Abstract: An image forming apparatus, includes: an image forming unit that forms a toner image on a medium; a heating unit that is provided on a downstream side in a transport path from the image forming unit and that is configured to heat a medium being transported in a non-contact manner; a fixing unit that is provided on a downstream side in the transport path from the heating unit and fixes the toner image on the medium; a shielding unit to which force is applied so as to be inform a closed state in which the heating unit is shielded; and an open state forming unit configured to receive power supply to drive the shielding unit so as to form an open state in which the heating unit is opened, and maintain the open state while the power is being supplied.

Abstract: A method for producing a joined structure according to the present invention includes: a reflow step of heating a first member and a solder material while keeping them in contact with each other in a reflow chamber to melt a solder alloy constituting the solder material, the reflow step including: a first reflow step of melting the solder alloy with an atmosphere in the reflow chamber reduced to a first pressure P1 lower than the atmospheric pressure; and a second reflow step of, after the first reflow step, melting the solder alloy with the atmosphere in the reflow chamber reduced to a second pressure P2 lower than the first pressure P1.

Abstract: A sheet drying device and method, and a box making machine, wherein provided are: a heating lamp (111) that is disposed facing a printing face of a cardboard sheet (S); a voltage adjusting unit (122) that adjusts the voltage of electrical power supplied to the heating lamp (111); a voltage setting unit (121) that sets the working voltage of the heating lamp (111) by increasing or decreasing a reference voltage according to the thickness of a water-based paint on the cardboard sheet (S), where the reference voltage is a voltage that is less than the rated voltage of the heating lamp (111) by a preset prescribed value; and a controlling device (101) that changes the voltage of the heating lamp (111) to the working voltage set by the voltage setting unit (121) using the voltage adjusting unit (122).

Abstract: A multi-layer ceramic module is provided that includes an integrated temperature control and a power switch. The integrated temperature control is configured to dissipate thermal energy. The power switch is configured to couple a power source for a standard component of the multi-layer ceramic module to the integrated temperature control.

Abstract: Provided is a soldering apparatus capable of blowing gas through a first blowing port more uniformly than a conventional apparatus, at each position in the first blowing port.

Abstract: A gas phase type heating method includes loading an object into a vapor heating furnace or a heating furnace via a loading/unloading portion, cooling vapor of a heat transfer liquid by a cooler provided above the loading/unloading portion in the vapor heating furnace, and causing a gas to go in and out, making a pressure in a continuous furnace uniform, and heating the loaded object, by a connection portion that is provided above the cooler and has a pressure loss smaller than a pressure loss of the loading/unloading portion.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods and apparatus for processing semiconductor substrates in an epitaxy chamber configured to map a temperature profile for both substrates and interior chamber components. In one embodiment, the semiconductor processing chamber has a body having ceiling and a lower portion defining an interior volume. A substrate support is disposed in the interior volume. A mounting plate is coupled to the ceiling outside the interior volume. A movement assembly is coupled to the mounting plate. A sensor is coupled to the movement assembly and moveable relative to the ceiling. The sensor is configured to detect a temperature location in the interior volume.

Abstract: Exemplary embodiments of the invention include a method and apparatus for assembling a semiconductor device. The method may include heating the semiconductor device, which comprises a printed circuit card and a packaging laminate, according to a device heating profile to melt solder material located between an array of contact points on the printed circuit card and an array of corresponding contact points on the packaging laminate; and cooling the semiconductor device to solidify the solder material, wherein during at least a portion of the cooling a temperature of the printed circuit card is kept at substantially a same temperature or a higher temperature than a temperature of an electronic module attached to the packaging laminate opposite the corresponding array of contact points.

Abstract: A method, system, and preform for liquid forming of the preform into a final-shaped container using the liquid to be contained in the final-shaped container. The preform undergoes a stretching step to a size less than the size of a base of the final-shaped container, before being relocated and stretched to the final shape by the liquid. A stretch rod sealably connects with an interior surface of the preform to partially isolate a gate portion of the preform. The isolation is effected by a portion of the inner surface of the preform extending inwardly, or by a deformable member on the stretch rod which can selectively extend outwardly to contact the interior surface of the preform. The stretch rod includes a selectively heatable tip to heat the gate portion of the preform. The gate portion of the preform includes inner, outer, and core layers which comprise a material configured to affect the thermal properties of the gate portion.

