Abstract: A process for the recovery of unreacted ammonia from the effluent from a reaction zone used to produce acrylonitrile or methacrylonitrile comprising quenching the reactor effluent with an aqueous solution of ammonium phosphate in at least two stages, thereby capturing the ammonia component of the effluent. The captured ammonia may be recovered by heating the aqueous ammonium phosphate, which then may be recycled. Contaminants present in the aqueous ammonium phosphate may be removed, for example by solvent extraction or wet oxidation, prior to recycle.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the biological treatment of effluents contaminated with impurities of urban or industrial origin, characterised in employing a single aeration tank (1) with a high mass charge in which the raw effluent or mechanically pre-treated effluent is mixed without previous decantation with a free microbial culture of the activated sludge type, growing in a lightly aerated medium, of the order of 0.1 to 0.2 kg O2/kg BOD5 removed, the organic charge applied having a value equal to or greater than at least 2 kg COD/kgSM/day, preferably equal to or greater than 4 kg COD/kgSM/day, the hydraulic residence time for the raw effluent in the single aeration tank being between 30 and 90 minutes, preferably between 40 and 60 minutes.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods and a device for the removal of non-water soluble substances from solutions of aqueous metal extracts, by addition of at least one water-soluble cationic polyelectrolyte, containing a diallylaminoalkyl(meth)acrylamide, neutralized or quaternised with mineral acid and subsequently polymerized, preferably dimethylaminopropylacrylamide.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process and a device for decontaminating waters, especially groundwaters, which are heavily and complexly polluted with organic halogen compounds (HHC), in which process the contaminated waters are pre-treated in order to convert low-volatility HHC into more readily volatile components, the halogenated hydrocarbons are subsequently transferred from the aqueous phase to the gaseous phase where complete conversion into halogen-free compounds takes place at elevated temperature by means of catalytic reductive dehalogenation.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for treating waste water wherein organic and inorganic substances in waste water can be treated at high levels regardless of the concentration, and a unit itself can be made compact. The method of the invention is a method for treating waste water, which comprises treating waste water at 100° C. or less in the presence of oxygen and catalyst containing noble metal and active carbon and having pores, wherein the volume of pores having a radius of 40 ? or more and less than 100 ? is 0.05 ml/g or more.

Abstract: The present invention is to provide metal powder capable of decomposing and remedying various range of organic halogen compounds including organic halogen compounds which are difficult to be decomposed by a conventional decomposition and remediation method. Metal powder for decomposition of organic halogen is prepared in such a manner that the metal powder contains at least two kinds or more of metal elements, the respective metal elements forming phases, the respective metal elements therein serving as major constituents thereof, wherein difference in standard oxidation-reduction electric potential between any two kinds among the above-described metal elements is 778 mV or more in absolute value.

Abstract: Method of treating an aqueous effluent containing organic matters in solution, comprising the following successive steps: the effluent is rendered basic; the effluent rendered basic is mineralized by being brought into contact with a gaseous oxidizing agent; the mineralized basic effluent is rendered acidic; and the effluent rendered acidic is again mineralized by being brought into contact with the gaseous oxidizing agent.

Abstract: A method of treating water includes exposing influent comprising water desired to be treated to ozone in sufficient quantity to disrupt cell walls of undesired microorganisms therein, thereby releasing nutrients from within the microorganisms in a form amenable to bioassimilation. The ozone is further in sufficient quantity to oxidize toxic, humic substances to a form amenable to plant bioassimilation. Aquatic plants are contacted with the ozone-exposed water, the aquatic plants being adapted to remove the released and oxidized nutrients therefrom. Water emerging from the aquatic plants is then again exposed to ozone in sufficient quantity to further purify the water.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for treating contaminants in water under anaerobic conditions is disclosed. The method includes adding to contaminated water a composition including an aqueous mixture of at least one carbohydrate and at least one alcohol and/or bacteriastat. The apparatus includes a source of growing nitrifying bacteria effective for treating contaminants under aerobic conditions, a source of growing bacteria effective for denitrification under anaerobic conditions, and a controller for introducing the growing bacteria in a predetermined amount over a predetermined period of time.

Abstract: My invention provides an oxidizing solution and process for the in situ oxidation of contaminants, including hydrocarbon, organic, bacterial, phosphonic acid, and other contaminants, the contaminants being found in various surfaces and media, including soil, sludge, and water. In a preferred embodiment, the solution includes a peroxygen compound, such as hydrogen peroxide, in solution with a pre-mixed solution of a carboxylic acid and a halogen salt, such as glycolic acid and sodium bromide, respectively.

