Abstract: An optical head for a laser transmission welding apparatus comprising a housing with an end on the outlet side with respect to a laser beam and a ball mounted in the housing. The ball may comprise a material whose refractive index is higher than the refractive index of quartz glass.

Abstract: A laser processing apparatus sets a processing section passing through a target position on a processing surface, sets a measurement section centered on the target position in the processing section, sets a plurality of data acquisition positions that are trajectories perpendicular to a processing direction in the measurement section. The laser processing apparatus acquires pieces of measurement data indicating shapes of keyholes at the respective data acquisition positions during processing of the processing section, and projects the pieces of measurement data in the processing direction to be superimposed on each other to create projection data. The laser processing apparatus obtains the second instruction value in a direction perpendicular to the processing direction at the target position on the basis of the projection data. Therefore, it is possible to provide a laser processing apparatus and a laser processing method capable of accurately measuring a depth of a keyhole.

Abstract: Provided is an optical fiber ribbon capable of achieving higher density and reduction in diameter and accurately placing optical fibers in V-shape grooves in a fusion machine without failure. The optical fiber ribbon 1 includes three or more of optical fibers 2 arranged in parallel and connecting portions 3 connecting adjacent two optical fibers 2 together, the connecting portions 3 being intermittently provided in each of a ribbon longitudinal direction and a ribbon width direction. The connecting portions 3 are each formed in such a manner as to fill resin into a gap S formed between adjacent two optical fibers 2, and both surfaces of the respective connecting portions 3 are each formed into a recess having a concave shape curved toward a center of the gap S to separate from lines 4,5 each connecting contact points of the optical fibers 2 when being placed on a horizontal surface.

Abstract: Determination device (2) for determining at least one parameter of an energy beam (4), in particular an energy beam (4) generated via an irradiation device of an apparatus (1) for additively manufacturing three-dimensional objects, which determination device (2) comprises two determination units (5, 6) arrangeable or arranged in succession in a beam path (3) of the energy beam (4), characterized in that each determination unit (5, 6) builds or comprises at least one complementary pattern element (15, 18, 21, 23, 24, 27, 30), wherein at least two pattern elements (15, 18, 21, 23, 24, 27, 30) of the two determination units (5, 6) complement each other to a superordinate pattern (32, 35).

Abstract: A laser processing device for processing a workpiece is provided, including a laser emitter, a lens module, a driving module, a camera module, and a processing unit. The lens module has a first lens and a second lens, wherein the laser emitter emits a laser beam through the first and second lenses to the workpiece. The driving module drives the first lens to move relative to the second lens. The camera module captures an image of the workpiece. The processing unit is electrically connected to the camera module and the driving module, wherein the camera module transmits an image signal to the processing unit according to the image of the workpiece, and the processing unit transmits a driving signal to the driving module according to the image signal, driving the first lens to move relative to the second lens. A method for processing a workpiece is also provided.

Abstract: Aspects of the present disclosure are directed to apparatuses for generating a magnetic field for tracking of a target object. Such an apparatus may include a localized magnetic field transmitter that generates a magnetic field and exhibits minimal X-ray absorption when used in proximity to a fluoroscopic imaging system, for example.

Abstract: A head mounted display system configured to project light to an eye of a user to display augmented reality images can include a frame configured to be supported on a head of the user, a camera disposed temporally on said frame, an eyepiece configured to direct light into said user's eye to display augmented reality image content to the user's vision field, a reflective element disposed on the frame, and at least one VCSEL disposed to illuminate said eye, wherein the camera is disposed with respect to the reflective element such that light from the VCSEL is reflected from the user's eye to the reflective element and is reflected from the reflective element to the camera to form images of the eye that are captured by the camera.

Abstract: A laser etching apparatus includes a light source to emit a first laser beam having a first energy profile; and a scanner to radiate a second laser beam upon an object along a circular path, the second laser beam having a second energy profile different from the first energy profile.