Abstract: The aerosol-generating device includes a housing, and a power supply configured to supply electrical power to a heating element by way of a transformer assembly within the housing. The transformer assembly includes a magnetic flux guide, a primary circuit including a primary winding extending around a first portion of the magnetic flux guide and electrically connected to the power supply, and a secondary circuit including a secondary winding inductively coupled to the primary winding and extending around a second portion of the magnetic flux guide. The number of turns in the primary winding is greater than the number of turns in the secondary winding. The secondary circuit includes at least two electrical contacts configured to form an electrical connection with the heating element.

Abstract: An autoclave comprises an elongate chamber enclosing an interior atmosphere, a floor configured to support one or more objects, and a plenum extending through a portion of the elongate chamber. The plenum includes an inlet as well as a plurality of outlets. The inlet is configured to receive a plenum flow of the interior atmosphere, while each of the plurality of outlets is configured to release a portion of the plenum flow to a different locus of the elongate chamber.

Abstract: A method for bonding large modules with the following steps, a large module is fed to a bonder from behind in a loading plane by means of a feeder unit. The large module is passed from the feeder unit to a first transverse conveyor unit, and is brought by the same to a first buffer position provided in the bonder, wherein the first buffer position is provided in a loading plane of the bonder. The large module is brought from the first buffer position into a first receiving position in the loading plane via the first transverse conveyor unit and is passed there to a vertical conveyor unit.

Abstract: A resistance element includes a resistance coil having a first end and a second end opposite the first end. The resistance coil defines a plurality of first portions defining a first constant diameter and a plurality of second portions defining a second constant diameter smaller than the first diameter. At least one of the first portions and the second portions has a continuously variable pitch. The resistance coil may also further define two third portions, each third portion being disposed adjacent to a corresponding first or second end. The resistance element may be disposed between first and second conducting pins in a heater.

Abstract: Method for thermal conditioning, within a thermal conditioning unit that is equipped with a row of adjacent emitters that each comprise a number of monochromatic electromagnetic-radiation sources, of a queue of preforms of containers having a head preform or a tail preform, with this method comprising the following operations: Periodically determining the position of the head preform, or, respectively, of the tail preform; As the queue of preforms moves along, gradually igniting the emitters that are located downstream and in the vicinity of the head preform or, respectively, gradually extinguishing the emitters that are located upstream and in the vicinity of the tail preform.

Abstract: A thermal treatment furnace includes a thermal treatment chamber in which a thin metal sheet is continuously conveyed horizontally while being floated by air, in which the thermal treatment chamber includes a plurality of air injection nozzles and a plurality of mist spray nozzles that are arranged along a pass line of the thin metal sheet in the thermal treatment chamber, on a lower side and an upper side of the pass line and so as to be orthogonal to the pass line in a side view.

Abstract: In a vapor-phase type heating method, an object is heated by a heated gas containing vapor in a heating furnace. The heat transfer fluid falling from a front surface of the object to a lower portion of the heating furnace is collected, after the vapor comes into contact with the object and cools to liquefy and latent heat of vaporization of the vapor is applied to the object through phase change. The heated gas obtained after heating the object is discharged from an inside of the heating furnace to the circulation route. In the circulation route, the heat transfer fluid is supplied as droplets to the discharged heated gas and is vaporized after heating, and the heated gas including the vapor is supplied to the heating furnace.

Abstract: A heating apparatus that includes a plurality of heating devices for temperature conditioning of preforms made of a thermoplastic material to a temperature and temperature distribution suitable for blow molding, and a transport chain guided on a revolving chain path. The preforms are transported through the heating apparatus by the transport chain along a transport path. Along a heating section that is part of the transport path, the plurality of heating devices are stationarily arranged one after another in a transport direction. On at least one side facing the heating devices, counter reflectors are provided, which together with the heating devices form a tunnel-like heating area through which the preforms are transported for heating. At least one counter reflector travels along with the preform through the heating section.

Abstract: The invention relates to a molding device for producing a product by means of injection molding. The molding device comprises a central mold part, which can be rotated about a rotational axis and which comprises at least one inner mold half arranged on the central mold part, and at least one outer mold half, which interacts with the inner mold half in order to form cavities in a closed configuration of the molding device and which is arranged in a movable manner relative to the inner mold half in a first direction (x). Furthermore, at least one first connector element arranged on the central mold part and at least one second connector element arranged on the outer mold half are provided, said second connector element being operatively connected to the first connector element at least in a closed configuration of the molding device.