Abstract: A method or process of treating a contaminated fluid (10) having at least one contaminant having a property selected from the group consisting of being volatile, hazardous, tacky and a combination thereof is provided. The method comprises contacting the contaminated fluid with an effective amount of an agent (12) selected from oxidizing agents, free radical producing agents and a combination thereof for an effective amount of time to convert a substantial amount of the at least one contaminant to at least one corresponding modified contaminant having a property selected from the group consisting of being non-volatile, less volatile than the converted contaminant non-hazardous, less hazardous than the converted contaminant, non-tacky and a combination thereof; and generating a treated fluid (14) having a level of the at least one contaminant and of the at least one corresponding modified contaminant to allow the treated fluid to at least meet requirements for release, reuse or further treatment.

Abstract: A sparging system for in-situ groundwater remediation for removal of contamination including dissolved chlorinated hydrocarbons and dissolved hydrocarbon petroleum products including the use in injection wells of microfine bubble generators, matched to substrates of selected aquifer regions, for injection and distribution of said bubbles containing oxidizing gas through said aquifer and to selectively encapsulating gases including oxygen and ozone in duo-gas bubbles which, in the presence of co-reactant substrate material acting as a catalyst, are effective to encourage biodegradation of leachate plumes which contain biodegradable organics, or Criegee decomposition of leachate plumes containing dissolved chlorinated hydrocarbons.

Abstract: A method of treating water includes exposing influent comprising water desired to be treated to ozone in sufficient quantity to disrupt cell walls of undesired microorganisms therein, thereby releasing nutrients from within the microorganisms in a form amenable to bioassimilation. The ozone is further in sufficient quantity to oxidize toxic, humic substances to a form amenable to plant bioassimilation. Aquatic plants are contacted with the ozone-exposed water, the aquatic plants being adapted to remove the released and oxidized nutrients therefrom. Water emerging from the aquatic plants is then again exposed to ozone in sufficient quantity to further purify the water.

Abstract: A water treatment control system for minimizing trihalomethane formation includes chlorine injection equipment having a plurality of chlorine injectors (11d, 12, 13), a fluorescence analyzer 7 provided on the upstream of the chlorine injectors, and a water flowmeter 6. An chlorine injection rate necessary to reduce a trihalomethane formation potential is calculated by a chlorine injection rate calculating apparatus 14a based on a measured value from the fluorescence analyzer 7. An chlorine injection amount from the chlorine injectors is controlled by chlorine injection amount control apparatuses 15a–15c based on the chlorine injection rate and a measured value from the flowing water flowmeter 6.

Abstract: Novel methods and apparatuses are disclosed for the treatment of wastewater to reduce often associated offensive odors by promoting aerobic conditions through decreasing the amount of oxygen required to maintain aerobic cultures and/or aerobic biological activity in the wastewater. Also, the wastewater is screened or otherwise separated the wastewater to remove or concentrate the solids which are anaerobically digested. By concentrating the solids, a smaller digester can be used. The anaerobic digestion produces biogas that may be collected and used, or burned by a flare or oxidized by a semipermeable membrane to deodorize the biogas. The heat produced from the biogas may have a variety of uses, including raising the temperature of the anaerobic digester and the bacterial metabolism. The wastewater is also clarified to remove nitrogenous and organic carbon wastes.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an integrated closed loop system for aquaculture in at least one culturing tank and using continuous bioreactor technology for the biological treatment and removal of organic material, nitrogen and phosphorous, comprising: an integrated, partially or wholly closed loop system for waste water treatment, where the water contains nitrogen containing compounds and/or substances, comprising at least one production unit of such nitrogen containing compounds and/or substances and using continuous bioreactor technology for the biological treatment and removal of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorous from the said water at continuous flow, comprising: a) at least one suspended carrier bioreactor for bacterial growth under anoxic conditions to cause anaerobic denitrification, with one or several compartments, preceding b) at least one suspended-carrier bioreactor for bacterial growth under oxic conditions to cause aerobic nitrification, c) the denitrification taking place after the p

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of treating fats and oils containing low concentrations of aromatic halogen compounds and other contaminants by contacting the fats or oils with an adsorbing agent. The adsorbing agent contains a porous body and a non-protonic polar solvent held in the interiors of fine pores in the porous body to adsorb the contaminants. In one embodiment, the porous body also carries noble metal fine particles. In another embodiment, the adsorbing body comprises a solid acid for adsorbing the contaminants and there is a step of contacting the adsorbing body with an organic solvent to extract the adsorbed contaminants into the organic solvent.

