one or more carbon atoms between the carbon atoms to each of which the hydroxyl group is bound in the monomer or in each monomer constituting the polymer.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for managing the plugging of membrane modules and of filtration membranes, in particular for nanofiltration, ultrafiltration or reverse osmosis for desalinating water, which comprises carrying out consecutive rinsing operations for controlling clogging, in particular biological clogging: evaluating the thickness of the biofilm; starting a rinsing operation at the latest when the evaluated thickness of the biofilm exceeds a first predetermined setpoint value for the biofilm thickness and stopping the rinsing operation not before the biofilm thickness has become lower than a second predetermined setpoint value lower than the first one for the biofilm thickness.

Abstract: A solid-liquid separation system for chemically-precipitated heavy metal wastewater having a membrane module disposed in a filter zone of a chemical reaction tank, a water outlet pipe of the membrane module, a pressure gauge with electric contact, a suction pump, a water inlet pipe of the suction pump, a backwashing pump, and a backwashing pipe. The membrane module, the water outlet pipe of the membrane module, the pressure gauge with electric contact, the water inlet pipe of the suction pump, and the suction pump are directly connected in sequence to form a membrane module water production system. The water outlet pipe of the membrane module, the pressure gauge with electric contact, the backwashing pipe, and the backwashing pump are directly connected in sequence to form a backwashing system. A method for treating chemically-precipitated heavy metal wastewater using the separation system is also provided. The separation effect is very good.