Abstract: A method of operating an oven to cook a food product that includes changing a heat setting of a heating element of the oven, selecting a cook time for the food product in the oven, driving a heating element of the oven at a heat power input based on the heat setting, predicting a cooking ability of the oven by calculating an estimated temperature in the oven using a formula that is a function of a heat power input during a previous time period, and modifying the cook time to a modified cook time based on the estimated temperature that was calculated using the formula.

Abstract: A forming method for curved glass has been provided. The method comprises: placing a flat glass plate in a pattern die, and placing the pattern die in a forming apparatus; and subjecting the pattern die successively to staged heating, staged forming and staged cooling, so as to obtain the curved glass, wherein the staged heating is performed over stages which are different from each other in temperature, the staged forming is performed over stages which are different from each other in temperature, and during at least one of the stages, a varying pressure which varies from low pressure to high pressure is applied to the pattern die, the staged cooling is performed by cooling the glass plate in the pattern die over stages which are different from each other in temperature. The glass product could be used as front and rear covers of electronic products including notebook computers, mobile phones, tablet computers and smart watches.

Abstract: An expansion device, including: an irradiation unit configured to irradiate the thermally expandable sheet placed on a placing unit with light; a conveyance unit configured to reciprocably convey the irradiation unit between a first position and a second position; an exhaust fan fixed to a housing and configured to discharge air from the housing; and an air supply fan which is movable with the irradiation unit and configured to supply outside air into the housing, wherein the exhaust fan is provided at a position where air can be discharged from the second position side when the irradiation unit is returned from the first position to the second position after being moved from the second position toward the first position.

Abstract: A printing apparatus includes a transport unit for transporting a continuous sheet, a printing unit for printing by discharging ink to the continuous sheet, and a drying unit for drying the ink deposited on the continuous sheet. The drying unit includes a first heater unit for heating a printed surface of the continuous sheet and a second heater unit for heating the opposite surface of the continuous sheet to the printed surface. The first heater unit includes a plurality of first heaters that are disposed at the same position in a transport direction and that are arranged in width directions. The second heater unit includes a plurality of second heaters that are disposed at a position superposed on the first heater unit in the transport direction and that are disposed at positions between adjacent ones of first heating elements of the first heaters in the width directions.

Abstract: According to one example, a convection oven comprises a cooking chamber having a front door and a rear door opposing the front door; a combustion chamber disposed below at least a portion of the cooking chamber; a side flue conduit configured to direct hot air from the combustion chamber to the cooking chamber; and a side sub-chamber with a convection fan configured to re-circulate at least a portion of the hot air within the cooking chamber, in which the side sub-chamber is disposed adjacent a side of the cooking chamber that is orthogonal to the front and rear door.

Abstract: An induction heating device for a metal strip, including: an induction coil provided on one side or on both sides of a front face side or a reverse face side of a metal strip, and that induces an induction current in the strip when a primary current is passed through the coil, the induction current configuring a closed loop as viewed from a direction perpendicular to a metal strip face; plural magnetic cores disposed at a specific position, this being a position at a back face side of the coil and separated from the strip by a specific distance, to concentrate magnetic flux generated by the coil in the strip; and a moving mechanism coupled to the magnetic cores, and that moves the cores to increase or decrease a disposed number of the cores at the specific position disposed side-by-side along a metal strip width direction.

Abstract: A conveyor furnace includes a muffle having an inlet opening and an outlet opening, with a heating device for heating a volume delimited by the muffle, and a closed conveyor belt manufactured at least partially from metal. The conveyor furnace includes another heating device which is arranged so that, during the operation of the conveyor furnace, the heating device heats a section of the conveyor belt extending outside of the muffle.

Abstract: An apparatus for bending a composite tube that includes an induction coil. Induction coil includes multiple turns and the turn-to-turn spacing changes at least once along the length of the induction coil. There is a heating element positioned near the induction coil and the induction coil is configured to cause the heating element to increase in temperature.

