Abstract: In an aspect, data characterizing an instruction for an activation of an igniter and an operating mode of a smoke generator that includes the igniter can be received. A first amount of energy required for an ignition of a fuel source by the igniter can be determined based on the operating mode characterized by the received data. The igniter can be caused to activate based on the received data. A second amount of energy, output by the igniter over a period of time during which the igniter is activated, can be determined. A determination of whether the second amount of energy exceeds the first amount of energy can be made. The igniter can be caused to deactivate in response to a determination that the second amount of energy exceeds the first amount of energy. Related systems, apparatus, techniques, and articles are also described.

Abstract: A gas turbine engine has: a casing; a combustor liner delimiting a combustion chamber; a fuel nozzle in fluid communication with the combustion chamber; and an igniter having a base, a glow plug heater rod extending from the base along an axis and terminating in a rod end, and a sleeve extending around the glow plug heater rod, the sleeve radially spaced apart from the glow plug heater rod by an annular gap, the sleeve defines fins circumferentially distributed around the axis, each two circumferentially adjacent fins of the fins spaced apart from one another by a spacing communicating with the annular gap, the fins extending in a direction having an axial component from roots to tips, the roots axially closer to the base than the tips, the rod end extending axially beyond the tips of the fins such that the rod end is located outside the annular gap.

Abstract: There is disclosed an igniter for a gas turbine engine including: a base; an inner conductor extending along an axis from the base to an end; a resistive heating element electrically connected to the end of the conductor; an outer conductor being electrically connected to the heating element, the outer conductor surrounding and extending axially along the inner conductor and forming a return electrical path, the outer conductor being radially spaced apart from the inner conductor by a gap, and an electrical insulator in the gap.

Abstract: The invention relates to a supply module (10) for conveying an operating/auxiliary agent capable of freezing for the exhaust gas aftertreatment of an internal combustion engine and for heating a reservoir holding the operating/auxiliary agent capable of freezing. The supply module (10) comprises a main heater (18) and an auxiliary heater (30), which are electrically contacted on a supporting body (24). A pot wall (52) of a heating pot (50) comprises electrical contacts (62) of the main heater (18) and electrical contacts (60) of the auxiliary heater (30).

Abstract: A system comprises a tank header configured to couple to a reductant tank and a heating mechanism positioned proximate to the tank header. The heating mechanism is configured to heat at least a portion of the tank header. The system may further comprise a conduit configured to pass reductant from the reductant tank and a junction configured to receive reductant from the reductant tank.

Abstract: An exemplary accessory for an electronic smoking article includes a hollow body having inner and outer surfaces and a sensor in the body. The sensor is configured to detect an emission of the electronic smoking article. A processor is embedded in the body, where the processor is configured to generate smoking topography data based on the emission. A display generates an output based on the smoking topography data provided by the processor.

Abstract: An apparatus is arranged to heat smokable material (5) to volatilize at least one component of the smokable material. In one exemplary embodiment, the apparatus has a housing and a plurality of heater segments longitudinally arranged within the housing for heating smokable material contained within the apparatus. At least one heater segment is arranged so as to heat smokable material contained within the at least one heater segment more quickly than at least one other heater segment heats smokable material contained within the at least one other heater segment.

Abstract: A flue-curing device comprises a case, one end of the case is provided with an opening, and a fixing barrel communicated with the opening is defined an inner portion of the case, the fixing barrel is sequentially provided with a heating chamber and an airflow heating pipe; the airflow heating pipe is sleeved by a heat generating assembly configured to heat air that is to flow to the cigarette and to transfer heat to the heating chamber to heat the cigarette; or the airflow heating pipe and the heating chamber are both sleeved by the heat generating assembly configured to simultaneously heat the heating chamber and the airflow heating pipe to achieve a composite heating of the cigarette. The present application can solve the problem that the cigarette evaporation is insufficient or the evaporation is too fast, and satisfy a habit of a user to smoke for a long time.

Abstract: Vaporization devices and methods of operating them are described. In particular, apparatuses with a resistive heating element, electrical circuitry for measuring a voltage between the resistive heating element and a reference resistor, and a microcontroller for controlling a temperature of the resistive heating element in response to a determined resistance are described. The electrical circuitry may comprise the reference resistor, a first switch operable to interrupt the flow of current from the power source through the resistive heating element, a second switch operable to add the reference resistor in series with the resistive heating element when the flow of current from the power source through the resistive heating element is interrupted by operation of the first switch, and a voltage divider configured to measure a voltage between the resistive heating element and the reference resistor.

