Abstract: An image formation apparatus includes a fixation unit supported by a support member and configured to be heated by a heater and thereby fix an image attached on a print medium onto the print medium; a first temperature detector attached to the support member to detect a temperature of a vicinity of the fixation unit and output a first detection temperature; a second temperature detector attached to the support member to detect a temperature of the support member and output a second detection temperature; a medium width detector provided to detect a width of the print medium and output a detected width; and a heat controller configured to change a control condition in accordance with the second detection temperature, a calorific value of the heater and the detected width, and to thereby control a temperature of the fixation unit.

Abstract: Systems, Apparatuses and methods are disclosed for cooking a food item using RF oven. The food item may include a tag containing information regarding food items associated with the food item. The RF oven may include an interface to receive the information. The RF oven may also include a processor to determine an amount of energy to be delivered to the food item based on the information. The processor may be configured to cause a RF power source to supply RF energy to cook the food item based on the determined amount of energy.

Abstract: A Hall effect thruster including: a discharge channel with an open downstream end; a cathode situated outside the discharge channel; an injector system configured to inject atoms of gas into the discharge channel, the injector system situated at an upstream end of the discharge channel and also forming a cathode; a heater device configured to heat the cathode; a measurement mechanism measuring temperature of the heater device, and a regulator circuit regulating the temperature such that the heater device heats so long as its temperature is less than a threshold temperature from which the thruster is capable of starting, and ceases to heat shortly after the threshold temperature has been reached.

Abstract: A surgical device and procedure are provided for performing microsurgery, including a capsulotomy of a lens capsule of an eye. The device has an elastically deformable cutting element mounted within an elastomeric suction cup. The suction cup is attached to an arm for manipulating the device. The device can be inserted into the anterior chamber of the eye, through a corneal incision, to cut a piece from the anterior portion of the lens capsule of the eye. The device is secured against the lens capsule using suction applied by one or more suction elements. The device is then removed from the eye, with the cut piece of membrane retained within the device by suction.

Abstract: A method and system are provided for determining at least one combined forecast value of non-conventional energy resources. An Input/output Interface receives an adaptively selected historical dataset and a current dataset from one or more predictive forecast models and/or measurements. An adaptive forecast module generates one or more variants of machine learning models to model the performance of the one or more predictive forecast models by training the one or more variants of machine learning models on the historical dataset. The adaptive forecast module correlates the current dataset with the historical dataset to adaptively obtain a filtered historical dataset. The adaptive forecast module evaluates the one or more variants of machine learning models on the filtered historical dataset. The adaptive forecast module derives a statistical model to determine the at least one combined forecast value by combining outputs obtained based on the evaluation.

Abstract: A fabric material includes a conductive wire material that generates heat when supplied with current. Part of the conductive wire material in a longitudinal direction of the conductive wire material is externally exposed from the fabric material. A first planar element and a second planar element, of which at least one has electrical conductivity, are electrically connected to an externally exposed portion of the conductive wire material in such a manner that the first and second planar elements sandwich the exposed portion and are bonded so as to be in planar contact with each other.

Abstract: A system and method for measuring a fluence of gas are disclosed. The system has a first light detector capable of outputting an electrical signal based on an amount of light received. A barrier is positionable adjacent the first light detector and is susceptible to a change in dimension from the fluence of the gas. The barrier permits a portion of light from being received by the first light detector. The change in the dimension of the barrier changes the electrical signal output from the first light detector. A second light detector is positionable to receive light representative of the first light detector without the barrier. The system and method have broad application to detect fluence of gas that may cause erosion chemical reaction causing erosive deterioration. One application is in low orbit Earth for detecting the fluence of atomic oxygen.

Abstract: Provided is a method of controlling temperatures of objects to be heated in a heating unit by adjusting a heating rate of each of a plurality of heating elements, based on temperature detection values detected at a plurality of temperature detection elements, wherein the plurality of temperature detection elements are positioned at different positions and the plurality of heating elements are positioned at different positions. The method includes estimating a temperature of each of the plurality of temperature detection elements by using a first estimation algorithm when one of the plurality of temperature detection elements is broken, based on the temperature detection values of the temperature detection elements excluding the broken temperature detection element, and controlling the temperatures of the objects to be heated based on the estimated temperatures.

