Abstract: The present disclosure provides descriptions of electrical box assemblies for supporting heavy fixtures, such as ceiling fans, and facilitating electrical connections to the fixtures. The electrical box assembly includes an electrical box that allows a connection between the box and electrical conduits and a connection, e.g., a weatherproof connection, with a housing of the fixture. The box has an open front face to house electrical connections between the fixture and wires supplying electrical power to the box via the conduits. The box has a bottom wall and an open front face. A reinforcement member fits within the electrical box and includes a panel shaped to conform to at least a portion of the bottom wall and one or more standoffs extending toward the open front face of the box. When the reinforcement member is positioned within the box, mounting holes in the bottom wall of the box and reinforcement member are aligned to allow the box to be attached to a building structure.

Abstract: The invention relates to a plastic enclosure (1) for enclosing industrial components. The enclosure comprising a case (2) made of plastics. The case comprises a rectangular rear wall (3) and four side walls (4, 5, 6, 7) delimiting an interior (8) having four corners (9, 10, 11, 12) at the junctures of side walls. The rear wall and the side walls together form a monolithic unitary box-like container which has a mouth opening (13) at one side enabling access to the interior. Each corner comprises fastening means for fastening of one or more panels (P; P1) inside the interior in parallel and at a desired distance relative to the rear wall. The fastening means comprises a pair of rib members (14, 15) molded integrally as unitary monolithic structures with the side walls. The rib members extend along the side walls between the rear wall and the mouth opening. Each rib member comprises a plurality of equally spaced grooves (16) extending at right angle relative to the longitudinal direction of the rib member.

Abstract: A mounting bracket for mounting a junction box to a stud of a wall includes a face plate having opposite left and right edge margins. The face plate attaches to the junction box. A stud mounting flange is coupled to one of the left and right edge margin of the face plate and engages the stud. At least one clamping flange is coupled to the stud mounting flange and is configured to engage the stud. The at least one clamping flange is resiliently deflectable and applies a force to the stud to hold the mounting bracket on the stud when the mounting bracket is mounted to the stud.

Abstract: An assembly for use in mounting an object in an opening in a structural member, the structural member having opposing first and second surfaces, the assembly including a housing that is sized and shaped to define an interior to house the object and that can be received within the opening in the structural member, a trim ring sized and shaped to fit within the interior of the housing and to bear against the second surface of the structural member, and a cover having a first panel sized and shaped to cover the trim ring, the cover having a connector that releasably connects the cover to the housing, the cover further including at least one standoff extending therefrom that is sized and shaped to bear against the trim ring to hold the trim ring in place.

Abstract: The presently disclosed technology generally provides a modular support system for plumbing connections. In one example, the system includes a frame, a connector that fits entirely in front of a support stud, and an optional housing. The frame includes symmetrical sides, each including a rail assembly. The connector includes first opposed sidewalls, each having a pair of boxways that receive the rails on any side of a frame unit to form a sliding joint between the frame and connector. Second opposed sidewalls include flexible tabs that engage frame corner flanges to prevent rearward disengagement of the connector from the frame. The housing includes structure for connection with the frame. The housing can be rotated for connection with the frame to receive vertical or horizontal plumbing lines. Connectors can connect the frame units in vertical or horizontal relation, or on either side of a building stud, or to brackets.

Abstract: A bracket is configured to secure a component, such as an electrical box, to a support member, such as a stud. The bracket can include an engagement portion, such as a snap-on arm, configured to interact with multiple surfaces of the support member. A biased or snap-on feature of the engagement portion can be configured to engage a side of the support member to secure the bracket to the support member.

Abstract: A configurable enclosure including a cover portion operably attached to a base portion, the base portion including a wall disposed along a perimeter of a bottom surface, and a removable portion of the bottom surface configured to be peeled away from the base portion to create an opening on the bottom surface is provided. Moreover, an enclosure having a cover portion operably attached to a base portion, the base portion including a wall disposed around a perimeter of a bottom surface, a thin section of the bottom surface located proximate an outer edge of a removable portion of the bottom surface, an actuator operably attached to the removable portion, wherein through actuation of the actuator, the removable portion peels away from the bottom surface to create an opening on the base portion is also provided. Furthermore, an associated method is also provided.