Abstract: A microporous diffuser includes a first elongated member including at least one sidewall having a plurality of microscopic openings. The sidewall defines an interior hollow portion of the member. The diffuser has a second elongated member having a second sidewall having a plurality of microscopic openings, the second member being disposed through the hollow region of the first member. The diffuser includes an end cap to seal a first end of the microporous diffuser and an inlet cap disposed at a second end of microporous diffuser for receiving inlet fittings.

Abstract: A process for treating an industrial waste stream containing a borane compound including contacting the industrial waste stream with a resin carrying an oxidation catalyst that is capable of oxidizing the borane compound to boric acid.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for recovering elemental phosphorus from an aqueous sludge and converting the residue into non-hazardous waste. The sludge is separated into (1) a slurry of water containing suspended phosphorus and dirt particles and (2) coarse solids. A flocculating agent is added to the slurry to agglomerate the suspended phosphorus and dirt particles, which are recovered from the water and are heated to melt elemental phosphorus particles. A coalescing agent is added to coalesce the melted elemental phosphorus, which is separated from the dirt particles. The coarse solids are mixed with hot water to melt the phosphorus sludge, which is separated from inert solids. The solids are heated to burn any residual elemental phosphorus. The separated molten phosphorus sludge is stirred with a solution of chromic acid to recover the phosphorus as a separate phase. A reducing agent is added to the remaining water and solids to reduce the Cr+6 to Cr+3.

Abstract: This invention is directed to processes designed to recover water used in certain aspects of the processing of poultry, treat the recovered water to remove solids, fats, oils and greases, animal proteins and pathogenic organisms and to reuse the treated water for poultry processing operations. Although the reuse points will vary from plant to plant depending upon specific water consumption volumes, type of processing operations conducted by the facility and regulatory requirements and approvals, there are a number of reuse points which are preferred based upon treated water quality requirements, material balances relating to the capacity to recover process streams and the consumption volumes at the identified reuse points, and source waters that have been shown to have the least total contaminant loading.

Abstract: A method of water purification including the steps of passing source water through at least one reverse osmosis unit to produce a product water and reject water, directing the product water from a reverse osmosis unit into the dilution stream of a continuous electrodeionization unit, directing the reject water from the first pass reverse osmosis unit through a softening unit to produce softening unit output water with fewer hardness elements than the reject water from the first pass reverse osmosis unit, directing the softening unit output water into a concentrate stream of the continuous electrodeionization unit, and wherein the continuous electrodeionization unit further purifies the water from the dilution stream to produce purified water.

Abstract: A method of purifying wastewater as a fluent coming either from industrial plants or from municipal sewage runs. The method includes the steps of running the wastewater as a fluent into a headworks where some preliminary treatment takes place. From there the fluent is passed into a primary reservoir. The primary reservoir analyzes the fluent as to certain control parameters such as pH, dissolved oxygen and/or dissolved solids. Thereafter the fluent flows into a primary reactor having a plurality of electrolytic cells therein. While in that reactor the fluent is subjected to electrical contacts which are located at the bottom and the top of the reactor. The effluent from the primary reactor passes through a ratio weir into a secondary receptor. The secondary receptor contains sensors for the measurement of control parameters such as pH, DO (dissolved oxygen TDS (total dissolved solids) and chlorine. Thereafter, the fluent is passed to a filtering device.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a process and device for selectively removing at least one functionalized organic compound present in a liquid medium. More specifically the present invention is useful for removing functionalized organic compounds, that may accumulate in the mixture of extractant and diluent, used in processes for reprocessing nuclear fuel or processes for cleaning and decontaminating nuclear power plants.

Abstract: Techniques for treating waste water by adding a valent ion, such as CaO/CaCO3, which depends on the pH value of the waste water, to reduce the chemical oxygen demand (COD) are provided. Organic acid intermediates formed from the oxidization of organics with ozone will chelate with valent ions dissolved in water and precipitate from the waste water, so as to reduce the amount of ozone consumed and save cost. The method of the present invention is preferably conducted by adjusting the pH value of the reaction and/or adding hydrogen peroxide.