Abstract: A method for washing an article to remove contaminations such as oils and fats, foreign substances and the like from a surface of the article is provided. The washing method comprises the steps of: cooling a washing solution to obtain a super-cooled washing solution; heating an article to increase its surface temperature to the temperature which is not lower than the boiling point of the washing solution; and washing and drying the article concurrently, while spraying the super-cooled washing solution to the heated article. The washing apparatus for carrying out this washing method is also provided. Using these washing method and apparatus, it becomes possible to downsize a scale of the washing apparatus, and to operate the washing apparatus under the energy-saving conditions as a result of reduction in an amount of the consumed energies, and the washing process at an accelerated speed.

Abstract: A heating device for producing carbon fibers from a thread-shaped fiber starting material, wherein the heating device has a central tubular induction heating element through which the fiber starting material is moved. The tubular induction heating element is surrounded by thermal insulation. At least one mid- to high-frequency induction coil is provided outside the thermal insulation, and an inert gas flows through the central induction heating element, in particular, for carbonizing and/or graphitizing the fiber starting material. For energy optimization, a first and a second tube element is provided on the outer side of the thermal insulation. The elements are made of material that is transparent to the induction field of the mid- to high-frequency induction coil and are spaced apart from one another by an annular gap through which the inert gas flows.

Abstract: The present invention provides a means of greatly reducing interferences from mercury vapor, UV-absorbing compounds and water vapor in the measurement of ozone by UV absorbance. A heated graphite scrubber destroys greater than 99% of ozone passing through it while reducing biases from typical atmospheric UV-absorbing interferents by large factors compared to conventional ozone scrubbers. Substitution of a heated graphite scrubber in place of traditional ozone scrubbers such as hopcalite, metal oxides and heated silver scrubbers, results in a more accurate measurement of ozone by reducing the responses to UV-absorbing interferences and water vapor. The heated graphite scrubber also may be used in combination with other ozone sensors, such as electrochemical and HMOS sensors, to provide a reference measurement with ozone selectively removed and thus greatly reduce contributions from interfering species in those measurement devices as well.

Abstract: Provided are a method of manufacturing an electrode for a secondary battery which can properly maintain the temperature of a hot gas while requiring a smaller amount of hot gas, and a hot-gas drying furnace used for the method. A control device calculates an amount of decrease in temperature of a hot gas at a blowing position of a nozzle (first position) based on a temperature of the hot gas at second position situated downstream of the first position and a temperature of the hot gas at third position situated downstream of the second position. The control device adds the amount to a set temperature of the hot gas at the first position to calculate a modified set temperature. The control device adjusts an output of a heater depending on a difference between the modified set temperature and the temperature at the first position.

Abstract: A printing apparatus includes a transport unit for transporting a continuous sheet, a printing unit for printing by discharging ink to the continuous sheet, and a drying unit for drying the ink deposited on the continuous sheet. The drying unit includes a first heater unit for heating a printed surface of the continuous sheet and a second heater unit for heating the opposite surface of the continuous sheet to the printed surface. The first heater unit includes a plurality of first heaters that are disposed at the same position in a transport direction and that are arranged in width directions. The second heater unit includes a plurality of second heaters that are disposed at a position superposed on the first heater unit in the transport direction and that are disposed at positions between adjacent ones of first heating elements of the first heaters in the width directions.

Abstract: A conveyor for can blanks, having a machine frame, on which at least one conveyor drum is supported so that it can rotate about an axis of rotation, wherein the conveyor drum on an external circumferential surface is provided with a plurality of can holders in each case supported parallel to the axis of rotation so that they can move linearly, and having at least one actuator system associated with the conveyor drum, configured to impart a linear movement to at least one can holder. It is provided that the at least one actuator system is configured to provide the linear movement of the at least one can holder as a predefinable function of a rotational position of the conveyor drum in relation to the machine frame.

Abstract: A circular air flow pattern is created in a small oven cavity having a convection system including a convection cover which is mounted to and defines a duct in combination with a rear wall of the oven cavity. The convection cover includes an intake at one end portion arranged adjacent a first side wall of the oven cavity and a plurality of exhaust openings formed in another end portion arranged adjacent a second side wall of the oven cavity, with the convection cover progressively tapering through multiple sections. The rear wall can include an elongated recess over which the convection cover extends in forming the duct.