Abstract: An electrical box bracket includes features allowing it to engage multiple surfaces of a stud. The bracket has a front face for mounting an electrical box and a plaster ring, and a far-side tab bent backwards from the front face for making contact with a drywall behind the bracket. The front face has one or more arms that fit over the front face of a metal stud to which the bracket is to be attached. The front face also has one or more flanges projecting rearward from the same opposite sides of the front face, with stud-lock tabs for engaging a side surface or edge of a side flange of a stud. The bracket has legs that extend from the far-side tab, where the legs are foldable by an end-user to engage side surfaces of the metal stud at different distances from the far-side tab.

Abstract: A battery includes at least two sealing frames and at least one cell. The sealing frames include a base body defining an opening wherein the base body includes a first sealing surface embodied to be elastically compressible and positioned against opposite sides of a tapered area of the at least one cell.

Abstract: An electrical junction box includes a bolt fixation portion made of resin, the bolt fixation portion having a bolt insertion hole through which a bolt is inserted to fix the electrical junction box to a vehicle. The bolt fixation portion includes a protrusion extending in an axial direction of the bolt in a state in which the bolt is inserted through the bolt insertion hole. The protrusion is configured to limit a rotationally movable range of an operating portion of a tool that is used in a state in which the operating portion extends in a direction intersecting the axial direction of the bolt.

Abstract: An assembly includes a bracket mountable directly to a wall. An inner periphery of the bracket defines an opening in the wall substrate. A removable sleeve is engageable with the bracket and the wall substrate to secure tight contact between the wall substrate and a device interior of the wall, irrespective of the thickness of the wall substrate. A resilient element, cantilevered from an outer side surface of the sleeve, is retained by a barbed element at the inner periphery of the bracket.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a flush floor box that can be constructed at a lower cost and is easier to install than previously utilized flush floor boxes. The flush floor box includes a base and/or a leveling ring with integral features. The integral features help to reduce the cost of producing the flush floor box. The leveling ring can include ears/tabs for use in electrically grounding a top shield of a flat floor power cable.

Abstract: A cover assembly for a floor box includes a base with a central opening and a cover pivotally connected to the base by a hinge member. The hinge member has a hinge body with a first end pivotally connected to the base for pivoting with respect to the base and second end pivotally connected to the cover for pivoting with respect to the cover. A tab extends from the second end of the hinge body to contact a bottom surface of the cover to limit pivoting movement of the cover with respect to the hinge body. A slide surface is provided on the base that contacts an end of the cover during pivoting movement of the cover to prevent wear on a gasket with the opening of the base.

Abstract: In an aspect, a universal conduit body assembly comprises a universal conduit body having a first port attached thereto. The first port is sized and shaped to connect the conduit body with one or more conduits or plugs. A cavity is at least partially defined by the conduit body, and the cavity comprises at least two open sides and sufficient space for containment of one or more spliced wires within the conduit body. Two or more removable panels each sized and shaped to cover a portion of the universal conduit body and selectively attach to each of the at least two open sides of the cavity are provided. At least one of the two or more panels includes a second port sized and shaped to connect the panel with the one or more conduits or plugs.

Abstract: Systems and methods for providing electrical wiring devices having off-center installation capabilities are described. An electrical wiring device has at least one elongated mounting hole for accepting a mounting fastener in more than one location. For example, an electrical wiring device such as a single-gang, double 15A outlet device may have an installation ear at each of the upper and lower ends of the device, wherein each of the installation ears contains an elongate hole for accepting a fastener such as a screw in more than one position. Additionally, each installation ear includes include markings adjacent to the elongate holes to mark installation positions such as left, center and right that facilitate off-center installation.

Abstract: A hardware retainer detachably mounted on faceplate and selectively locked to a fixed body behind the faceplate includes a tray, at least two brackets and a faceplate box. The brackets are detachably mounted on the tray. The faceplate box is detachably mounted on the faceplate and is formed with a plurality of wire passages. The tray is detachably mounted on the faceplate box allowing for objects of varying dimensions to be installed on the faceplate.

