Abstract: A process for separating hydrocarbons from waste water, in particular aromatic hydrocarbons, by means of an absorbing filtering layer. The hydrocarbons dissolved and non-dissolved in the waste water are separated in a single stage. The waste water is supplied to a metallic slotted multiple tube filter, and a hydrocarbon-containing material, preferably coking duff, is used as an adsorbing filtering layer. Its grain size distribution in the particle size range between 0.05-0.2 mm has a mass proportion of at least 25% by weight, with a total surface area of at least 1500 cm.sup.2 /g. The filtering material can be made to float on the filtering elements or added to the waste water.

Abstract: A system for clarifying liquids, having particular utility in dry cleaning operations. The system includes a filter apparatus which includes a plurality of axially spaced filter elements each having a high pressure side through which unclarified liquid is directed and upon which solids in the unclarified liquid accumulate and a low pressure side in communication with a liquid outlet of the filter apparatus. A liquid agitating impeller is disposed between respective adjacent pairs of the filter elements for defining a predetermined spacing between the filter elements and for creating liquid turbulence and agitation between the filter elements in response to rotation of a common shaft upon which the filter elements and impellers are mounted for effecting substantially complete removal of accumulated solids on the high pressure sides of the filter elements without movement between the impellers and filter elements.

Abstract: A device for removing free fatty acids from cooking oil is formed by a pair of superposed reservoirs having a screen and filter pad provided partition dividing the reservoirs from each other through which the cooking is forced from the upper reservoir to the lower reservoir by air pressure. A powder commingled with the oil prior to the filtering step is trapped with free fatty acids on the filter pad.

Abstract: Methods for treating aqueous solutions and for recovering specific chemical products from an aqueous solution by ion exchange or adsorption by passing the aqueous solution through a regenerable filter bed comprising a flocculated mixture of finely divided active particulate material and filter aid materials having a depth of from about 3.0 inches to about 60 inches.

Abstract: A fluid filter comprising a housing, a filter element disposed in the housing and arranged to receive a flow of fluid to be filtered from an upstream side of the element to a downstream side thereof, a fluid inlet communicating with the interior of the housing and with the upstream side of the filter element, a fluid outlet communicating with the downstream side of the filter element, and piston apparatus operative in a regeneration mode for producing circulation of fluid generally simultaneously from the downstream side of the filter element to the upstream side thereof and from the upstream side of the filter element to the downstream side thereof, thereby dislodging and reorienting particulate matter engaging the filter element.

Abstract: Described is a method of reducing multivalent metal cations from beer, ale or malt liquors comprising the steps of:providing an alkali metal silicate-treated finely divided diatomaceous earth (DTE); andcontacting the beer, ale or malt liquor with the silicate-treated DTE by filtering the beer through the silicate-treated DTE thereby reducing the multivalent metal cation content of the beer, ale or malt liquor.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for rinsing and priming an exchanger divided into first and second compartments by a semi-permeable membrane, the first compartment intended for circulating blood to be treated and the second compartment intended for circulating a purifying liquid comprising the steps of circulating a sterile solution through the second compartment and depositing a protein film on at least one side of the membrane. The apparatus includes means for circulating a sterile solution through the second compartment, and means for depositing a protein film on at least one side of the membrane.

Abstract: A heat fumigation apparatus for transpiring a solution of a chemical agent dissolved in a solvent by heating which comprises a container having the solution therein, a wick a part of which is immersed in the solution and a heater for heating the upper portion of the wick thereby transpiring the solution drawn up the wick. The wick is composed of an inorganic powder and/or an organic powder, a binding agent and at least one antioxidant which is substantially non-evaporative at a heating temperature.