Abstract: A cartomizer for an electronic smoking article, an electronic smoking article capable of providing a smoking experience without combusting tobacco, and a method of achieving a smoking experience without combusting tobacco are disclosed. The cartomizer can include an annular fluid reservoir having an air flow channel therein; a liquid material within the fluid reservoir; and a heater, which surrounds the fluid reservoir and is operable to heat the fluid reservoir to a temperature sufficient to at least initially volatilize the liquid material contained within the fluid reservoir to form a saturated vapor within the air flow channel.

Abstract: Quick-release mechanism of a microvaporizer having a quick-release cartridge coupled to a quick-release atomizer assembly by engaging a root portion of the quick-release cartridge with a receiver mechanism in the quick-release atomizer assembly, moving a trapdoor in the quick-release cartridge, and locking the root portion in the receiver mechanism. The quick-release cartridge is provided with at least one groove or depression on a root portion extension that can be inserted into and locked with the receiver mechanism.

Abstract: A glow plug includes a housing having an axial hole extending in an axial line direction; a ceramic heater that is relatively displaceable with respect to the housing along the axial line direction and has at least outer surface made of ceramic; and a pressure sensor fixed to the housing and configured to output a signal based on the relative displacement of the ceramic heater. A fixed member fixed to the ceramic heater while the ceramic heater is arranged to an inner circumference of the fixed member. A welded member is welded to an outer circumference of the fixed member. An inner circumferential surface of a portion of the fixed member to which at least the welded member is welded is spaced apart from the outer surface of the ceramic heater.

Abstract: Methods and systems for a burn proof lighter with a collapsible ceramic tip may include extending, with a switch module, a ceramic heating element beyond a body of an electronic lighter. The method may include adjusting, with a temperature switch, a temperature of the ceramic heating element, wherein the temperature switch may include multiple pre-defined temperature settings. The method may include retracting, with the switch module, the ceramic heating element into the body of the electronic lighter. In an embodiment, the switch module may include a sliding switch. Additionally, the temperature switch may include a plus button and a minus button. In a further embodiment, the multiple pre-defined temperature settings may include a vapor setting, a thick vapor setting, a combustion setting, or a butane lighter setting. In an embodiment, the pre-defined temperature settings may include a low temperature setting, a medium temperature setting, and a high temperature setting.

Abstract: Methods for producing a glow plug having a housing, a ceramic glow pin and a protective tube from which a section of the glow pin projects which is thinner than a thicker section arranged in the protective tube. The thinner section leads to a glow tip. The glow pin is inserted into the protective tube and the protective tube is inserted into the housing. A securing element is placed onto the first end of the glow pin. The internal diameter of the securing element is smaller than the maximum diameter of the glow pin. The securing element is fastened on the protective tube. Alternatively, the protective tube is heated locally at a section of the protective tube surrounding the thinner section, and there the interior width of the protective tube is reduced to a value smaller than the diameter of the thicker section of the glow pin.

Abstract: A glow plug (100) includes: a housing (130) having a metal shell (110) and a cap unit (120); and a heater unit (150). A coupling member (180) is joined with the housing (130) and is also joined with the heater unit (150) at its edge portion (188), so as to enable the heater unit (150) to move along an axis line O and couple the heater unit (150) with the housing (130). When the edge portion 188 of the coupling member 180 is irradiated with a laser, at least part of the edge portion (188) melted by laser welding fills a gap (50) between the coupling member (180) and the heater unit (150) to form a welded part (210). As a result, even when there is a gap prior to welding, the weld strength between the coupling member (180) and the heater unit (150) can be maintained.

Abstract: Electronic cigarettes may include an electronic cigarette, and a replaceable vaporizer assembly. Electronic cigarette may include a mouthpiece, an E-liquid storage tank, an E-liquid storage tank cover, a cylindrical connector, and a vaporizer mounting base having an internal thread. The replaceable vaporizer assembly may include a vaporizer assembly mounting base having an external thread of the vaporizer assembly mounting base.