Abstract: A self-supporting apparatus can be placed in an opening in an existing wall substrate. A frame assembly is configured with a perimeter that can be adjusted to correspond to the opening of the wall substrate. Opposing frame portions are movable in opposite directions with respect to each other to be expandable for contact with the opening. Each frame portion comprises a first side having a detent on one surface and a second side with at least one groove on a surface thereof. The surfaces of the opposing frame portions face each other. The detents and grooves are dimensioned to provide engagement, respectively, between grooves and dents of facing frame portion surfaces.

Abstract: An extendable electrical box comprises an electrical box having two open ends to an internal box space having a first depth. The electrical box comprises a mounting structure attached to at least one wall of the electrical box. The mounting structure is configured to mount the electrical box to a vertical wall structure such that the open end faces substantially parallel to the vertical wall structure. At least two extendable first rings each continuously surround one of the two open ends of the electrical box. The at least two extendable first rings are each slidably coupled with the electrical box via the sliding mechanical cooperation of one or more guides with one or more tracks, such that sliding either of the at least two extendable first rings in relation to the open ends of the electrical box expands the electrical box from the first depth to a larger second depth.

Abstract: An electrical box suitable for safely and efficiently housing an electrical connection. The electrical box includes a bottom and a plurality of adjacent side walls, each side wall being at least partially joined to the bottom and to each adjacent side wall to form an open box. Each side wall has a top edge wherein the top edges define an open box perimeter. At least one side wall has at least one notch, the notch comprising deformable plastic members that can be biased in an open position to define a conductor opening to receive at least one of the electrical conductors. A top can be hingedly joined to one the top edges of one side wall and can be adapted to be moveable from an open position to a closed position. The conductor opening is at least partially defined by the top when the top is in the closed position, and the flexible flanges contact the conductors when the top is in the closed position.

Abstract: An electronics enclosure includes a housing having a body section that has a hollow or open interior for containing electrical devices. The body section is configured for flush mounting in a ceiling, wall or other structure. The enclosure includes a moveable front panel that pivots to flip between a closed position and an open position. An electronic device may be mounted to the back surface of the front panel, to be hidden from view when the panel is closed and to be accessible when the panel is open. The enclosure includes anchoring mechanisms that rotate between first and second positions, to anchor the enclosure in the ceiling, wall or other structure.

Abstract: An equipment box assembly includes an open-ended housing and a support plate. The housing has a back wall and opposed sidewalls defining a cavity in the housing. The back wall includes a plurality of mounting features for mounting electronic components to the back wall. The housing is configured to be positioned in an installed position in a mounting surface such that the cavity is recessed in the mounting surface. The support plate includes a plurality of mounting features for mounting electronic components to the support plate. The support plate is releasably mounted in the housing cavity in a first position with the support plate generally parallel to and spaced apart a first distance from the back wall.

Abstract: Implementations of the present invention relate to a floor-mounted container that includes a rigid lower container portion defining an upper opening and a rim of the container, a flange extending from the rim and configured to support the container on edges surrounding a hole in the floor, when the container is mounted in the floor, and a lid with one or more trap-doors, the lid pivotally mounted to the rigid lower container portion and configured to pivot approximately 180 degrees from a covering position to an open position.

Abstract: A reversible electrical box for securing electrical fixtures or devices on the exterior wall of a building. The electrical box has an interchangeable rear element and an extension spacer which allow the achievement of a desired reveal depending on the wall finish thickness. It can be installed on unfinished walls upon which a finishing, such as stucco, is then applied or it can be installed as a retrofit on an existing finished wall. Two principal embodiments are shown with the first embodiment serving to attach electrical devices and the second embodiment serving to attach electrical fixtures.

Abstract: An electrical fitting that comprises an integral cover plate and an electrical component, such as an outlet or a switch, the combined electrical component/cover plate being secured via screws through the cover plate into a wall box. Wires are secured to power wires coming from the wall box via quick-connectors or wirenuts.