Abstract: The infrared furnace includes a plurality of infrared lamps arrayed on one surface side of a work and a reflective surface provided on its opposite surface side. Outputs of the infrared lamps are locally adjusted, or intensity of the infrared rays incident on one work surface is locally adjusted by a member disposed between the infrared lamps and the one surface of the work. In this manner, variations in strength may be imparted to one and the same car part.

Abstract: Disclosed is an external gas heating device of a coal pyrolyzing furnace. The external gas heating device is positioned on the middle part of a coal pyrolyzing furnace body and around the outer wall of a carbonizing chamber and comprises more than one group of first gas heater and second gas heater that have the same structure and a gas reversing device. The gas reversing device supplies air and purified gas into a combustion chamber of the first gas heater to be combusted and meanwhile sucks hot waste gas from a combustion chamber of the second gas heater. In the same way, the gas reversing device supplies air and purified gas into the combustion chamber of the second gas heater to be combusted and meanwhile sucks hot waste gas from the combustion chamber of the first gas heater.

Abstract: An apparatus for shrinking a shrink film onto a package formation includes a shrink tunnel-system having gas conductors that direct hot gas into the tunnel's interior along first and second flow-directions that are opposite to each other and parallel to a direction in which the package formation is conveyed through the shrink tunnel.

Abstract: Apparatus for heating plastic parisons, with a transport device which transports the plastic parisons along a predetermined transport path, and with at least one heating device, wherein the heating device has at least one first radiation source which emits thermal radiation as well as at least one reflector device which reflects at least a proportion of the thermal radiation emitted by the radiation source in the direction of the plastic parisons. The reflector device can be attached to the radiation source and has a support and a reflection component which bears against the support on at least one region and is suitable for reflection of the radiation.

Abstract: The utility model discloses an EEFIT-based electromagnetic wave energy conducting equipment, having an enclosure, a skeleton, main emission sources, conveying devices and a PLC. The skeleton is arranged in the enclosure, the main emission sources are arranged on the skeleton, the conveying devices are arranged beside the main emission sources, and the conveying devices are electrically connected with the PLC. Each conveying device has a conveyor belt and limit rods. Two limit rods are arranged on each conveyor belt. The limit rods are respectively driven by two independent stepping motors. The EEFIT-based electromagnetic wave energy conducting equipment has the advantages of wider application range, more functions and lower cost, can be applicable to the irradiation of common or fragile materials, and can handle the materials on the same equipment according to different references. The manufacturing and maintenance costs are lower, and the failure rate is smaller as well.

Abstract: Certain example embodiments of this invention relate to edge sealing techniques for vacuum insulating glass (VIG) units. More particularly, certain example embodiments relate to techniques for providing localized heating to edge seals of units, and/or unitized ovens for accomplishing the same. In certain example embodiments, infrared (IR) heating elements are controllable to emit IR radiation at a peak wavelength in the near infrared (NIR) and/or short wave infrared (SWIR) band(s), and the peak wavelength may be varied by adjusting the voltage applied to the IR heating elements. The peak wavelength may be selected so as to preferentially heat the frit material used to form a VIG edge seal while reducing the amount of heat provided to substrates of the VIG unit. In certain example embodiments, the substrates of the VIG unit do not reach a temperature of 325 degrees C. for more than 1 minute.

Abstract: A bulk adhesive transfer system for transferring adhesive particulate to a melter includes a bulk supply and a transfer device, which may define a hopper of the melter, a mobile bin, and/or a buffer unit. The transfer device is configured to receive unmelted adhesive particulate from the bulk supply and then be selectively docked with the melter to transfer the adhesive particulate to the melter. The bulk adhesive transfer system may also include a knife gate valve device, which includes a plurality of ports that sequentially open and close to control flow of the adhesive particulate towards the melter. The bulk adhesive transfer system simplifies refilling operations for a melter while enabling continuous operation of the melter, even when the transfer device is undocked for removal from the melter.

Abstract: A soldering apparatus includes a reflow oven, a transmission mechanism, and a controlling unit. The reflow oven includes an inlet and an output mechanism. The output mechanism includes two guide rails and two link belts. An end of a first guide rail has a first alignment structure. The two link belts are movably disposed on the guide rails for outputting a printed wiring board. A distance between the guide rails is previously adjusted to be equal to a width of the printed wiring board. The transmission mechanism includes two tracks and two conveyor belts. An end of a first track has a second alignment structure. The two conveyor belts are movably disposed on the two tracks for transporting the printed wiring board. The controlling unit controls a movement of the first track, so that the first alignment structure and the second alignment structure are automatically aligned with each other.