Abstract: A heater includes a resistor including a heat-generating portion, one or more leads joined to end portions of the resistor, and an insulating base body which covers the resistor and the leads, and a joining portion between the resistor and the leads includes a region where the resistor is spaced apart from the insulating base body by way of the leads over a whole circumference of the resistor when viewed in cross section of the joining portion.

Abstract: The present invention is a heater including: a resistor including a heat-generating portion; a lead joined to an end portion of the resistor; and an insulating base covering the resistor and the lead. The heater includes a connection portion in which the resistor and the lead overlap each other in a direction perpendicular to an axial direction of the lead, and a boundary between the resistor and the lead has a curved shape when the connection portion is seen in a cross section perpendicular to the axial direction.

Abstract: A gas igniter includes a heating element, a bushing and a mounting bracket. The bushing is formed of a generally rigid electrically insulating material and supports the heating element. The bushing includes an elongated slot extending through the bushing. The mounting bracket includes a first connecting portion and a second mounting portion. The first connecting portion is inserted through the elongated slot located on the bushing for connecting the mounting bracket to the bushing. The second mounting portion is configured to attach the gas igniter to an associated support surface.

Abstract: A positive temperature coefficient (PTC) rod assembly is provided for a PTC heater. PTC elements and an electrode terminal to which an insulator is attached may be retained in a channel-shaped rod cover having an open side so as to be exposed to the outside, and a heat-radiating fin is in direct contact with one surface of the rod cover so as to conduct heat, and another heat-radiating fin may be in direct contact with one surface of the insulator attached to an outer surface of the electrode terminal so as to conduct heat, so that the PTC rod assembly minimizes empty space in an inner space of the rod cover, increases heat transfer efficiency, and is easily manufactured due to a simple structure and reduction in the number of parts.

Abstract: A voltage switching microswitch is provided for supplying power to a hot surface igniter in a gas burning system. The microswitch is configured to operate concurrently with manual operation of a gas control valve such that rotation of an operating stem of the gas control valve produces rotation of a cam within the microswitch. The cam is configured to operate a pair of reed switches so that a relatively high voltage from a power supply is applied to the hot surface igniter following a first predetermined amount of rotation of the cam and a relatively lower voltage is applied to the hot surface igniter following a second predetermined amount of rotation of the cam to maintain the temperature of the igniter.

Abstract: A configuration in which fixing is performed by inserting a rear end of a lead shaft member into an attachment hole of an external terminal at the rear of a glow plug and crimping an outer peripheral face of the external terminal. The outer peripheral face of a crimp formation region (78) of the external terminal (70) having a polygonal cross section is formed into a crimped portion (79) provided by round crimping toward a circle, and the external terminal (70) is fixed to the rear end (55) of the lead shaft member (50). Due to the configuration obtained from the round crimping of the polygon, plating breaks and the like are not easily produced in the plating layer on the surface of the external terminal.

Abstract: An assembly is disclosed for exothermic welding comprising a mold which is formed of a material which withstands exothermic welding temperatures and includes a weld cavity therein for positioning at least two members which are to be exothermically welded together, and an ignition cavity communicating with the weld cavity. The mold is capable of accommodating any one of several exothermic welding procedures which may involve either a flint igniter or the use of an electrical igniter which is readily accommodated by the mold in the performance of several of the procedures. The electrical igniter is formed of a pair of flat, longitudinally extending conductor strips with a sheet of insulation laminated therebetween, a filament adjacent one end of the strips, and one or more positioning tabs adjacent one end of the strips. A cartridge is also provided which contains the weld metal and the electrical igniter and which may be positioned in the ignition cavity of the mold.

Abstract: A gas igniter device includes a first synthetic material casing containing igniter and an electronic control and a terminal board integrally coupled to the first casing and in turn including a cable clamp. The terminal board includes a second synthetic box-shaped material casing including: a cup-shaped body provided with a first and a second opposite side opening and an inlet oriented essentially perpendicular to the side openings; and a closing lid of the inlet hingedly restrained onto a first side of the cup-shaped body; a first end of the first casing is provided with a pair of electric power contacts for the igniter and is snappingly and removably coupled in use to the cup-shaped body within a first side opening with the contacts arranged inside the cup-shaped body in position facing the inlet.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for operating a glow plug with the engine running, wherein an effective voltage is generated from a vehicle electrical system voltage by pulse width modulation, the effective voltage is applied to the glow plug and changed as a function of engine parameters, a target value of the effective voltage that is dependent on the engine parameters and to which the effective voltage is changed is specified, a maximum increment for a change of the actual value of the effective voltage in at least one direction is specified, and a change of the actual value in at least one direction to a target value that deviates from the actual value by more than the maximum increment is carried out in several steps. The invention further relates to a controller which carries out such a method during operation.