Abstract: For material processing of a material, which is in particular for a laser beam to a large extent transparent, asymmetric shaped modifications are created transverse to the propagation direction of the laser beam. Thereby, the laser beam is shaped for forming an elongated focus zone in the material, wherein the focus zone is such that it includes at least one intensity maximum, which is transverse flattened in a flattening direction, or a transverse and/or axial sequence of asymmetric intensity maxima, which are flattened in a sequence direction. After positioning the focus zone in the material, a modification is created and the material and the focus zone are moved relative to each other in the or across to the flattening direction or in the or across to the sequence direction for forming a crack along an induced preferred direction.

Abstract: A laser hole drilling system. The system includes a laser source that generates a laser beam along an optical axis, a cylindrical lens along the optical axis downstream of the laser source, and a spherical lens downstream of the cylindrical lens, the spherical lens offset from the optical axis to provide an anamorphic optical train to generate an asymmetric teardrop shaped energy distribution at a focal plane.

Abstract: A laser machining method able to effectively satisfy cutting quality required on one side of a cutting spot of a workpiece. A laser machining method for cutting a workpiece W by using a machining head able to emit a laser beam and an assist gas coaxially and non-coaxially includes: preparing a machining program specifying, for the workpiece W, a cutting line, and a first region and a second region on both sides of the cutting line where cutting quality requirements are different; and maintaining a state in which a center axis of the assist gas is shifted from an optical axis of the laser beam toward the first region in response to the difference in the cutting quality requirements during the cutting between the first region and the second region along the cutting line in accordance with the machining program.

Abstract: A tunable filter may include an input focusing optic, an output focusing optic, a linearly-varying filter located at a back focal plane of the input focusing optic and a front focal plane of the output focusing optic, an input angular scanning component located at a front focal plane of the input focusing optic configured to receive an input beam, and an output angular scanning component located at a back focal plane of the output focusing optic. The input focusing optic may receive the input beam from the input angular scanning component and direct the input beam to the linearly-varying filter, where a position of the input beam on the linearly-varying filter is selectable based on an angle of the input angular scanning component. The output focusing optic may receive a filtered beam from the linearly-varying filter and direct the filtered beam to the output angular scanning component.

Abstract: A system and method generates confined electromagnetic radiation emanating from a remote position along a line of sight. The system includes a laser arrangement and a wavefront modifier. The laser arrangement generates at least one laser beam. The wavefront modifier produces a spatial arrangement of foci of the laser beam directed along the line of sight. The foci of the laser beam induce plasma filaments within an atmosphere at the remote position along the line of sight. The plasma filaments emit the electromagnetic radiation emanating from the remote position along the line of sight.

Abstract: A laser tool, in particular for the structuring of cylinder running surfaces, that offers the possibility of guiding the laser beam of the laser tool with high process reliability, it is provided that the laser tool has a laser source for producing laser beams that are passed through a lens tube located in a hollow shaft, wherein a lens through which the laser beams are passed is attached to the lens tube, wherein the hollow shaft is designed to be rotatable as a hollow-shaft motor, wherein a spindle, to which is attached an optical device for deflecting the laser beam onto a workpiece surface, is attached to the hollow shaft, wherein the hollow shaft is rotatable independently of the lens.

Abstract: A multiple electron beam writing apparatus includes an excitation light source to emit an excitation light, a multi-lens array to divide the excitation light into a plurality of lights, a photoemissive surface to receive the plurality of lights incident through its upper side, and emit multiple photoelectron beams from its back side, a blanking aperture array mechanism to provide, by deflecting each beam of the multiple photoelectron beams, an individual blanking control which individually switches each beam between ON and OFF, an electron optical system to include an electron lens, and to irradiate, using the electron lens, a target object with the multiple photoelectron beams having been controlled to be beam ON, and a control circuit to interconnect, for each shot of the multiple photoelectron beams, a timing of switching the excitation light between emission and non-emission with a timing of switching the each beam between ON and OFF.