Abstract: Filter pads, which are made inherently stable by binders and by removal of the binders can be converted in packings to be maintained under substantially constant surface pressure between rigid filter brackets, are produced first as molded bodies from a suspension of filter aids in liquid by depositing granular, fibrous, or fiber-containing filter aids or mixtures of those filter aids in a casting mold, there being used high rates of flow while avoiding turbulences, and adding binders to the suspension so that the molded body can be stabilized by activation of the binder while drying. It is possible in this process also to manufacture multi-layered filter pads, it having been surprisingly found in those multi-layered filter pads that the layer assembly is kept intact during the filtration even in the filter packing that no longer contains binders.

Abstract: A method of removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) by precoat vacuum filtration is characterized in that organic particles are present in the precoat which, when subjected to a specific precoat layer build-up test, have a layer thickness in the range 30-200 mm. The immersion depth of the drum during the filtering is more than 40% of the drum diameter. Improved filtering results. A method of testing a finely divided organic material in order to determine its suitability for precoat vacuum filtration is also disclosed.

Abstract: A water clarification process wherein solids are separated by filtration through a porous septum utilizes as a filter precoat a coating of keratin-composition in the form of particles wherein at least 75 weight percent of the particles have a particle size no greater than 2.0 mm. In preferred embodiment, the material to be filtered is first treated with a combination of an organic polymeric flocculant and an organic polymer coagulant.

Abstract: A process for the separation of radioisotopes and stable isotopes and other deleterious materials from radioactive waste and other liquids, wherein the waste stream is passed through a filter/demineralizer septum screen pre-coated with a mixture of finely-divided zeolitic material and finely-divided ion-exchange resin material.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method of batch filtration using a filter aid such as diatomaceous earth for example. The invention is characterized in that the filtration cycle of the filter includes a pulsed reversed flow stage in which fluid is pumped into the filter outlet with all the filter inlets closed. The filter drain is opened for a short time during the pulse. Loosening, breaking up and mixing of the filter cake and layer of filter aid is thus effected thereby extending time between cleaning or backwash stages when the filter aid is replaced. The life of each batch of costly filter aid is thus extended.

Abstract: A layer of small-sized particles of an organic ion exchange resin is applied to a support matrix, permeable to liquid, of a filter element (7) which is arranged in a chamber (5) in an ion-exchange filter (1) for filtering of liquids containing radioactive constituents. The filter and a mixer (11), consisting of a tube with a number of stationary mixing elements arranged one after the other in the longitudinal direction of the tube, are arranged in a circulation system (10) for water. The mixing elements successively divide up a material flow, supplied at the inlet end of the mixer, into a number of sub-flows containing different parts of the original material flow and the sub-flows are reunited, before they reach the outlet end of the tube. Suspended ion-exchange resin (13a, 16a) is supplied to the inlet end (11a) of the mixer for the circulating water while the water is being circulated in the circulation system.

Abstract: Filter media having a foraminous sintered metal support structure which exhibits a particle retention pore size in the range of from about 0.5 microns to less than about 5.0 microns and a bubble point test pressure of from 20 to 50 inches of water. A continuous precoat layer of discrete anion and cation exchange resin particles having a minimum diameter of about 10 microns and the following particle size distribution:______________________________________ ______________________________________ Less than 2 Particles greater than 200 microns Less than 2 Particles less than 10 microns ______________________________________is formed upon the sintered metal structure. Liquid is purified by first flowing it through the precoat layer, and then through the pores of the foraminous sintered metal structure.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for the filtration of liquors containing organic solvents in dry cleaning using natural and/or synthetic layered silicates prepared with one or more ammonium compounds corresponding to the following general formulaR.sup.1 R.sup.2 R.sup.3 R.sup.4 N.sup.+ X.sup.- (I)wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 represent hydrogen, alkyl or alkenyl groups which may optionally be substituted and X.sup.- represents anions of water-soluble, highly dissociated acids, in a quantity of from 2 to 60% by weight.Settling filters or cartridge filters are charged with the layered silicates thus prepared either alone or in combination with kieselguhr and/or active carbon, and solvent mixtures used in dry cleaning are filtered through the prepared filters.