Abstract: Composite conductor comprising a metallic conductor and a ceramic conductor or non-conductor, at least one of them being elongate, the two being connected with each other in an electrically conductive manner. The ceramic conductor or non-conductor and the metallic conductor are hard-soldered to each other by a contact surface extending obliquely to the longitudinal direction of the at least one elongate conductor, and has one of the conductors tapers at its end and the other conductor has a matching tapering recess. The tapering end of the conductor is fitted into the tapering recess.

Abstract: Disclosed is a brazing structure that includes a ceramic member, a metal layer, a tubular metal fitting and first and second brazing members. The ceramic member includes a small diameter portion and a large diameter portion. The metal layer is located on an outer surface of the large diameter portion. At least an edge of the ceramic member is inserted in the fitting. The first brazing member connects the inner surface of the fitting to the metal layer. The second brazing member does not contact with the metal layer, and fills between at least a part of the small diameter portion and the inner surface, which faces to the part of the small diameter portion, of the fitting. The small diameter portion is located closer to the edge than the metal layer and is inside the fitting.

Abstract: An electrical socket for powering an electrical/electronic accessory device having an electrical plug that is received in the socket, comprising: an electrically conductive socket well for slidably receiving the electrical plug of the electrical/electronic device; an electrical connector portion disposed distally on the socket well and comprising an insulator fastened to the socket well at a distal end thereof and having at least two electrical terminals for connecting to a vehicle electrical power source; a plurality of first electrical contacts disposed at a distal end of said socket well and extending radially and proximally from the center of said well and being electrically connected to a first of said electrical terminals of said electrical connector portion; a second of said electrical terminals of said electrical connector portion being electrically connected to said socket well; and said plurality of first electrical contacts being adapted to electrically slidably engage with an inner periphery of a

Abstract: Glow plug, particularly for operation in a combustion engine, comprising at least one heating rod (1) and at least one body (2) and at least one annular gap (3) between the heating rod (1) and the body (2) and at least one chamber (4) primarily arranged between the heating rod (1) and the body (2).

Abstract: A method for producing a ceramic heater includes performing firing at 1,600° C. to 1,750° C. in a state in which front and back surfaces of an inner shaped body composed of low-temperature sinterable raw material powder containing aluminum nitride powder as a main component and 0.03% to 1% by weight of rare earth oxide powder are sandwiched between a pair of outer layers composed of aluminum nitride sintered bodies having a volume resistivity of 1015 ?cm or more through resistive heating elements composed of metal meshes, thereby obtaining a ceramic heater.

Abstract: Provided is a ceramic heater having enhanced joining strength between a heater section and a cylindrical metal member and having enhanced durability. A ceramic heater includes a heater section including a ceramic body and a heat-generating resistor configured to be buried in the ceramic body, a metal layer which is on part of a surface of the ceramic body and is configured to apply electric current to the heater section, and a cylindrical metal member, and inner surface of one end thereof being joined to the metal layer with a brazing material interposed therebetween, wherein the cylindrical metal member includes a brazing material restraining portion in an end face of the one end thereof, the brazing material restraining portion having lower wettability to the brazing material than that of other portions of the end face of the one end.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a sheet-shaped heat and light source. The sheet-shaped heat and light source includes a carbon nanotube layer and at least two electrodes. The at least two electrodes are separately disposed on the carbon nanotube layer and electrically connected thereto. Moreover, a method for making the sheet-shaped heat and light source and a method for heating an object adopting the same are also included.

Abstract: A method for fabricating a heating a element includes modifying the surface state of a substrate in order to obtain at least one smooth area of low roughness and at least one rough area having a higher roughness; applying a highly electrically conductive material to these various areas; and connecting smooth area(s) of the conductive material to an electrical power source.