Abstract: A method for separating a substrate of a brittle-hard material is provided. The method includes the steps of introducing defects into the substrate at a spacing from one another along a separation line using at least one pulsed laser beam; selecting an average spacing between neighboring defects and a number of laser pulses for generating a respective defect such that a breaking stress (?B) for separating the substrate along the separation line is smaller than a first reference stress (?R1) of the substrate and such that an edge strength ?K of the separation edge obtained after separation is greater than a second reference stress (?R2) of the substrate; and separating the substrate after introducing the defects by applying a stress along the separation line.

Abstract: In a sleeve for a gas nozzle, a sleeve main body and a sleeve end face is formed at least in part by a wear protection element which is fastened to the sleeve main body and which is composed of a more wear-resistant material than the sleeve main body adjoining the sleeve end face, an inner and/or an outer beveled portion of the sleeve end face are formed at least in part by the wear protection element.

Abstract: A device for isolating a lenticle in the cornea of an eye. The device includes: a laser beam source to emit pulsed laser radiation having a pulse frequency of 1.2 MHz to 10 MHz, a pulse energy of 1 nJ to 200 nJ and a wavelength penetrating the cornea; a beam-forming unit having beam optics with an image field and that bundles pulsed laser radiation into a focus located inside the image field, and which has a maximum diameter of less than 3 ?m; a beam-deflection unit shifting the focus in the cornea and inside the image field, the focus moving along a path when the image field is resting; and a control unit to control the source and the beam-forming unit to isolate the lenticle by specifying the path. The lenticle is delimited by a cut surface which is curved with regard to a front surface of the cornea.

Abstract: A method of bonding layers of dielectric materials includes providing a surface one of the layers with microscale- and/or nanoscale-size bonding elements forming contact points of the layers and bringing a layer of the layers into a mutual position according to an intended use. The method also includes illuminating the layer whose surface is provided with bonding elements by an incident electromagnetic wave, the propagation direction of which is substantially orthogonal to the one of the layers, and whose wavelength is selected depending on an absorption spectrum of a material forming the one of the layers and generating condensed optical beams within said bonding elements or close to a tip of said bonding elements intended to be in contact with the other layer. The method further includes heating and melting the bonding elements by high-intensity focal spots formed by said generated optical beams and maintaining the layers into a mutual position until and bonding of the layers.

Abstract: A pulsed laser printing module for a contact lens, comprises a steel mold, a pulsed laser device and a forming case. The steel mold is configured for transferring pigment. The pulsed laser device is configured for transmitting ultrashort laser pulses having pulse time widths less than 10?9 seconds. The ultrashort laser pulses etch the surface of the steel mold to remove a coating of the steel mold to form an etched layer. The forming case has a lower member and an upper member. The lower member is a concavity, and an inner surface of the lower member is provided with a lower curved surface. The upper member is provided with a protrusion corresponding to the lower member, and an outer surface of the protrusion is provided with an upper curved surface corresponding to the lower curved surface. The protrusion is capable of being placed in a concavity of the lower member to form a gap between the lower curved surface and the upper curved surface.

Abstract: The invention discloses a three-piece optical lens for capturing image and a three-piece optical module for capturing image. In order from an object side to an image side, the optical lens along the optical axis comprises a first lens with positive refractive power; a second lens with refractive power; and a third lens with refractive power; and at least one of the image-side surface and object-side surface of each of the three lens elements are aspheric. The optical lens can increase aperture value and improve the imaging quality for use in compact cameras.

Abstract: The present invention provides a surface following nozzle, an observation device for a moving object surface, and an observation method for the moving object surface that can remove water in the vicinity of the nozzle while following changes in the shape and changes in the distance of a moving object. A surface following nozzle includes a nozzle that injects gas from a tip end thereof, a separating part that closes a base end of the nozzle, and an extending and contracting part that is provided at a rear side of the nozzle via the separating part, and extends and contracts along an axial direction of the nozzle. The extending and contracting part includes an elastic body that applies a forward force with respect to the nozzle.