Abstract: A porous grog with a body composition of water, clay and combustible material. Further, an earthenware water purification filter utilizing the porous grog in the body composition of the filter. A water purification system incorporating said filter, said water purification system capable of removing about 99% of all particles not less than 1.0 micron is size.

Abstract: A process for wet oxidation of a waste stream containing organic carbon and organic or inorganic nitrogen-containing pollutants which comprises initially removing organic or inorganic nitrogen-containing pollutants using a nitrate salt of an aliphatic or aromatic amine as the denitrifying agent at a temperature from 180 to 300° C. and a pressure sufficient to maintain liquid phase conditions; and, then, effecting further removal of the organic carbon containing pollutant by treatment with activated carbon, chemical oxidation, or biotreatment.

Abstract: A wastewater treatment system includes a first lagoon having an inlet for receiving wastewater to be treated and a first vertical flow marsh cell having a bottom outlet. Water can be transported from the first lagoon to the first marsh cell. A second lagoon has an inlet for receiving water from the first marsh cell outlet and a second vertical flow marsh cell having a bottom outlet. Water can be transported from the second lagoon to the second marsh cell. At least a portion of the water exiting the second marsh cell outlet can be recycled to the first lagoon. The first and the second lagoon are adapted to function essentially aerobically and to contain plants having roots positioned to contact water flowing thereinto. The first and the second marsh cell are adapted to contain plants having roots positioned to contact water flowing thereinto.

Abstract: Apparatus for active in situ multi-element gas sparging for bioremediation or physico-chemical degration for removal of contaminants in a soil formation containing a subsurface groundwater aquifer or a substantially wet unsaturated zone, the multi-gas contained in bubbles, wherein the apparatus includes a plurality of injection wells extending to a depth of a selected aquifer; introducing an oxidizing agent comprising ozone mixed with ambient air to provide a multi-element gas by means of microporous diffusers, without applying a vacuum for extraction of stripped products or biodegration by-products, wherein said diffusers form micro-fine bubbles containing said multi-element gas that oxidizes, by stripping and decomposition, chlorinated hydrocarbons from the aquifer and surrounding saturated soil formation into harmless by-products; also including a pump for agitating water in the well selecting microbubbles, injecting them into the aquifer and effective to alter the path of micro-fine bubbles through a poro

Abstract: A method and apparatus for processing organic materials by anaerobic digestion is disclosed. The apparatus comprises a first covered fluid container, such as a retention pond covered with an oxygen impervious membrane. An aqueous slurry comprising anaerobically digestible fiber is disposed within the first container. A second covered container is disposed within or adjacent to the first container. The second covered container comprises a second upper section and a second lower section. An fluid inlet in the second upper section receives fluid flow from the first container, where a screen is disposed between the first container and the second container, across the fluid inlet. The fluid flow across the screen causes the formation of a filter cake on the screen as fluid flows across the screen, allowing for filtration of the aqueous slurry, and separation of liquids and gas as those components enter the second container. Each apparatus unit may be considered a module.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for treatment of wastewater containing organic sulfur compounds The method includes introducing the wastewater into an apparatus body equipped with a fixed bed in which fixed carriers for the attachment of microorganisms are filled and a fluidized bed in which flowing carriers for the attachment of microorganisms are flown, and enabling the wastewater to flow through the fluidized bed towards the fixed bed so that the wastewater is biologically treated by the fluidized bed and the fixed bed.

Abstract: A sparging system for in-situ groundwater remediation for removal of contamination including dissolved chlorinated hydrocarbons and dissolved hydrocarbon petroleum products including the use in injection wells of microfine bubble generators, matched to substrates of selected aquifer regions, for injection and distribution of said bubbles containing oxidizing gas through said aquifer and to selectively encapsulating gases including oxygen and ozone in duo-gas bubbles which, in the presence of co-reactant substrate material acting as a catalyst, are effective to encourage biodegradation of leachate plumes which contain biodegradable organics, or Criegee decomposition of leachate plumes containing dissolved chlorinated hydrocarbons.

Abstract: A process of waste treatment which includes the following steps: (a) passing waste material comprising an insoluble component through an anaerobic bioreactor system including a plurality of bioreactors in series and maintaining said insoluble component as a suspension in the waste material, whereby the pH of the waste material is maintained below 4.9 for a period of at least 24 hours; b) aerating the waste material after step (a); and (c) removing the insoluble component from the waste material before or after step (b). The process also provides for successful treatment of greasetrap waste.