Abstract: An oven includes a support structure configured to support a food item having multiple cooking sites, a steam nozzle configured to direct a jet of dry steam onto the food item, and a control system configured to determine a targeted subset of the cooking sites in response to a cooking requirement of the food item and configured to dynamically control movement of the support structure or the steam nozzle to direct the jet of dry steam onto the targeted subset of cooking sites in response to the cooking requirement of the food item.

Abstract: An apparatus for hermetically sealed storage of liquids for a microfluidic system includes at least one cavity and at least one sealing cone. A connection to the microfluidic system is established via the at least one sealing cone. Additionally, the at least one sealing cone is configured to close the at least one cavity.

Abstract: A passive two-terminal circuit element may include a resistor including a carbon-metal composite resistive element. The resistive element is configured to maintain a resistivity that fluctuates less than one tenth of an ohm per ten degree temperature change up to 400 degrees Celsius.

Abstract: A glass tempering furnace and a method for heating a glass sheet. The glass sheet is heated in the glass tempering furnace by blowing heating air on the top surface of the glass sheet, and the blowing distance of the heating air from the top surface of the glass sheet is adjusted.

Abstract: An additive manufacturing system comprising a transfer medium configured to receive the layers from a imaging engine, a heater configured to heat the layers on the transfer medium, and a layer transfusion assembly that includes a build platform, and is configured to transfuse the heated layers onto the build platform in a layer-by-layer manner to print a three-dimensional part.

Abstract: This disclosure describes a method for regenerating a semi-regenerated reforming catalyst. The method comprises adjusting the reaction temperature to 250-480° C., introducing a sulfur-containing naphtha into the reforming reactor, or stopping introducing a feedstock into the reforming reactor, and introducing a sulfur-containing hydrogen into a recycle gas, until the sulfur content in the catalyst is 0.32-0.8 mass %, then the catalyst is subject to coke-burning, oxychlorination and reduction. Alternatively, the method first subjects the spent catalyst to coke-burning followed by introducing sulfate ions thereinto; and then performing oxychlorination and reduction. Disclosed is still another method for regenerating a platinum-rhenium reforming catalyst, which comprises coke-burning the spent catalyst; introducing sulfur and chlorine in the catalyst by impregnation; and then drying, calcinating and reducing.

Abstract: A transporting system, for laser processing a workpiece. The system uses a metal belt, formed of a metal material. The belt is formed into a continuously moving conveyor that has plural holes therein that are between 0.005? in diameter and 0.025 inches in diameter, and are spaced ?10 mm but ?5 mm from one another. The holes are beveled in cross-section at an angle between 40 degrees and 60 degrees to form a smaller hole size at the outer surface and a larger hole size at the inner surface. A vacuum source is connected to apply vacuum to the inner surface of the belt, to each of the larger size sections of the plural holes. A vacuum source is connected to apply vacuum to the inner surface of the belt, to each of the plural holes. A laser system, directs its output beam towards a laser processing area in an area of the belt on the outer surface to process the workpiece.

Abstract: An automated vending or merchandizing machine includes an elevator sub-assembly which moves a dispensing bin or elevator tray vertically along the fronts of plural vertical levels of product dispensers in the vending machine. A controller tracks the vertical position of the elevator tray. This allows the controller to send the elevator tray to the vertical level of the dispenser of the product selected by a customer, at that level receive and confirm dispensing of the selected product into the elevator tray, and return the elevator tray holding the dispensed product down to a customer delivery or access door or opening in the vending machine that can below the vertical levels of dispensers. Features can include coordination of locking and unlocking of a customer access door and actuating an anti-cheat security baffle with the position of the elevator tray.

Abstract: A method for producing a transparent electrode includes a forming step, an applying step and an irradiating step. The forming step is a step of forming a conductive metal layer on a transparent resin substrate. The applying step is a step of applying a composition containing a conductive polymer and a nonconductive polymer over the transparent resin substrate and the conductive metal layer so as to form a conductive polymer layer. The irradiating step is a step of irradiating the conductive polymer layer with an infrared ray having a ratio of spectral radiance at a wavelength of 5.8 ?m to spectral radiance at a wavelength of 3.0 ?m of 5% or less.