Abstract: A glow plug assembly (110) has a metallic heater probe (118) supported within a metal shell (112). A transition zone (144) at the base of the shell (112) includes a membrane (146) and a tube portion (148). A first open end (130) of the heater probe (118) is formed with a reduced diameter pilot section (150) that mates with the tube portion (148) to establish a joint area between the components. The membrane (146) may be made elastically deflectable so as to accommodate integration of a pressure sensor (156) in the glow plug assembly (110).

Abstract: The improved charcoal starter design has several improvements, one being that it utilizes either; readily combustible materials like wadded up paper or a removable or replaceable common electric heating element to heat charcoal to incandescent and safely deposit hot embers into the grill. The common electric heating element is held in place through a clip fixedly attached to the inside of the charcoal starter housing walls and opposite of the opening for the electric heating element.

Abstract: A computer component testing system is used to test a temperature operating range of components of a computer. The computer component testing system includes a power supply, a voltage dividing circuit, an amplifier circuit, a heat generator, a temperature control cabinet to receive the computer and the heat generator, and a temperature tester. The temperature of the component of the computer changes via adjusting the variable resistor to change heat generated by the heat generator, to make the component of the computer be in different temperatures. If the computer changes to a second state from the first state in a temperature, the temperature is determined to be an end temperature of the temperature operating range of the component.

Abstract: A heater rolling pin having a roller body, stainless steel axles, hollow roller interior, roller outer surface, a handle mounted to each axle, electrical tactile switch secured to one end of the roller, a heater secured inside the roller interior, batteries and a battery holder at the opposite end of the roller. The internal heater makes the outer surface of the roller hot. The roller is manufactured from food grade aluminum alloy and is hard anodized and dyed to make the surface very hard and scratch resistant. The roller has two food quality, high density polyethylene (HDPE) plastic handles with stainless steel axles.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for operating a heating element in a motor vehicle by pulse width modulation, wherein fluctuations in the supply voltage are compensated for by adapting the duty cycle so as to achieve a desired heating output. According to the invention, during a voltage pulse the voltage that is present at the heating element and/or the current flowing through the heating element are measured at specified intervals, and the measured values or values determined therefrom are added to calculate a sum value, which rises with the energy that is fed into the heating element by the voltage pulse, and the voltage pulse is ended at the latest when the sum value has reached a target value. The invention furthermore relates to a glow plug controller for carrying out the method according to the invention.

Abstract: A glow plug which includes an intermediate shaft (3) inserted into a shaft hole (43) of a metal shell (4) and having a connecting end part (36) of a rear end part (32) protruding from a rear end surface (48). An insulating member (6) is arranged between the intermediate shaft (3) and the shaft hole (43) of the metal shell (4). The insulting member (6) has a tapered part (63) which abuts a tapered part (47) provided in the metal shell (4). The insulating member (6) is pressed into position by a connecting terminal (5) fixed to the connecting end part (36) to assuredly hold the intermediate shaft (3) in a rear end part (45) of the metal shell (4) and to thereby prevent a deflection or bend of the intermediate shaft (3). Also disclosed is a method for manufacturing the glow plug.

Abstract: Disclosed is a ceramic heater capable of preventing failures due to the thermal stress, such as cracks, and corrosion by a calcium component. The ceramic heater has a heating element including at least one substance selected from silicides, nitrides and carbides of molybdenum and silicides, nitrides and carbides of tungsten as a main component, and a base mainly containing silicon nitride in which the heating element is embedded, wherein the base includes: a rare earth element component in an amount from 4 to 25% by mass in terms of an oxide thereof; a silicide of chromium in an amount from 1 to 8% by mass in terms of chromium silicide; and an aluminum component in an amount from 0.02 to 1.0% by mass in terms of aluminum nitride.

Abstract: A glow plug assembly includes an integrated, internal pressure sensor. In order to reduce loading on the center electrode, improve sensor responsiveness, and provide better thermal performance, the pressure sensor assembly is housed in a canister which forms a containment capsule and rigidly connects inside the glow plug shell near its seat area. The pressure sensor makes direct contact with the base end of the heater probe so that movements of the heater probe caused by fluctuations in gas pressure lead directly to changing force on the sensor stack.

Abstract: Disclosed is an temperature control apparatus including: a resistance heater a resistance value of which changes dependently on a temperature thereof; a fixed resistance connected to the resistance heater in series; a signal generator to output a control signal which has two voltage levels of a first voltage and a second voltage; a switching section to flow a current through the resistance heater and the fixed resistance when the voltage level is the first voltage, and not to flow a current through the resistance heater and the fixed resistance when the voltage level is the second voltage; and a first voltage measuring instrument to measure a voltage value across the fixed resistance at the time when the current flows through the fixed resistance, wherein the signal generator controls the temperature of the resistance heater based on the measured voltage by the first voltage measuring instrument.