Abstract: A method and structure of a system of electrical boxes including differing patterns of interference structures, such as ribs and/or grooves, to prevent identical boxes from being nested but permit non-identical boxes from being nested for more space-efficient storage of electrical boxes.

Abstract: A housing for a connecting unit, particularly an electronic unit, includes at least one plug connector having a plug axis. The housing also includes a strip. The longitudinal axis of the strip is in a spatial plane with the plug axis of the plug connector.

Abstract: An electrical outlet box for installing in a hole defined in a pre-existing, finished floor of a building. The outlet box comprises a box portion, a backplate, and a cover plate. The box portion comprises a first pair of opposing walls, a second pair of opposing walls, a bottom wall, and a mounting flange. Top edges of each wall of the first and second pairs of opposing walls define an open top end of the box portion. The bottom wall is affixed to bottom edges of each wall of the first and second pairs of opposing walls, thereby defining a cavity within the first and second pairs of opposing walls and the bottom wall. The cavity is adapted for receiving an electrical outlet. The mounting flange surrounds the open top end and is adapted for sitting flush against the installed floor when the outlet box is mounted in the hole.

Abstract: An electrical box assembly includes an electrical box and a plurality of partition plates to divide the electrical box into separate compartments to accommodate high voltage wiring device and low voltage wiring devices. The partition plates generally have an angled portion so that compartments can access a knockout in the bottom wall of the electrical box. A plurality of device frames are positioned above the partition plates and coupled to a central support member in the electrical box and a side wall of the electrical box to support an electrical wiring device in the compartments. A cover plate having a configuration corresponding substantially to the shape of the device frame is attached to the device frame and side wall. The cover plate has an opening adapted to receive the wiring device.

Abstract: A lid assembly, for a floor mounted utility box allowing data/electrical cable connections, including: a frame, a lid, and a flap, wherein the frame is mounted upon the utility box so that, it lies substantially flush with the floor. The lid including rear, front panels hingedly connected; the rear edge of the rear panel hingedly connected to the rear edge of the frame. The flap is hingedly connected to the front panel, so that when the lid is closed, at least the rear/front panels lay flat and substantially flush with the level of the floor. When opened, the lid bifolds about the hinged connection between the rear/front panels, causing the forward edge of the front panel slide towards the rear edge of the frame, so that when the lid is moved to its fully opened position, the rear/front panels substantially overlay one another in the vicinity of the rear of the frame.

Abstract: Electrical wall outlets for switches, sockets and the like are provided with depth adjustability and the capability of providing a flush mounting to a wall or similar structure. The present invention comprises a relatively standard electric box together with a mesh for plaster which is supported by a frame which is slidably insertable into the box to a selectable depth. The invention is usable with or without supporting stud work.

Abstract: A self-supporting apparatus can be placed in a pre-set opening in an existing wall substrate. A frame assembly is configured with a perimeter that corresponds to the thickness of the wall substrate. The edge of the frame thus can be in fitting contact with the substrate opening. Flanges on opposite sides of the frame extend in the planar direction of the wall substrate to be in contact with the inner and outer surfaces of the substrate to maintain the frame in position in the wall and to strengthen the structure. The frame can include appropriate mounting portions for mounting electrical boxes or low voltage devices within the wall.

Abstract: An electrical box assembly includes an electrical box, a movable partition plate, and a cover having an opening for receiving and supporting an electrical wiring device such as a switch or duplex receptacle. The electrical box has a rear wall with a centrally located emboss having a plurality of screw holes for receiving a ground screw and ground wire. The partition plate has a recess for mating with the emboss and a top end for coupling with the cover member. The partition plate and cover member are adapted for coupling to the electrical box in different orientations so that the partition plate divides the electrical box into substantially equal size compartments for receiving high voltage and low voltage requirements.

Abstract: An electrical box extender assembly includes an electrical box having four side walls, and a back wall defining a cavity therein. A first of the four side walls of the box includes a first projection extending substantially transversely of the cavity. A substantially tubular extender having a first side wall including a first flange extending transversely thereon, and a tubular base extending transversely thereof. The first flange and tubular base are spaced from one another and a first fastener extends through the first projection, first flange and tubular base to couple the tubular extender to the electrical box.