Abstract: A device for a laser machining system includes a laser beam optics for a machining laser beam with an arrangement of optical elements arranged one after the other in a beam path of the machining laser beam. With respect to a direction of propagation of the machining laser beam, a first outermost optical element of the arrangement of optical elements consists of a material with a thermal conductivity coefficient kT of 2 W/(m·K) or more.

Abstract: A display device includes a laser irradiation device and a control device. The laser irradiation device is configured to irradiate an irradiation point located at a display position in air, with a laser beam having a wavelength equal to or larger than 380 nm and equal to or smaller than 780 nm and produce plasma at the display position. The control device is configured to control intensity of the laser beam emitted from the at least one laser irradiation device so that a relationship between intensity of plasma light emitted from the plasma at the display position and intensity of scattered light produced from the laser beam and scattered by the plasma becomes a predetermined relationship to display a color pixel.

Abstract: A multifunctional laser processing apparatus includes a hollow milling shaft, a light path tool holder, a tool-holder-type melting module, a laser light source, and a temperature sensor. The hollow milling shaft includes a first light path channel and a connection portion. The light path tool holder can be connected to the connection portion. The light path tool holder has a second light path channel communicating with the first light path channel. The tool-holder-type melting module can be connected to the connection portion. The tool-holder-type melting module has a third light path channel communicating with the first light path channel. The laser light source is configured to emit a laser light beam toward the first light path channel. The temperature sensor is disposed on an outer surface of the hollow milling shaft and is configured to sense a temperature of a work piece during a multifunctional processing process.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for introducing a defined weakening line by means of material removal on a cover material (20) which has a visible side (22) and a rear side (21) opposite the visible side (22), in which a pulsed laser beam (31) from a laser (30) is aimed at the rear side (21) of the cover material (20) and is guided along a path (50) and at least one observation unit (11) for monitoring the weakening process is provided underneath the visible side (22) of the cover material (20), wherein a second laser beam (61) from a second laser (60) is coupled into the beam path of the first laser beam (31), wherein the first pulsed laser beam (31) is used to produce the weakening line, and the radiation from the second laser beam (61) that emerges on the visible side (22) is detected by the at least one observation unit (11).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a portable probe for photoacoustic tomography, capable of performing line-by-line scanning or area-by-area scanning by using a small number of light inputs; and a real-time photoacoustic tomography device. The probe for photoacoustic tomography includes: a lens receiving light inputs from an optical fiber so as to make the same proceed as small diameter parallel light; a Powell lens receiving the small diameter parallel light and generating a line beam of a predetermined thickness, and allowing energy dispersed on a line to be uniform on the entire line; a lens making the line beam pass therethrough such that the line beam has a predetermined width and a reduced thickness so as to be line-focused at a target area; an acoustic reflection glass for separating, from a light path, an acoustic wave outputted from the target area; and an acoustic measurement unit for measuring acoustic strength.

Abstract: A method for additively manufacturing a three-dimensional article includes depositing feed materials through a material feeder to a growth surface. The feed materials include at least one of a first feed material, a second feed material and a third feed material. At least one of the first feed material, the second feed material and the third feed material is different. The method also includes exposing the feed materials to electromagnetic energy to form a melt pool. The melt pool includes at least one of a molten first feed material, a molten second feed material and a molten third feed material. The method further includes solidifying the melt pool.

Abstract: An illumination source apparatus (500), suitable for use in a metrology apparatus for the characterization of a structure on a substrate, the illumination source apparatus comprising: a high harmonic generation, HHG, medium (502); a pump radiation source (506) operable to emit a beam of pump radiation (508); and adjustable transformation optics (510) configured to adjustably transform the transverse spatial profile of the beam of pump radiation to produce a transformed beam (518) such that relative to the centre axis of the transformed beam, a central region of the transformed beam has substantially zero intensity and an outer region which is radially outwards from the centre axis of the transformed beam has a non-zero intensity, wherein the transformed beam is arranged to excite the HHG medium so as to generate high harmonic radiation (540), wherein the location of said outer region is dependent on an adjustment setting of the adjustable transformation optics.