Abstract: The invention relates to highly filterable polyvinyl polypyrrolidone particles and to the process for improving filterability of standard polyvinyl polypyrrolidone granules, wet cakes and slurries which comprises heating granular polyvinyl polypyrrolidone, containing a minor amount of non-crosslinked and/or unsaturated sites while maintaining between 1 wt. % and 20 wt. % moisture at a temperature of between about 50.degree. C. and about 250.degree. C. under a pressure of from about 5 psig. to about 200 psig. and collecting product having an average particle size distribution between about 40 and 400 mesh, a non-volatile water solubles (NVWS) content less than 2% and a filter flow rate greater than 95.

Abstract: A method for removing impurities from a liquid utilizing a filter bed having polyester fibers which have been treated with a hot caustic solution to increase the hydrophilicity of the polyester fibers. The caustic solution preferably contains a surfactant to increase the initial wetting of the polyester fibers.

Abstract: This invention relates to products obtained from sugar mill boiler ash, methods of using such products as a filtration material, and/or adsorbent material and methods of manufacturing such products. More specifically, this invention relates to filtration materials, with either a low or relatively high activated carbon content derived from the combustion of sugar cane residues whose characteristics and properties can be preselected and controlled to provide predetermined performance characteristics, and methods of obtaining such products through processing techniques which control the properties of such products. The invention also provides adsorbent materials of very high carbon content useful for applications other than a filter medium.

Abstract: An improved process for the preparation of TiCl.sub.4 comprising(a) chlorinating a raw material containing titanium and vanadium impurities to produce a crude TiCl.sub.4 reaction product,(b) separating the crude reaction product into solid by-products and TiCl.sub.4 -containing liquid,(c) reacting the TiCl.sub.4 -containing liquid with a reducing agent whereby vanadium impurities are converted into solid compounds, and(d) separating TiCl.sub.4 from the solid vanadium compounds, is improved by adding solid products of the vanadium reduction reactions to the crude TiCl.sub.4 reaction product prior to the separating step (b).

Abstract: A filter process and its device consist of a double filtration system, i.e. a superficial filtration by means of coating of a filter medium and a cubical filtration by forming a large number of recesses between adjacent wires to be wrapped up round a screw thread portion of a cylinder. The screw thread portion is formed on the outer circumference of the cylinder. The section of the wire is isosceles triangle and a summit of the wire is wrapped up round screw bottom of the screw thread portion.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the purification treatment of liquid reaction and/or washing media obtained in the preparation of cellulose ethers which comprises distilling and subsequently ultrafiltering the media. In the distilling step, the low-boiling organic by-products of the reaction, the residual, non-reacted, low-boiling organic reaction components and/or the optionally used organic solvents are separated in the form of a distillate. The aqueous distillation residue, which particularly comprises salts, a cellulose constituent and possibly medium and/or high-boiling organic by-products of the reaction and/or non-reacted organic reaction components, is thereafter subjected to ultrafiltration. Ultrafiltration results in a permeate, in which the COD values are, for example, reduced by about 20% by weight.

Abstract: Process for production of anionically charged filter media sheet including pretreatment of filter elements with cationic charge modifier, preferably, employing inorganic colloidal silica charge modifiers. The resulting filters are used for the removal of haze or haze formers from beverages.

Abstract: A layer of precoat filter aid material including powdered activated carbon removes oxygen and impurities from a liquid having hydrazine added thereto. Oxygen concentrations may be reduced to parts per billion concentrations. Suspended solids can be removed by the precoat layer, and if the precoat layer includes an active particulate material, either as a component of the precoat layer or as an underlayer, the concentration of impurities and dissolved solids in the liquid can also be reduced.

Abstract: Desulfurization sludge from a flue-gas scrubber operating with calcium-containing additives is dewatered in a thin layer with precipitatable impurities in the liquid phase being precipitated out by neutralization and collected in a thin layer which is then rinsed. The presence of these precipitated impurities on the gypsum which is recovered by this process has not been found to be detrimental to the use of it as a construction material.