Abstract: A sensor system for measuring a velocity of a fluid flowing through a channel includes a heating element for heating the fluid. The heating element is provided with a predetermined level of power during operation. The sensor system further includes a primary electronic circuit having a primary resonance frequency which is temperature dependent. The temperature of the primary electronic circuit is determined by heat transferred from the heating element to the fluid flowing through the channel. In addition, the sensor system also includes a transducer arrangement configured to generate a measurement signal indicative of the velocity of the fluid flowing through the channel. The measurement signal is based on the primary resonance frequency.

Abstract: A power inverter includes a reference line operably provided with a reference potential and a supply line operably provided with a DC supply voltage with respect to the reference potential. A first half bridge includes a high-side switch and a low-side switch. The high-side switch is coupled between the supply line and a middle tap of the half bridge and the low-side switch is coupled between the middle tap and the reference line. The low-side switch is formed by a normally-on silicon carbide junction field effect transistor and the high-side switch is formed by a series circuit of a normally-on silicon carbide junction field effect transistor and a normally-off metal oxide field effect transistor.

Abstract: An inductively heated beverage carafe system (10) with a non-metallic carafe (13) has a funnel assembly (26) with a down-tube (34, 54) made from material impervious to water to pass hot beverage received within the funnel assembly (26) to adjacent the bottom (14) of the carafe (13) without mixing with beverage already present in the carafe until (13) the newly added hot beverage passes out of the open outlet end (59) and which is, at least partly a material responsive to alternating electromagnetic fields to induce surface eddy currents that heat at least part of the down-tube (34, 54) and an inductive heating coil module (36) for supporting the carafe (14) and generating an electromagnetic field to energize at least part of the down-tube (34, 54) to function as an inductive heating element within the carafe (13).

Abstract: A valve assembly including a mounting block having a first surface, a plurality of valves connected to the mounting block first surface, at least one fluid line connecting the plurality of valves spaced apart from the mounting block first surface, a heating element spaced apart from the at least one fluid line and located within a first insulating layer, and wherein the first insulating layer extends less than completely around the at least one fluid line.

Abstract: The biocontainer of the present invention provides a low cost, simple solution of many of the problems encountered during shipping, freezing and thawing of biopharmaceutical materials. The present invention enables a user to monitor the temperature profile of each biopharmaceutical container during the cryogenic process, so as to ensure the integrity of materials within each biocontainer by using a pre-installed and pre-sterilized temperature sensor. In some embodiments, the sensor assembly includes a wireless transmitter and is capable of transmitting information regarding the measured reading. In other embodiments, the sensor assembly includes a processing unit, which determines whether the temperature profile is acceptable. In a further embodiment, an indicator is included, such that the processing unit may indicate whether the biopharmaceutical material has been properly frozen.

Abstract: A battery temperature raising system and a control method thereof are provided. The battery temperature raising system includes a power supply that operates a heater attached to a battery module. The heater is configured to increase a battery temperature and a variable resistor mounted on a circuit between the heater and the power supply adjusts a heating value of the heater based on an adjustment state of a resistance value. A heater relay is mounted on the circuit between the heater and the power supply and opens and closes the circuit to selectively turn on/off the heater. A first sensor senses the battery temperature and a second sensor senses a heater temperature. A controller outputs a control signal to operate the heater relay to selectively turn on/off the heater based on temperature information sensed by the sensors and a control signal to adjust the resistance value of the variable resistor.

Abstract: An electronic circuit control arrangement to sustain water discharging from an instantaneous hot water heater at a set temperature or range having a proportional water temperature signal derived from a sensing arrangement in communication with water inlet and outlet ports so as to sense the respective temperatures at each port to provide a comparatively measurable proportional difference between the inlet and outlet temperatures set against referenced parameters, including a comparator that acts as an operable control of a switch adapted to couple and de-couple an alternating current power source to the heating element through a duty cycle of highs and lows to provide a rate to generate and maintain the appropriate coupling and/or de-coupling of the alternating current power source to and from the heating element to achieve the desired referenced temperature and/or range.

Abstract: A control system and method for a thermal circuit that includes a control unit (1) and a valvular device which regulate the passage of a heat transfer fluid (6) through the inside of a thermal circuit, and a thermoelectric element (3) powering the control unit (1) from the heat of the heat transfer fluid (6). The control unit (1) and/or the valvular device are configured to regulate the circulation of the heat transfer fluid (6) through the inside of the thermal circuit, in order to always maintain a sufficient minimum flow to assure, at all times, the electric power supply of the control unit (1). The method includes using a control system to carry out regulation of the circulation of the heat transfer fluid which assures the electric power supply of part or the entire control system.