Abstract: Recessed-lighting fixtures having features to facilitate alignment between adjacent fixtures. According to one embodiment of the present invention, alignment means are provided on downwardly directed walls of a recessed lighting tray, ensuring alignment between adjacent fixtures. In another embodiment, apertures on the tray permit relative movement between the tray and a recessed lighting pail, allowing the tray to be quickly and easily repositioned relative to the pan.

Abstract: An electric plug system includes a stabilizing base, a vertical support element extending from the base, a horizontal electrical socket block having a plurality of female electrical sockets that is coupled to the top of the vertical support element, and an electrical wire extending from the horizontal electrical socket block, down the vertical element, and along or through the base and there-beyond and terminating in a male electrical plug adapted to plug into a standard wall or floor electrical outlet. The vertical support element can be a telescoping tube with a height control knob.

Abstract: The object of the invention is a cable interface furniture for a conference table, which cable interface furniture comprises at least a space enabling connections that is disposed below an openable and closable table hatch in the table. The cable interface furniture comprises a casing extending from the bottom upwards that is intended to be placed under and that stands on the floor resting on support means that are adjustable in their height, the top part of which casing contains a bed provided with at least lead-in apertures, above which is a space enabling connections, with at least the connectors of the connecting cables being supported in which bed, and which connecting cables are fitted when free to be disposed in the space below the intermediate bed in the casing.

Abstract: Electrical accessories and associated methods of use and manufacture are provided. In one embodiment, an electrical accessory can be provided. The electrical accessory can include an electrical junction box having a first side wall. The electrical accessory can also include an adjustable bracket coupled to the electrical junction box. The adjustable bracket can include a sliding plate and a mounting plate. The sliding plate can be positioned adjacent the first side wall and can be removably coupled to the electrical junction box. The adjustable bracket can also include a mounting hole axially aligned with the mounting hole of the first side wall of the junction box. The axially aligned mounting holes can be configured to receive a screw such that rotation of the screw moves the sliding plate and electrical junction box in relation to the mounting plate.

Abstract: A subassembly for use in a vacuum inlet valve assembly for a central vacuum system, the subassembly having a valve body with a wiring compartment and at least one press connection detent means and a reversible mounting flange for connecting to the valve body. The mounting flange includes an attachment portion, a mounting flange wall sized and shaped to cover an open side of wiring compartment and press catch connection elements sized and shaped to interact with the detent to secure the mounting flange to the valve body. Also disclosed is a vacuum inlet valve assembly comprising the above subassembly in combination with a cover plate having a rectangular door, a hinge located on a long side of the rectangular door, and a face plate with a vacuum connection opening. In an alternate embodiment the valve body includes a perimeter wall, attachment openings internal but adjacent to said perimeter wall and a snap fit cover to close an open wall of a wiring compartment.

Abstract: A power strip hanging device and structure are provided. The hanging device includes a hanger element and a positioning seat. The hanger element has a pulling portion for being pulled by a user and a shoulder extended outward from the periphery of one end thereof. The positioning seat has an upper opening on one side and a lower opening on the opposite side communicating with the upper opening to form a receiving space therein, and is positioned firmly in an installation hole of a table, so that the hanging element can pass through the upper opening and be received in the receiving space with the shoulder resting on the rim of the upper opening. Thus, the hanging element is supported by the positioning seat, and the power strip can pass through the positioning seat and be secured under the table without occupying the space on a top of the table.

Abstract: An electrical box has four sides that define a rectangular space. The box has flanges extending outward from opposite sides, for mounting the box to a stud or other structure. One of the flanges has one or more tabs, outward protrusion(s) that fit into one or more openings in the flange on the opposite side. The fitting of the one or more tabs into the one or more openings allows two such electrical boxes to be conveniently located at the same height, on opposite sides of the stud. The tab(s) and opening(s) automatically align the boxes with each other. The result is an easier and accurate installation, with less time and effort expended.

Abstract: A socket box, equipped with means allowing it to be fixed to a circular opening made in the wall of a block of a building's wall upon an expansion effect of the socket box's structure, whose structure portions are displaced by using expansion screws, which, when turned, cause the socket box to be locked in opening made in block.