Abstract: The disclosure is related to a method for removing crude oil sludge, which is convenient for removing sludge while the crude oil is transported. The method for removing crude oil sludge from crude oil includes the steps of:(a) classifying grains of sludge into coarse grains and small grains;(b) settling the sludge in the crude oil discharged from the classification step to separate the coarse grains from the crude oil;(c) sending the crude oil which is the supernatant constituent in the settling step to a filter in order to separate the remaining sludge in the crude oil; and(d) introducing a part of the above crude oil to a reverse washing liquid inlet of the filter, in order to wash reversely the filter medium of the above filter.

Abstract: A method for the draining of sludges utilizing a filter aid composed of a mixture of porous organic materials capable of absorbing large amounts of liquid to absorb the sludge particles and a ballast liquid containing particles larger than the sludge particles is disclosed. The filtering aid prevents the redissolving of the sludge particles normally observed in chemical flocculation and chemical contamination of the agent.

Abstract: Conventional filter aid materials are treated with anion exchange resin materials having particle diameters smaller than 1 micrometer to produce an improved filter aid material bearing a fixed monolayer of the anion exchange resins.

Abstract: A process for removing impurities from phosphoric acid, especially concentrated wet process phosphoric acid, comprises filtering phosphoric acid through a filter cake (e.g., diatomite) on a porous member at a temperature in the range of about 57.degree. C. to about 77.degree. C. The filter cake retains some phosphate values. A major portion of the phosphate values retained by the filter cake can be introduced into the phosphoric acid manufacturing process, as by slurrying the filter cake in water, separating the aqueous phase from the solid phase, and introducing the aqueous phase to a wet process phosphoric acid process (e.g., as a "gypsum" filter wash).

Abstract: A method for treating a sugar syrup to neutralize, decolorize and decalcify the sugar syrup during the clarification and decolorization process of sugar refining comprises contacting a sugar syrup with a neutralizing precoat filter layer disposed on a porous support means. The precoat filter layer comprises a liquid slurry constituted by an aqueous suspension of fibrous filter aid material and a neutralizing amount of particulate, crystalline alumino-siliate molecular sieve having an average particle size of less than 10 microns.

Abstract: A method for treating aqueous solutions by ion exchange uses a weakly acidic cation exchange resin to remove ammonia and other volatile amines along with corrosion products and metal ion leakage from a solution while substantially reducing the quantity of acid required to regenerate the cation exchange resin. The solution can be passed through a conventional mixed bed comprising a strongly acidic cation exchange resin and a strongly basic anion exchange resin after the pretreatment.

Abstract: A filter system using at least two filter vessels with a plurality of filter elements having absolute filtration capability. The filter elements use a nominal filter of diatomaceous earth, or a Perlite filter aid precoat layer, an outer wire layer, an absolute filter layer, a fine wire layer, a coarse wire layer, and a tube core for receiving filter flow therein. A pump is provided for injecting a predetermined amount of filter aid to a precoat tank containing clean fluid. The slurry of filter aid and clean fluid is then pumped into one of the filter vessels for precoating the filtering elements. The unfiltered fluid is then allowed to enter the vessel and be filtered through the filtering elements while virgin filter aid is continuously injected into the unfiltered fluids prior to the fluids entering the filter vessel. One filter vessel is converted to a cleaning mode while the second filter vessel continues filtering in response to a signal in a differential pressure element.

Abstract: A method for treating aqueous solutions by ion exchange uses a weakly acidic cation exchange resin and a strongly basic anion exchange resin to remove ammonia and other volatile amines along with corrosion products and metal ion leakage from a solution while substantially reducing the quantity of acid required to regenerate the cation exchange resin.