Abstract: A solvent separator includes an introduction member which introduces a mixture including chlorine containing organic solvent and water; a separation unit including a separation member made of a water-repellent and/or lipophilic porous material, which carries out the separation of the mixture; a water drainage member through which water separated by the separation unit is discharged; and a solvent drainage member through which the chlorine containing organic solvent separated by the separation unit is discharged. Also, a method and a device for treating waste liquid are provided by which chlorine containing organic solvent present in waste liquid is selectively separated, decomposed by a photocatalyst, and converted into a harmless substrate.

Abstract: A product for the selective and rapid removal of toxic chlorocarbon compounds from fluid streams is provided in the form of a self supporting porous composite structure containing a multitude of water absorbent particles of cellulosic origin interbonded by hydrophilic microporous polyvinylchloride (PVC). A large number of the composite structures may be confined within a vessel adapted to receive a flow of fluid containing chlorocarbon compounds sought to be removed.

Abstract: This invention is directed to processes designed to recover water used in certain aspects of the processing of poultry, treat the recovered water to remove solids, fats, oils and greases, animal proteins and pathogenic organisms and to reuse the treated water for poultry processing operations. Although the reuse points will vary from plant to plant depending upon specific water consumption volumes, type of processing operations conducted by the facility and regulatory requirements and approvals, there are a number of reuse points which are preferred based upon treated water quality requirements, material balances relating to the capacity to recover process streams and the consumption volumes at the identified reuse points, and source waters that have been shown to have the least total contaminant loading.

Abstract: Provided is a wastewater treatment apparatus including a bottom portion and a plate formed above and spaced apart from the bottom portion to form a lower chamber with the bottom portion, an outlet installed on the bottom portion for drawing off water and sludge in the lower chamber before backwashing, a filter medium layer supported to the upper portion of the plate by the plate, the upper layer of which forms a bottom portion of an upper chamber, a wastewater introducing means connected to the lower chamber, for introducing wastewater to be treated into the lower chamber, a process air introducing means for supplying process air to the filter medium layer formed over the plate, a plurality of aerators formed over and spaced apart a predetermined distance from the plate, and mounted in a plurality of air flow pipes led to the process air introducing means, a backwash air introducing means for supplying backwash air to the lower chamber during backwashing, a backwash water introducing means for supplying backw

Abstract: A process for treating water to remove concentrations of nutrients and pollutants using ozone prior or after the water is exposed to natural filtration by periphyton or other aquatic plants. A system employs a deep water tank containing water to be treated is injected at the bottom with concentrated ozonated water to expose the water to be treated to ozone. The treated water exits from the tope of the tank whereby it is flowed over aquatic plant system to remove the undesired matter, such as pesticides. The process can be repeated successively to further treat the water if desired.

Abstract: A method and product for removing at MTBE molecules from a solution, such as a contaminated aquifer, includes exposing the solution to a plurality of molecularly imprinted polymer beads (MIPS) that have receptor sites on the surfaces thereof that include imprints that match the physical shape of at least a portion of an MTBE molecule. A quantity of the MTBE molecules align with and adhere to some of the receptor sites and, accordingly, they are removed from the solution producing a remediated solution. According to one embodiment, the MIPS are contained in an enclosure having a plurality of openings large enough to permit the solution to pass through and small enough so as to prevent the MIPS from passing through. According to a preferred embodiment the MIPS are applied (i.e., coated) to the inside surface of a conduit and the solution is forced or allowed to flow through the conduit thereby removing some of the MTBE molecules therefrom.

Abstract: A microporous diffuser includes a first elongated member including at least one sidewall having a plurality of microscopic openings. The sidewall defines an interior hollow portion of the member. The diffuser has a second elongated member having a second sidewall having a plurality of microscopic openings, the second member being disposed through the hollow region of the first member. The diffuser includes an end cap to seal a first end of the microporous diffuser and an inlet cap disposed at a second end of microporous diffuser for receiving inlet fittings.

Abstract: Methods and a device for removing aldehydes from a waste stream are disclosed. In a preferred embodiment, the device provides for and the method uses a chemical or an aminated surface having primary amine functionality resulting from the amination of a support material such as silica.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of treating groundwater or other water stream(s) contaminated with an oxygenate to degrade said oxygenate which comprises: a) inoculating a biodegrader capable of degrading said oxygenate on a packed activated carbon bed through a rigid tubular instrument having a plurality of holes in the part of the rigid tubular instrument used for inoculation of the carbon bed; and b) flowing said groundwater, or other water stream contaminated with said oxygenate through a structure having a top, bottom and sides and a predetermined volume containing said bed of activated carbon having said biodegrader inoculated thereon. and an apparatus for the same. The method is particularly effective for treating water contaminated with methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE) and/or t-butyl alcohol (TBA).