Abstract: A method of assembling a substrate with a part is provided. The method includes a step of structuring the substrate by a pulsed laser. In one example, the substrate is metallic and the part is polymer-based. The structuring step engraves grooves into the substrate in a pattern determined by the relative motion of the beam and the substrate. The pattern is configured to provide improved adhesion between the structured substrate and a part after assembling the substrate and the part by laser welding. The method of assembling may further include a pre-treatment step of the structured surface to allow improve laser absorption during the welding assembling.

Abstract: A glass article having a glass bump formed integrally thereon by laser-irradiation methods. The glass bump includes a lower region connected to an upper region by an inflection region. The lower region projects from a surface of the glass article and is defined by concavely rounded sides with a radius of curvature R1. The upper region includes a transition portion and a top portion. The transition portion is defined by convexly rounded sides with a radius of curvature R2. The transition portion connects to the lower portion via the inflection region. The upper portion connects to the transition portion and is defined by a convexly rounded top surface with a radius of curvature R3, which is greater than radius of curvature R2.

Abstract: A laser processing head includes a housing including a mounting surface for mounting the laser processing head on a carrier; a plurality of optical components arranged within the housing; and an access opening formed in the housing for removing or inserting at least one first optical component among the optical components, the access opening being formed in the mounting surface.

Abstract: A manufacturing method for a shaft 1 by imparting a residual compressive stress to an inner surface 4p of the lateral hole 4 of the workpiece 2 includes a disposing step and an irradiation step. In the disposing step, a lateral-hole mirror 14a is disposed inside the lateral hole 4. In the irradiation step, a laser beam L is emitted from one of an inner-side opening 4a and an outer-side opening 4b of the lateral hole 4 toward the lateral-hole mirror 14a, making the laser beam L reflect on the lateral-hole mirror 14a, and thereby applying the laser beam L to the inner surface 4p of the lateral hole 4.

Abstract: A laser processing method includes holding a single crystal silicon wafer as a workpiece, selecting a laser beam having a wavelength of 1950 nm or more in a transmission wavelength region to the single crystal silicon wafer, and applying the laser beam to the single crystal silicon wafer along a predetermined area with the focal point of the laser beam set inside the wafer, thereby forming a plurality of shield tunnels arranged along the predetermined area. Each shield tunnel is composed of a fine hole and an amorphous region formed around the fine hole for shielding the fine hole. The fine hole extends from a beam applied surface of the wafer where the laser beam is applied to the other surface opposite to the beam applied surface.

Abstract: A laser processing head, by means of which lenses in the beam path of the laser beam may be interchanged for the purposes of changing the beam diameter at the workpiece, wherein the laser processing head may have a structurally simple and compact embodiment.

Abstract: A vaporizer has a housing containing a power source. A laser assembly containing a laser module, such as a laser diode, is electrically coupled to the power source. A laser intensifier thermal transfer module contains a heating plate and is attached to the laser assembly. A cartridge assembly includes an inhalant supply cartridge containing inhalant, such as liquid or concentrate. The inhalant is in contact with the heating plate by way of a wick that draws the inhalant out of the supply cartridge. The laser assembly is receives electric current from the power source to activate the laser module causing the laser module to emit a beam directed toward the heating plate. The heating plate focuses the beam and generates heat sufficient to vaporize the inhalant. The inhalant is drawn through an air passageway in the cartridge for inhalation by the user.