Abstract: A method for treating aqueous solutions by ion exchange uses a weakly acidic cation exchange resin and a strongly basic anion exchange resin to remove corrosion products and metal ion leakage from a solution while substantially reducing the quantity of acid required to regenerate the cation exchange resin. Substantial quantities of ammonia and other volatile amines are not removed from the solution during the treatment process.

Abstract: Filtration of wet process superphosphoric acid by vacuum filtration is greatly enhanced by the use of a filter aid having a statistically selected distribution of particle sizes.

Abstract: A method for filtering spent tar sands from a bitumen and organic solvent solution comprises separating the solution into two streams wherein the bulk of the coarser spent tar sand is in a first stream and has an average particle size of about 10 to about 100 mesh and the bulk of the finer spent tar sand is in a second stream; producing a filter cake by filtering the coarser spent tar sand from the first stream; and filtering the finer spent tar sand from the second stream with the filter cake. The method is particularly useful for filtering solutions of bitumen extracted from bitumen containing diatomite, spent diatomite and organic solvent.

Abstract: The invention is concerned with the clarification of waters that contain usable sludge, fibres or equivalent. The objective is to recover the usable material, e.g., as fuel and at the same time to prevent pollution of waters. According to the invention, the separation of the solids, such as fibres and any other utilizable material, from the water takes place so that the water containing solid material is fed into or onto a mobile and utilizable layer of material placed on a perforated moving base, e.g. a wire-bottom conveyor (5), so that this material layer functions as a filter.The invention is in particular suitable for the wood processing industry, wherein the water coming from the barking drum (1) is passed into a clarifier tank (7), from which the water containing fibres is pumped onto a layer of bark material carried on a wire-bottom conveyor (5), whereby the bark layer filters the water passing through the bark layer.

Abstract: A method and device for filtering a suspension (14), for example of yeast or other plant cell material, on a rotary vacuum filter (10), beneath which a trough (4) containing the suspension (14) is located. In order to improve the balance between dipping zone and drying zone, according to the invention a take-off knife (1) for taking off the filter cake (8) resulting from the filtering is attached to the trough (4). The level of the suspension (14) is maintained constant, and the trough (4) is moved by means of a feeding device (7) to the center of the drum (12) of the vacuum filter (10) while the drum is rotating.

Abstract: This invention provides a non-fibrous combustible filter aid for vacuum pre-coat filter units which is effective to maintain a filter bed coating on rotary filter drums just sufficiently porous to pass the liquid of a slurry while retaining the slurry solids thereon and is capable of being scraped off the bed in thin film form with the slurry solids thereon. The filter aid comprises relatively non-compressible non-fibrous granular charcoal or nut shell particles having a dry bulk density from about 0.3 to about 0.6 grams per cubic centimeter, a particle density of about 1.4 to 1.7 grams per cubic centimeter and a particle size range of 30 to 125 microns. The filter aid of this invention is capable of being burned with the solids deposited thereon to recover the heat value thereof or to dispose of the solids, is free from silicates or other non-combustible ingredients, and is devoid of fibers which will interfere with the proper operation of the filter unit.

Abstract: To separate a small alga such as Dunaliella from a containing liquid, a filter substrate is provided with a surface coat including a large alga such as Spirulina. The Dunaliella and some liquid are run through the Spirulina and the substrate and so are separated with some Spirulina content.

Abstract: In the extraction of coal the liquid coal extract is filtered using a filter aid produced by washing the filter cake with a low viscosity, high boiling point, low vapor pressure ester and then calcining the cake to remove the wash solvent and other combustible constituents from the cake.

Abstract: A single pass filtration process for the removal of suspended solids from completion fluids used in oil or gas well drilling operations which utilizes pressure injection of these fluids into a filter having pattern filter plates.