Abstract: A method of managing electrical power storage can include remotely controlling operation of one of a plurality of water heating units included in a single water heater, separately from controlling a remainder of the plurality of the water heating units, at a customer location in response to a remotely transmitted indication.

Abstract: A heater comprising a housing including an intake aperture and an output aperture. The heater includes a heat exchanger operatively disposed within the housing between the intake aperture and the output aperture. The heat exchanger includes a shell forming a cavity therein, wherein an interior surface of the shell is substantially black in the infrared domain. The heater includes an infrared emission module disposed within the cavity of the heat exchanger and substantially enclosed thereby such that emitted infrared light does not escape therefrom. The infrared emission module includes a first infrared emitter and a second infrared emitter. The heater includes a fan positioned to motivate air into the housing through the intake aperture, across the heat exchanger, and out of the output aperture. The heater also includes a power module functionally coupled to the infrared emission module and the fan and configured to provide operational power thereto.

Abstract: Heating device includes: heater (2) with heating portion (6) generating heat by energization; housing (4) contains the heating portion and forms passage (18) for a heating medium between the housing and the heating portion; temperature detection means (26) detects, in the passage, temperature (T) inside the housing due to heat of the heating medium and the heating portion; and energization controlling means (40) for turning energization of the heater on/off depending on the temperature detected inside the housing. Energization of the heater is turned off to put the heater in an energization standby state if temperature detected inside the housing is equal to or greater than a first specified threshold (TS1), and is turned off to put the heater in an energization complete stop state if the temperature detected inside the housing in the energization standby state is equal to or greater than a second specified threshold (TS2).

Abstract: A mechanism for indicating ambient temperature of an enclosure from temperatures determined within the enclosure. The temperatures may be obtained from two or more sensors at each of two or more locations within the enclosure. The enclosure may include an apparatus inside such as electronics of which power consumption may be determined. Data including temperatures of two locations within the enclosure at various electronics power consumption levels may be entered into a 2-D plot. An approximation of the 2-D plot may be effected with an appropriate equation to be solved for ambient temperature. The data of the 2-D plot plus temperatures of a third location and air flow levels in the enclosure may be entered into a 3-D plot. An approximation of the 3-D plot may be effected with an appropriate equation to be solved for ambient temperature.

Abstract: A mechanism for indicating ambient temperature of an enclosure from temperatures determined within the enclosure. The temperatures may be obtained from two or more sensors at each of two or more locations within the enclosure. The enclosure may include an apparatus inside such as electronics of which power consumption may be determined. Data including temperatures of two locations within the enclosure at various electronics power consumption levels may be entered into a 2-D plot. An approximation of the 2-D plot may be effected with an appropriate equation to be solved for ambient temperature. The data of the 2-D plot plus temperatures of a third location and air flow levels in the enclosure may be entered into a 3-D plot. An approximation of the 3-D plot may be effected with an appropriate equation to be solved for ambient temperature.

Abstract: The heating apparatus includes a heat generating member which generates heat when power is supplied from an AC power supply, a temperature detection device which detects temperature of the heat generating member, a current detection device which detects a value of current flowing in the heat generating member; and a control unit which controls the temperature of the heat generating member by controlling power supplied to the heat generating member, in which the control unit detects a drop of an input voltage of the AC power supply based on a maximum suppliable power ratio determined by using a value of current suppliable to the heat generating member, the current value detected by the current detection device, and a ratio of power supplied to the heat generating member obtained based on the temperature detected by the temperature detection device.

Abstract: An adaptive electrothermal system and an electrothermal apparel are provided. The adaptive electrothermal system comprises a controller, a step-down regulator, a power controller and a load. An input of the controller is configured to receive an input voltage, a first output of the controller is configured to output an input voltage higher than an operating voltage of the load to the step-down regulator, a second output of the controller is configured to output an input voltage lower than or equal to the operating voltage of the load to the power controller, the step-down regulator steps the received input voltage down to a voltage equal to the operating voltage of the load and outputs the stepped-down voltage to the power controller, and the power controller outputs the input voltage it receives to the corresponding load according to a load control signal from the controller.

Abstract: A monitoring system for monitoring the temperature and vibration of equipment, comprising a central digital computer, a MESH communication network, wherein the network feeds signals to the central digital computer, a plurality of heating elements for heating the equipment, temperature/vibration sensors adapted to measure the temperature of the equipment, wherein each sensor is adapted to provide a signal representing the temperature/vibration of the piece of equipment to which the sensor is associated, to the network, wherein each temperature/vibration sensor can also be used to control the electric heaters, a temperature sensor that monitors the ambient temperature of the facility, and current transducers associated with the heaters, to monitor the energy use and current loss of the heaters, wherein the central computer uses the data it receives from the other elements of the monitoring system to determine when the equipment is not at the correct temperature/vibration and diagnoses the reason why.