Abstract: A deposition head for additive manufacturing may include a material feeder including a first feeder to deposit a first feed material to a growth surface, and a second feeder to deposit a second feed material to the growth surface, and an electromagnetic energy source to direct electromagnetic energy to the growth surface, wherein the electromagnetic energy forms a melt pool on the growth surface, and wherein the melt pool may include at least one of a molten first feed material and a molten second feed material.

Abstract: A weapon for tactical simulations provided with at least one projection device of electromagnetic beams to simulate the projectile fired by the weapon. The projection device includes a plurality of emitters of electromagnetic beams housed in projectors, each susceptible to emit electromagnetic beams having geometrical parameters different from those of the electromagnetic beams emitted by the other emitters so that each beam emitted realistically simulates a section of the path that the projectile to be simulated would cover. The weapon further includes an adjusting system of the electromagnetic beam emitted by the emitters to vary the geometric features so that the overall electromagnetic beam has, for all the path that the projectile to be simulated would cover, geometric features with values includes between predetermined intervals so as to realistically simulate the projectile.

Abstract: A method and system for providing vision correction to a patient is disclosed. The method and system employ a vision care POD to engage and provide vision diagnostics and correction options to a patient. More specifically, method and system may include educating the population of a geographic area through sources that target particular identified groups in need of vision correction; providing an eye examination to patients using a vision care POD to generate a personalized vision correction ID card; providing one or more vision correction solution(s) to the patient; supplying the patient with the one or more vision correction solution(s) and the corresponding training for the solution(s); and providing ongoing care and support to the patient.

Abstract: A numerical controller controls a laser beam machine in accordance with a program and performs three-dimensional laser beam machining on a workpiece. The numerical controller obtains a ratio between a machining speed at an upper surface of the workpiece and a machining speed at a lower surface of the workpiece on the basis of a posture of a nozzle of the laser beam machine and changes a machining condition specified by the program on the basis of the obtained ratio.

Abstract: A laser system capable of producing a stable and accurate high-power output beam from one or more input beams of corresponding laser sources comprises one or more optical elements configured to receive the input beams wherein at least one of said one or more optical elements is made of high purity fused silica.

Abstract: Elastomeric components, such as a shoe outsole, are treated with a plasma application to clean and activate the elastomeric component. The application of plasma is controlled to achieve a sufficient surface composition change to enhance adhesion characteristics while not adversely physically deforming the elastomeric component. The plasma treatment is applied to increase carbonyl functional group concentrations within an altered region of the elastomeric component to within at least a range of 2%-15% of carbon atomic percentage composition. The cleaning and activation is controlled, in part, by ensuring a defined height offset range is maintained between the elastomeric component and the plasma source by a generated tool path. The elastomeric component may then be adhered, with an adhesive, to another component.

Abstract: A processing apparatus and a processing method which perform processing more accurately with a simple structure are provided. The processing apparatus includes an irradiation head 16 and a control device. The irradiation head 16 includes a laser turning unit 35 and a condensing optical system 37. The laser turning unit 35 includes a first prism 51, a second prism 52, a first rotating mechanism 53, and a second rotating mechanism 54. The control device adjusts the differences between rotation speeds and phase angles of the first prism 51 and the second prism 52 based on a relation between at least a heat affected layer of a workpiece and a turning speed of laser.

Abstract: An additive manufacturing apparatus comprises a processing chamber (100) defining a window (110) for receiving a laser beam and an optical module (10) The optical module is removably-mountable to the processing chamber for delivering the laser beam through the window. The optical module contains optical components for focusing and steering the laser beam and a controlled atmosphere can be maintained within the module.

Abstract: A laser nozzle comprising a nozzle body (1) comprising a first axial housing (5) comprising a first outlet orifice (11) located in a front face (1a) of the nozzle body (1); a movable element (2) arranged in the first axial housing (5) of the nozzle body (1), comprising a front portion (2a) forming a skirt and an axial passage (4) having a second outlet orifice (12) emerging from said front portion (2a) forming a skirt; and an elastic element (8) arranged in the first axial housing (5), between the nozzle body (1) and the movable element (2). According to the invention, the movable element (2) is able to move translationally in the first axial housing (5) in the direction of the first outlet orifice (11) under the effect of a gaseous pressure exerted on the movable element (2), and the elastic element (8) exerts an elastic return force on the movable element (2) tending to oppose the translational movement in the first axial housing (5) in the direction of the first outlet orifice (11).