Abstract: A method for extracting contaminants and pollutants from an ecosystem. The method includes extracting from the ecosystem a quantity of animal tissue and grinding or macerating the animal tissue to form a slurry-like mixture and adding the mixture to a digestion vessel. The pH of the ground animal tissue is reduced to a range of from approximately 3.5 to approximately 4.5 and the ground tissue is allowed to decompose through the action of digestive enzymes released from the visceral tissue of the animal tissue by the maceration step. The decomposed tissue is separated into a lipid portion, a proteinaceous portion and a bone fragment or hard tissue portion. At least a part of the lipid portion may then be extracted from the decomposed tissue for further processing or disposal of contaminants and pollutants contained therein.

Abstract: A method for separating at least one compound from a liquid mixture containing different compounds where anew crystalline manganese phosphate composition with the formula Mn3(PO4)4.2(H3NCH2CH2)3N.6(H2O) is dispersed in the liquid mixture, selectively intercalating one or more compounds into the crystalline structure of the Mn3(PO4)4.2(H3NCH2CH2)3N.6(H2O).

Abstract: A method reduces levels of waterborne disease organisms, parasites and other infectious agents in open waters reducing their spread and improving it for man's uses. Large numbers of bivalve mollusks are used to filter infectious agents from moving water. The bivalve mollusks then process these agents by extracellular digestion, intracellular digestion or, encapsulation within the bivalve's feces or pseudofeces. The destruction of infectious agents is enhanced by sedimentation and the activities of benthic infauna. These benthic organisms may feed on the infectious agents or help to bury them by their burrowing activities. Additional sedimented material achieves sequestration and entombment of surviving infectious agents. The bivalve mollusks in the aquaculture system are harvested and disinfected destroying more of the infectious agents.

Abstract: A method for reducing the toxicity of onium compounds, such as ammonium compounds and phosphonium compounds, by the use of certain additives is described. Suitable additives include, but are not necessarily limited to, carboxylic acids (e.g. naphthenic acids), sulfonic acids, organophosphonic acids, phenolic compounds, ether sulfates, phosphoric acid esters, sulfonated fatty acids, sulfated fatty acids, oligocarboxylic acids, and mixtures thereof, and alkali metal salts of these compounds and amine salts of these compounds.

Abstract: An apparatus and methods are disclosed for purifying fluid, such as potable water, to quality levels suitable for medical application, particularly to applications involving injection of the fluid into a human body. The apparatus comprises a portable purification pack constructed for a single use. The pack houses depth filtration, activated carbon, mixed bed ion exchange resins and terminal filtration stages in series. The terminal filter comprises a fine (microfiltration or ultrafiltration), permeable membrane, treated with an endotoxin-binding chemistry. In contrast with semi-permeable osmotic membranes, the permeable membrane produces high flow rates at relatively low pressures, while still safely purifying fluid to injection quality.

Abstract: Raw water is treated with chlorine, chlorine dioxide and ammonia in various stages as it proceeds from raw water acquisition through clarification (e.g., coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration) to storage of finished water from which the treated water can be introduced into a distribution system. Chlorine dioxide can be used as a pre-oxidant or disinfectant. Chlorine can be used as a disinfectant or to react with ammonia to produce monochloramine.

Abstract: Methods and compositions for removing organics solubilized in a water-like fluid (WSO), such as the water produced in connection with the production of hydrocarbons from subterranean formations, are described. Hydrophilic &agr;-hydroxy-monocarboxylic acids (AHAs), such as hydroxyacetic (glycolic) acid, alone or optionally together with anionic polymers, have been found to be effective. The compositions and methods of this invention have reduced corrosion and scale formation problems as compared with other methods employing stronger acids to remove WSO. The AHAs have pKa's of greater than 3.8.

Abstract: Methods, compositions, and devices for alleviating the problems of toxic discharge of aldehydes present in waste streams are disclosed. The methods relate to reducing neutralized aldehydes wherein the neutalized aldehydes are formed by treating aldehydes with amino acids and thereinafter are reduced. These reduced, neutralized aldehydes do not revert back to toxic aldehydes, but form amino acids and thus allow waste containing aldehyde to be more environmentally safely disposed.