Abstract: Effluent containing inks undergoes flocculation by the action of a flocculating agent, followed by the continuous centrifuging of the effluent consisting of an acceleration between 1,000 and 20,000 g, while avoiding an air-liquid interface during centrifuging.

Abstract: A novel method of treating circulating water containing over-sprayed, water-borne paint, such as in a paint spray booth operation, comprises adjusting the alkalinity of the paint spray booth water to between about 20 and 600 ppm, on a calcium carbonate basis, by adding a designated alkalinity source thereto, adding a cationic potato starch to the water, contacting the over-sprayed, water-borne paint with the alkalinity-adjusted paint spray booth water after addition of the cationic potato starch, adding an effective amount of a polymer floccing agent to the paint spray booth water, and removing resulting sludge from the paint spray booth water.

Abstract: A method of removing a constituent of a biological fluid including a blood component, said method including flowing the biological fluid past one side of a first semipermeable membrane, flowing solution containing a first precipitation agent past a second side of the membrane so as to cause transfer of the precipitation agent through the membrane to the biological fluid so as to improve precipitation characteristics of the fluid; and precipitating the constituent from the biological fluid. Also disclosed are maintaining a lower pressure in a biological fluid in a dialyzer than in dialysate at all portions of a membrane in the dialyzer and adding a continuously flowingy stream of concentrated precipitation agent to a continuously flowing stream of a biological fluid.

Abstract: A method of removing a constituent of a biological fluid including a blood component, said method including flowing the biological fluid past one side of a first semipermeable membrane; flowing solution containing a first precipitation agent past a second side of the membrane so as to cause transfer of the precipitation agent through the membrane to the biological fluid so as to improve precipitation characteristics of the fluid; and precipitating the constituent from the biological fluid. Also disclosed are maintaining a lower pressure in a biological fluid in a dialyzer than in dialysate at all portions of a membrane in the dialyzer and adding a continuously flowing stream of concentrated precipitation agent to a continuously flowing stream of a biological fluid.

Abstract: Modified starch compositions and their use for flocculating mineral waste residues, particularly the red mud containing alumina liquors from bauxite residues, comprising the addition to an alumina liquor of a flocculating amount of a methylated starch which, optionally, may be hydrolyzed, or a methylated starch which is also sulfonated and, optionally, may be hydrolyzed. Preferably, the methylated starch compositions are potato and dasheen starch derivatives prepared at temperatures of about 50.degree. to about 85.degree. C.

Abstract: The suspended solids content of Bayer process streams is reduced by contacting said stream with a polymer which contains hydroxamic acid groups.

Abstract: A process for making an improved starch flocculant by heating an aqueous dispersion comprising about 4 to about 12% starch solids, lime and alum until maximum vicosity is obtained, adding a metal salt and finally effecting hydrolysis by additional heating.

Abstract: Certain yam starches hydrolyzed in the presence of insoluble metal salts formed in situ are surprisingly effective flocculants for destabilizing dilute as well as thick sludge suspensions and are particularly effective when used in the treatment of bituminous tar sands tailings and in phosphate slimes.

Abstract: Dasheen starch hydrolyzed in the presence of insoluble metal salts formed in situ is a surprisingly effective flocculant for destabilizing dilute as well as thick sludge suspensions and is particularly effective when used in the treatment of bituminous tar sands tailings and in phosphate slimes.

Abstract: Cassava starch hydrolyzed in the presence of insoluble metal salts formed in situ is a surprisingly effective flocculant for destabilizing dilute as well as thick sludge suspensions and is particularly effective when used in the treatment of bituminous tar sands tailings and in phosphate slimes.

Abstract: Tailings from an oil sands hot water process extraction plant are mixed with hydrolyzed starch flocculant and transferred to a settling pond. After a residence period on the order of one year, sludge from the lower region of the settling pond is withdrawn, mixed with a hydrolyzed starch dewatering agent and transferred to a collecting pond. After a residence period on the order of one week, partially dewatered sludge is withdrawn, mixed with sand, and deposited in a terminal disposal area, the sand in the mixture there effecting an internal surcharge to obtain further dewatering. The hydrolyzed starch additives are obtained by the aqueous hydrolysis of a starch in the presence of one or more metal salts.

Abstract: Carbonates and bicarbonates are removed from the sludge of tar sands tailings ponds whereby solids settle from the sludge more rapidly than in the presence of the carbonates and/or bicarbonates. Hydrolyzed starch is used as a flocculant in the process and alcohol may also be used to assist in the settling and/or to improve the characteristics of the settled sludge for subsequent dewatering.