Abstract: A Bleve (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion) reaction wherein fuel is pumped from a fuel line and is fed through a solenoid valve to a BLEVE reaction chamber. The BLEVE reaction takes place in the bleve chamber, during which a bleve is released and supplied via the bleve outlet nozzle. A thermal housing with embedded electrical resistive wire, is a method and installation for generating sufficient heat causing a bleve. The fuel is heated by the electrical resistive wire as it is moved into the bleve-reaction chamber. As bleved fuel is introduced into the combustion chamber, the latent heat causes the bleve to auto-ignite upon contact with the oxygen producing a blue flame. The cycle of the process is controlled by means of a regulating control. The method described is particularly suited for a bleved fuel valve nozzled burner.

Abstract: A firebox for a gas grill with an infrared re-emitter surface at the top, at least one heat shield at the bottom, and sidewalls intermediate between the heat shields and the emitter plate forming a box like structure in which multiple small cross sectional area tubes with gas burner ports on the top or sides are disposed in an array between the heat shield and the emitter plate. The heat shield below the burner tubes has openings disposed below the burner tubes to admit secondary combustion air and provide cooling of the burner tubes preventing pre-ignition.

Abstract: A heater assembly includes one or more first heating elements, the one or more first heating elements being characterized by a positive temperature coefficient; and one or more second heating elements, the one or more second heating elements comprising resistance wire elements. The one or more second heating elements are positioned in proximity to the one or more first heating elements such that at least one of the one or more second heating elements is configured to, upon being powered on, pre-heat at least one of the one or more first heating elements before the at least one first heating element is powered on.

Abstract: A self-calibration temperature control method and device includes a temperature feedback and control unit, a precise temperature measurement unit, and a temperature calibration unit. The temperature feedback and control unit has a negative temperature coefficient thermistor and an analog feedback control circuit that are connected with a controlled heating element. The temperature calibration unit includes a CPU, a data latch circuit with an input end connected with the CPU through a bus, and a digital potentiometer connected with the temperature feedback and control unit, an output end of the data latch circuit being connected with the digital potentiometer through the bus.

Abstract: A control system for an electric water heater having an upper heating element and a lower heating element is disclosed. The control system includes a control module that controls operation of the electric water heater by selectively toggling the upper and lower heating elements between an ON state and an OFF state and a consumer interface module that allows a consumer to input a set point temperature and select an energy savings mode for the electric water heater. The control module regularly monitors hot water usage and adjusts the set point temperature by a predetermined setback amount until a capacity of the water heater matches consumer usage.

Abstract: Methods and systems for thermal control of a device are disclosed having (i) a heated zone including two or more resistive sensors and (ii) a common electrode connected to each of the two or more resistive sensors. The two or more resistive sensors may be driven with heater control signals having alternating polarities. One or more portions of a thermal boundary of the heated zone may be heated by one or more thermal guard heaters.

Abstract: An instantaneously heating water dispenser, electrically connected with an external power, includes a voltage detection module, a voltage compensation module, a water tank, a heating module, and a control module. The voltage detection module detects a voltage level of the external power. The voltage compensation module operates in coordination with the voltage detection module and stabilizes the voltage level of the external power. The heating module electrically connected with the voltage compensation module is connected with the water tank, and converts the external power compensated into a thermal energy. The control module is electrically connected with the heating module and the voltage compensation module and configured for controlling the amount of water flow injected into the heating module and the thermal power generated by the heating module according to the amount of water to be dispensed from the instantaneously heating water dispenser and the associated water temperature.

Abstract: Provided are a device and method and an electronic device for temperature control, which are used to solve the problem that electronic devices and components cannot operate in a low-temperature state. The temperature control device includes a temperature detection unit (10) configured to detect the operating temperature of a component (16); a heating unit (12) configured to heat the component (16) according to the detection result of the temperature detection unit (10) so that the operating temperature is between a first temperature and a second temperature; and a power supply interface (14) respectively connected to the temperature detection unit (10) and the heating unit (12) and configured to supply power to the temperature detection unit (10) and the heating unit (12). The first temperature is the lower limit value of the operating temperature of the component (16), and the second temperature is the upper limit value of the operating temperature of the component (16).