Abstract: A method for controlling a glow plug at a desired temperature. In a glow plug off state, the glow plug temperature status is monitored to prepare for the next combustion event. When ignition is requested, a determination is made as to how long full voltage can be applied to bring the glow plug to ignition temperature. A resistance/temperature map is provided to determine the resistance as a function of temperature. Another map is provided of temperature as a function of powering time at a full battery voltage in a First Heating Phase to ensure that the surface temperature of the glow plug will reach a predetermined temperature required to start combustion of an air/fuel mixture. A third map is provided of a PWM duty cycle for a Second Heating Phase to maintain the temperature of the glow plug to ensure flame propagation without damage to the glow plug.

Abstract: An igniter for igniting combustible gases in a hot zone, such as in a solid oxide fuel cell, comprising a subassembly including an electrical resistance heating tip comprising SiC, metal leadframe clips formed of a nickel-based superalloy and attached to the heating tip, wire leads formed of a nickel-chromium alloy and connected to the leadframe clips for supplying electric current to the heating tip, and a nickel-based braze alloy comprising palladium and cobalt for connecting the leadframe clips to the heating tip and to the wire leads; an alumina ceramic body for receiving the brazed subassembly; and a potting compound comprising zirconia for potting the subassembly into the alumina ceramic body.

Abstract: Herein is described a method for the heating-up of a ceramic glow plug by applying a variable electric voltage to the glow plug. In accordance with the invention it is provided that, starting from a base value, the electric voltage increases in a time-averaged manner superproportional to the elapsed heating-up time. The invention relates also to a glow plug control unit for carrying out of such a method.

Abstract: A heater assembly configured to elevate a temperature of a processing element in a chemical treatment system is described. The heater assembly may be configured to uniformly heat a large area processing element, such as a processing element that spans a plurality of substrates. Additionally, for example, the heater assembly may be configured to elevate a temperature of an upper assembly, a gas injection assembly, a substrate holder, a chamber wall, or any combination of two or more thereof.

Abstract: A heated frequency converter assembly having a resistor element and/or brake means that are configured to heat the frequency converter assembly to produce a sufficiently high operating temperature and/or to prevent moisture condensation.

Abstract: New ceramic resistive igniter elements are provided that comprise one or more portions provided with one or more surface patterns to thereby modify the electrical pathway and, further, modify the resistance in the one or more portions. New methods for fabricating resistive igniter elements are also provided wherein one or more surface patterns are provided, for example post densification, wherein the surface pattern(s) modify the electrical pathway through the elements as compared with the electrical pathway prior to disposition of the surface pattern(s). In particular, one or more interruptions are provided in the electrical pathway of an element such that the electrical pathway is modified and, further the resistance through the element is modified.

Abstract: Provided is a ceramic heater having enhanced joining strength between a heater section and a cylindrical metal member and having enhanced durability. A ceramic heater includes a heater section including a ceramic body and a heat-generating resistor configured to be buried in the ceramic body, a metal layer which is on part of a surface of the ceramic body and is configured to apply electric current to the heater section, and a cylindrical metal member, and inner surface of one end thereof being joined to the metal layer with a brazing material interposed therebetween, wherein the cylindrical metal member includes a brazing material restraining portion in an end face of the one end thereof, the brazing material restraining portion having lower wettability to the brazing material than that of other portions of the end face of the one end.

Abstract: A new metal fiber yarn and methods for obtaining such a yarn are provided. The metal fiber yarn constitutes a construction comprising continuous metal fibers forming a metal fiber yarn. The construction comprises at least 5 bundles of continuous fibers, whereof at least one bundle is a bundle of metal fibers, preferably bundle drawn metal fibers. The bundles of continuous fibers are twisted together to form a yarn. Each bundle of metal fibers comprises at least 30 metal fiber filaments. The length of the continuous fiber bundles is substantially equal per unit length of the metal fiber yarn and the length of the fiber bundles per unit length of the metal fiber yarn is larger than the unit length of the metal fiber yarn itself.