Abstract: To equalize the precoat application over the length of the filter press and/or over the height of each filter cloth, the drainage of at least a part of the carrier medium occurs at at least one, and preferably at a plurality of regularly distributed, drainage points located between the ends of the filter press, and preferably at a throttled rate, so that a pressure is built up in the filter chambers. At least one filter plate, and preferably a plurality of filter plates arranged at regular intervals, is provided with additional drainage orifices for the carrier medium at the upper end thereof with such additional drainage orifices being connected by flexible hoses to one or more filtrate-collecting pipes. The total cross-sectional area of all of these additional drainage orifices is smaller than the total cross-sectional area of the filtrate drainage channels used during filtration.

Abstract: A process for filtering alkaline solutions wherein calcined .alpha.-alumina is used as a filter aid.

Abstract: A Bayer process solution is filtered through a bed of particles of a granular substance containing Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3 to remove copper and zinc species from the solution. The particles preferably have an Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3 content of about 40 to 100% by weight. For more effective removal of zinc, the particles are coated with a metal sulfide, preferably zinc sulfide.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for removing dissolved solids from a liquid which utilizes the technique of reverse osmosis (RO). The liquid to be treated is directed into a pressure vessel which contains a plurality of filter elements positioned therein. The filter elements have hollow RO fibers wound around foraminous center cores such that the liquid flows in a direction from the outside of the filter elements towards the center cores. The pure permeate liquid passes into the center bores of the fibers and the concentrate liquid passes into the center cores of the elements.The method and apparatus provide for the backwashing of the filter elements when they become fouled. Further, an outer filter septum may be applied around the hollow RO fibers of the elements to remove particulate matter which would otherwise foul the hollow RO fibers.

Abstract: A fully submerged rotatable drum type of filter has a perforate cylindrical surface through which contaminated liquid is pulled by a suction pump. The inner periphery of the drum is sub-divided into numerous narrow, shallow, elongated chambers open at one end for communication with a main chamber which conveys filtered liquid to a port in the non-rotatable tube upon which the drum is rotatably mounted. A backwashing system for cleaning the perforate surface of the drum comprises a non-rotating channel which establishes sliding and sealing contact with a limited number of the open ends of the peripheral chambers to cause pressurized filtered backwashing liquid to flow into such peripheral chambers to remove filter cake from the perforate surface by the reverse flow therethrough. Filtration can therefore proceed through a majority of the peripheral chambers simultaneously with the backwashing operation through the limited number of peripheral chambers in communication with the backwashing system.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an improved filter element for use in an apparatus for filtering molten metal, and to the method of making such filter element. The apparatus consists of a filtering vessel fitted with a filter element. In one embodiment of the present invention the improved filter element is pre-wet with metal prior to the filtering apparatus being introduced into service. In a second embodiment of the present invention the improved filter element is reinforced with one or more reinforcing members. The improved filter element can be used in filtering vessels having a variety of designs.

Abstract: A method of reproduction of a filter demineralizer for a cleanup of a condensate backwashes the filter demineralizer to separate ion-exchange resin therefrom. Backwash used for backwashing, and including the ion-exchange resin, is recirculated in a course including a crud removal apparatus to remove the crud thereby providing reproduced ion-exchange resin. On the filter demineralizer from which the ion-exchange resin has been removed, New ion-exchange resin is precoated to form a new ion-exchange resin layer, and then the reproduced ion-exchange resin is deposited on the new ion-exchange resin layer by passing the backwash through the new ion-exchange resin layer.

Abstract: Procedure for separating finely divided matter from a suspension by filtration in a periodically operated pressure filter including a filter tank into which the suspension to be filtered is supplied along with lime sludge (or CaCO.sub.3) as a filtering auxiliary substance. The lime sludge forms a filtering layer on the surface of filtering elements and the suspension to be filtered passes through this layer for separating sediment. The pressure filter contains a plurality of filtering elements extending downwardly from the roof of the filter tank so that the filtrate flows through the elements to a superposed filtrate collecting tank. The lime sludge collects on the outer surface of the filtering elements and is periodically detached by a countercurrent washing operation. Green liquor, from which the soda sediment is to be separated, is used as the suspension to be filtered.