Abstract: Provided is a chamber apparatus which includes a chamber, in a part of which an internal space capable of accommodating a substrate therein is formed, a heating portion which heats the substrate disposed in the internal space, and a temperature adjustment portion which adjusts the temperature of a part of the chamber, which is in contact with the internal space.

Abstract: A column oven includes a main unit, an auxiliary unit, an outside sensor, an internal sensor, a temperature range holding section for holding a plurality of temperature ranges, a temperature range specifying portion for specifying the temperature range to which the outside temperature belongs, a temperature control program holding section for holding a temperature control program for a control method of the main unit and the auxiliary unit in each temperature range in such a way that outputs of the main unit and the auxiliary unit are continuous in the temperature ranges that are adjacent to each other, a control method setting portion for setting a control method of the main unit and the auxiliary unit based on the temperature range specified and the temperature control program, and a temperature control portion for controlling the main unit and the auxiliary unit.

Abstract: A juice extractor with a temperature displaying function includes a body and a temperature display device. The body includes a base and a container. A cover is mounted on a top end of the container. The temperature display device is mounted to the body and includes a temperature detecting portion and a display. The temperature detecting portion is connected to the display via a signal transmission route. A temperature change in the container during operation of the body can be known by the temperature display device.

Abstract: Disclosed is a heat roller control device comprising a high temperature malfunction detection unit configured to receive a temperature value detected by a heat roller temperature sensor; an electrical power control unit configured to cut off, when receiving a high temperature malfunction detection signal, power feeding to a heat roller from an electrical power unit; an analog-to-digital converter configured to periodically convert plural of the temperature values from the heat roller temperature sensor to plural digital temperature values; a temperature value storage unit configured to receive and store the plural digital temperature values from the analog-to-digital converter; a temperature value processing unit configured to read and process the plural digital temperature values stored in the temperature value storage unit; and a high temperature malfunction determination unit configured to receive the processed data, and then based on the processed data, determine whether high temperature malfunction occur

Abstract: A dual resistance heater for a phase change material region is formed by depositing a resistive material. The heater material is then exposed to an implantation or plasma which increases the resistance of the surface of the heater material relative to the remainder of the heater material. As a result, the portion of the heater material approximate to the phase change material region is a highly effective heater because of its high resistance, but the bulk of the heater material is not as resistive and, thus, does not increase the voltage drop and the current usage of the device.

Abstract: The disclosure provides a heating medium heating apparatus by which it is possible to directly detect a temperature of a semiconductor switching element such as an IGBT, and to perform high-reliability overheating protection control, while suppressing the number of installations of the temperature sensor, and provides a vehicle air conditioner provided with the heating medium heating apparatus. In the heating medium heating apparatus, at least two PTC heaters are provided, the energization of the PTC heaters is respectively ON/OFF-controlled by a plurality of circuits, each containing a semiconductor switching element (34), and the amount of heating is adjusted. Overheating protection temperature sensors (58 and 59) are respectively installed between two pairs of adjacent semiconductor switching elements (34) of a plurality of the semiconductor switching elements (34).

Abstract: A forced air heater is provided that includes: a heating element; a heat sink mounted on the heating element; and an air mover directing air towards the heating element such that the directed air provides impinged airflow in relation to the heating element. There is also provided a heater that includes a temperature sensing device, the temperature sensing device includes: a sensing plate mounted on a metallic component in the environment to be heated; and an electrical contact connected to the sensing plate, wherein the electrical contact is thermally coupled with the metallic component via the sensing plate. There is further provided a method of controlling a heater that includes a temperature sensing device that it is thermally connected to a solid component in the environment to be heated.

Abstract: Devices and corresponding methods can be provided to monitor or measure temperature of a target or to control a process. Targets can have low, unknown, or variable emissivity. Devices and corresponding methods can be used to measure temperatures of thin film, partially transparent, or opaque targets, as well as targets not filling a sensor's field of view. Temperature measurements can be made independent of emissivity of a target surface by, for example, inserting a target between a thermopile sensor and a background surface maintained at substantially the same temperature as the thermopile sensor. In embodiment devices and methods, a sensor temperature can be controlled to match a target temperature by minimizing or zeroing a net heat flux at the sensor, as derived from a sensor output signal. Alternatively, a target temperature can be controlled to minimize the heat flux.

Abstract: The invention comprises a method of forming a concrete structure or object. The method comprises detecting the temperature of a quantity of curing concrete and selectively adding heat to the curing concrete, so that the temperature of the curing concrete follows a predetermined temperature profile during at least a portion of the concrete curing process. Apparatus for performing the method is also disclosed.