Abstract: A tailings pond sludge layer of high density and strength is obtained by treating the sludge with an additive selected from a specific family of hydrolized starch additives which impart improved permeability and shear strength characteristics to the sludge. Thereafter, the sludge is mixed with sand which adds self-weight whereby further dewatering of the sludge sand mixture is accomplished. Unlike untreated sludges or sludges treated with other known additives or flocculants, sludge treated with the aforementioned hydrolyzed starch additives is able to support the sand.

Abstract: In order to compress the sludge layer of an industrial process tailings pond, in a naturally occurring fines-containing body of water, beyond the density which it will naturally reach after treatment by the addition of a specific hydrolyzed starch additive, sand is distibuted over the sludge layer as a water permeable surcharge which, by weight, further compacts the sludge to obtain additional dewatering. The hydrolyzed starch additive is selected from a specific family and provides improved shear strength and permeability characteristics to the sludge layer such that it can support the sand surcharge.

Abstract: A process for dewatering sludges, which comprises performing a first stage agitation of the sludge to be dewatered during addition of a first high molecular weight flocculant developing in an aqueous solution an electric charge in polarity opposite to that of the sludge to effect neutralization of the electric charge of the sludge, conducting subsequently a second stage agitation of the sludge during a further addition of a second high molecular weight flocculant developing in an aqueous solution an electric charge in polarity opposite to that of said first flocculant to cause flocculation of the sludge and subjecting the so flocculated sludge to a dewatering operation, wherein a flocculant composed of a natural high molecular organic compound or a derivative thereof is used for at least one of said first and second flocculants with simultaneous employment of high power agitation for said first stage agitation, which process obtain a dewatered cake having low moisture content with efficient dewatering of the

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of abstracting heavy metal ions from solution by contacting the solution containing heavy metal ions with a cross-linked vegetable protein, or a mixture of cross-linked vegetable proteins. The method may be used to separate a mixture of heavy metal ions in solution by selectively abstracting a particular heavy metal ion by contacting the particular heavy metal ion with a selected cross-linked vegetable protein.Preferred vegetable proteins are derived from wheat, rape seed, safflower seed, sun-flower seed or soya bean.

Abstract: Conventional starches are chemically crosslinked for use as selective depressants in the flotation of non-sulfide mineral ores. The process employing these crosslinked starches requires lower reagent dosages, exhibits improved selectivity and recovery and exerts a lower load on existing waste treatment facilities. The crosslinking agents employed are bifunctional and are used in sufficient quantities to result in 500 to 10,000 anhydroglucose units per crosslink.

Abstract: Hydrolyzed wheat, corn, and potato starches are effective flocculants in destabilizing dilute as well as thick sludge suspensions. These starches are equal to, or better than, the synthetic polyacrylamide flocculants in destabilizing sludge suspensions, particularly when used in the treatment of bituminous tar sands tailings.The hydrolyzed wheat starch is especially effective when first contacted with metal salts such as salts containing calcium, aluminum and phosphate ions, and most particularly when first treated with a combination of such salt, formed in situ, and a lower aliphatic alcohol.Among the potato starch flocculants which were found to be generally better than the corn starch flocculants, those containing AlPO.sub.4 were the best. Potato starch flocculants are equally effective on oil-removed and no-oil-removed sludge suspensions.

Abstract: A method of removing ammonia from a wastewater containing free and fixed ammonia said process comprising the steps of: distilling the wastewater to remove the free ammonia; treating the distilled wastewater with soda ash to decompose the fixed ammonia; and distilling the treated wastewater to remove the decomposed ammonia.An apparatus for removing ammonia from a wastewater containing free and fixed ammonia comprising: an ammonia still for removing free and fixed ammonia; a source of soda ash solution; and means for feeding the soda ash solution from said soda ash source to the ammonia still to decompose the fixed ammonia.

Abstract: A rapid one-step density separation method for separating and purifying whole blood into mononuclear and polymorphonuclear leucocyte and erythrocyte fractions wherein use is made of a separating medium consisting of a single aqueous solution of a high molecular weight sucrose or glucose polymer, and a water soluble metrizoate or diatrizoate compound, the density of the solution being greater than 1.095 gm/ml at room temperature and the concentration of the sucrose or glucose polymer lying in the range of 5 to 10% (based on weight/total volume of solution).

Abstract: Powdered coals are rapidly flocculated from aqueous suspensions by the simple addition of water-soluble starch xanthate, thereby producing a readily recoverable sediment phase and a substantially clear aqueous phase.