Abstract: A phoropter having a line of sight for a viewer to see through comprises a lens system in the line of sight, wherein a shape or focal length of at least one lens in the lens system is controllable by means of an electrical signal, electrical field or current. Wavefront sensors of the phoropter detect local tilts of light wavefronts emerging from the eye and generate output signals that are used for controlling the shape or focal length of the at least one lens. Holographic or diffractive elements are used to collect light scattered from an eye of the viewer and image the scattered light to the wavefront sensors. Preferably one or more of the holographic or diffractive elements are away from the line of sight of the viewer. To use the phoropter, light is passed to the lens system, and light scattered by the eye is collected by the holographic or diffractive elements and imaged onto the wavefront sensors.

Abstract: A laser processing apparatus including a processing head and a light-focusing optical section for focusing a laser beam having a diffusion angle and enabling the laser beam having a convergent angle to be emitted from the processing head. The laser processing apparatus includes a transmissive optical member located upstream of the light-focusing optical section so as to transmit the laser beam while keeping the diffusion angle constant, or located downstream of the light-focusing optical section so as to transmit the laser beam while keeping the convergent angle constant. The transmissive optical member includes a focused-beam diameter increasing part for increasing a focused beam diameter of the laser beam transmitted through the focused-beam diameter increasing part, as compared to a focused beam diameter of the laser beam in a case where the laser beam is not transmitted through the focused-beam diameter increasing part but is focused by the light-focusing optical section.

Abstract: A coded localization system includes a plurality of optical channels arranged to cooperatively image at least one object onto a plurality of detectors. Each of the channels includes a localization code that is different from any other localization code in other channels, to modify electromagnetic energy passing therethrough. Output digital images from the detectors are processable to determine sub-pixel localization of the object onto the detectors, such that a location of the object is determined more accurately than by detector geometry alone. Another coded localization system includes a plurality of optical channels arranged to cooperatively image partially polarized data onto a plurality of pixels. Each of the channels includes a polarization code that is different from any other polarization code in other channels to uniquely polarize electromagnetic energy passing therethrough. Output digital images from the detectors are processable, to determine a polarization pattern for a user of the system.

Abstract: The invention relates to an optimized laser cutting method for cutting a part from a material by means of a cutting system comprising: a laser source for producing a laser beam having a certain power; and a cutting head comprising an end nozzle for passage of a cutting laser beam, wherein the method comprises: determining a cutting power Pd such that Pd=Max(Popt;?e) where Max is the mathematical operator of the maximum, Popt is an optimal power of the laser beam of the cutting system, which is predetermined in accordance with the part to be cut, and/or with cutting parameters and/or with system parameters, in order to minimize the amount of aerosols produced when the part is cut, ? is a leading coefficient representing the number of kW required for cutting the part per mm of the thickness of the part, and e is the thickness of the part in mm.

Abstract: Methods of cutting laminate strengthened glass substrates are disclosed. A method is disclosed which includes providing a laminate strengthened glass substrate having a glass core layer with first and second surface portions, and at least one glass cladding layer fused to the first surface portion or the second surface portion of the glass core layer. The glass core layer has a core coefficient of thermal expansion that is larger than a cladding coefficient of thermal expansion. The method further includes forming an edge defect on the laminate strengthened glass substrate, heating first and second regions of the laminate strengthened glass substrate on the at least one glass cladding layer. The first and second regions are offset from first and second sides of a desired line of separation, respectively. The method further includes propagating a crack imitated at the edge defect between the first and second regions.