Abstract: An integrated circuit is provided having an active circuit. A heating element is adjacent to the active circuit and configured to heat the active circuit. A temperature sensor is also adjacent to the active circuit and configured to measure a temperature of the active circuit. A temperature controller is coupled to the active circuit and configured to receive a temperature signal from the temperature sensor. The temperature controller operates the heating element to heat the active circuit to maintain the temperature of the active circuit in a selected temperature range.

Abstract: A toaster cover control device with fireproofing function comprises a cover sliding-frame or a cover opening-closing mechanism and a power switch (K), a cover switch (K1) and a control circuit that are provided in the toaster. The said control circuit is provided with a microprocessor. An output terminal of the control circuit is connected with a transistor (Q1). The said control circuit is connected with a sensor (S). The sensor detects the temperature of the toaster. The control circuit provides a control signal when the detected temperature exceeds the set temperature value, so that a circuit controlling cover action keeps the cover closed. The cover can be opened normally when the detected temperature is lower than the set temperature value. It is also provided with an application method of the said control device.

Abstract: A method for installing a heated piston into a cylinder sleeve that is initially smaller than the piston includes: receiving the engine block at a heating station, heating the engine cylinder sleeve with heated air for a predetermined time at a predetermined temperature such that a temperature of the cylinder sleeve is equal to or greater than a temperature of the piston, and inserting the piston into the heated cylinder sleeve.

Abstract: Provided is a thermal processing method including a first process comprising changing a set temperature of the heating plate from a first temperature to a second temperature; initiating a thermal processing for a first substrate before the temperature of the heating plate reaches the second temperature; obtaining temperature data of the heating plate after the thermal processing is initiated; changing the set temperature of the heating plate from the second temperature when the set temperature reaches the second temperature; and thermal processing of the first substrate using the heating plate for which the set temperature has been changed. The method further includes a second process comprising reinstating the temperature of the heating plate to the second temperature after the thermal processing of the first substrate; and thermal processing of a next substrate using the heating plate while the temperature of the heating plate is maintained at the second temperature.

Abstract: A smart responsive electrical load (10) is operatively connectable to an electricity supply network (20). The smart responsive electrical load (10) comprises an electrical power-consuming device (30) and a control arrangement (40) for controlling a supply of electrical power from the network (20) to the device (30). The control arrangement (60, 110, 150, 160, 170) is operable to impose a variable time delay (tp) before supplying electrical power to the device (30) after a request for power to be provided to the device (30). The variable time delay (tp) is a function of a state of the network (20), for example its frequency (f) and/or its voltage amplitude (V). Optionally, the device (30) is a battery charger, for example for use with a rechargeable electric vehicle. Beneficially, the smart responsive load (10) is supplied with electrical power from a population of micro-generation devices (500) operable to provide supply network response.

Abstract: A system including a thermal control hose system, including a flexible hose, a thermal control element within a fluid path of the flexible hose, and a sensor configured to detect a temperature of a fluid traveling through the flexible hose.

Abstract: A flexible display apparatus includes a flexible substrate; a display layer on the flexible substrate and including a plurality of pixels; a cover layer which covers the display layer; a heating electrode layer on a surface of the flexible substrate opposite to the display layer, between the flexible substrate and the display layer, between the display layer and the cover layer, or on a surface of the cover layer opposite to the display layer; and a temperature sensing unit configured to sense an external temperature to the flexible display apparatus.

Abstract: A method is provided for interconnecting a single electrical heating element of a hot water heater to first and second AC electrical power sources. Typically, these first and second AC electrical power sources include a utility provided electrical power source and a renewable power source that generates AC power from DC power. The method includes operating a controller that selectively connects and disconnects the first and second power sources. If sufficient electrical power is available from the renewable power source, the utility provided electrical power source may be disconnected to preferentially utilize renewable energy.

Abstract: An electronic apparatus includes: a temperature measurement section that measures a temperature of a heat generation source generating heat by consuming power or a temperature of an inner position of a casing of which the temperature changes due to the heat generation of the heat generation source; and an environmental temperature calculation section that calculates a temperature which is calculated using a predetermined relational equation that is different in accordance with a model from a difference between a first temperature measured by the temperature measurement section at a point in time when the heat generation source starts consuming a predetermined amount of power and a second temperature measured by the temperature measurement section at a point in time after the passage of a predetermined period from the start of consumption of a predetermined amount of power by the heat generation source as an environmental temperature in an environment where the casing is placed.