Abstract: Various embodiments of an electrical box are provided for installation in insulated concrete forms (“ICFs”) In at least one embodiment, the electrical box includes a container configured to receive an electrical device, and at least one anchoring member operably connected to the container In these embodiments, the anchoring member is movable between a storage position and an inserted position and the anchoring member is operable by a user without a tool Further, in these embodiments, the inserted position includes at least part of the anchoring member positioned outside the container such that the anchoring member is insertable into, for instance, a foam-based ICF Thus simple and efficient installation of electrical boxes in ICFs is provided.

Abstract: A waterproof device for receiving an electronic device is disclosed. The waterproof device includes a housing including an outer surface. A receiving case including a body and covering portion extends from the body. The body is inside of the housing, and the covering portion abuts the outer surface of the housing. The body receives an object to be waterproofed. A cover is secured to the covering portion. A first installation washer is secured between the covering portion and the outer surface of the housing, the first installation washer seals a first gap between the housing and the covering portion. A second installation washer is secured to the cover and abuts each edges of the body, the second installation washer seals a second gap between the cover and the body.

Abstract: An electrical box may include a panel that is coupled to a top side of the electrical box. The panel may include a wall on one side of the panel, the wall surrounding a well, in the first panel, into a space in the electrical box. The panel may also include a cap to be placed over the wall and the well. The cap and the well may be configured to form a first bend and a second bend on a cable that extends from outside of the electrical box to an inside space of the electrical box. The first bend may include a locally lowest point on cable portions that are outside of an area under the cap.

Abstract: Reversible nose faceplate. At least some of the illustrative embodiments are systems including a faceplate and a nose member. The nose member includes: an extension portion; a nose portion; a first abutting surface; a second abutting surface; a first set of ears coupled to the extension portion adjacent the nose portion; and a second set of ears coupled to the extension portion opposite the first set of ears. The nose member is configured to couple to the faceplate in multiple configurations, including: a first configuration in which the nose portion protrudes through a nose aperture of the faceplate in the direction of the front side of the faceplate, the first abutting surface abuts the back side of the faceplate, and the faceplate is affixed to the first set of ears; and a second configured in which the nose portion protrudes in the direction of the back side of the faceplate, the second abutting surface abuts the back side of the faceplate, and the faceplate is affixed to the second set of ears.

Abstract: An electrical assembly includes a cover assembly, an electrical component such as a circuit breaker and an adapter for mounting the electrical component to the cover assembly. The cover assembly is adapted for mounting directly to a support surface such as a marine hull where the support surface has an opening to receive the electrical component. The electrical component and adapter are received in an opening in the support surface by the cover assembly. The adapter is constructed for coupling to an electrical component and one or more different cover assemblies having different screw hole patterns where the electrical component cannot be coupled directly to the cover assembly.

Abstract: A two gang electrical box that greatly reduces the time and effort required to mount one or two electrical components to a wall or similar surface. Wall preparation requires only the use of a standard hole saw thereby greatly minimizing installation time. The two gang electrical box includes a plate with an opening therein and a substantially circular sidewall extending from the plate at the periphery of the opening and terminating in a rear wall. Mounting fasteners extending through the plate include clamp arms thereon for securing the electrical box to a wall. The clamp arms can be rotated to either an inward position or an outward position. The sidewall is provided with open areas or recesses to fully accommodate the clamp arms when rotated to the inward position thereby enabling the peripheral wall and clamp arms to pass easily within the wall opening created by the standard size hole-saw.

Abstract: In one embodiment, an adapter may include first and second mounting portions adapted to be attached to first and second mounting portions of an electrical device, and first and second spacers arranged to space the first and second mounting portion of the electrical device away from a building surface when the electrical device is mounted to an electrical box. In another embodiment, an adapter may include a ring to surround a body of a standard electrical device, and first and second slots to receive first and second mounting portion of the standard electrical device.

Abstract: An electrical enclosure includes a first part and a second part together forming a body. The body has an inner surface and an outer surface that are separated on opposing surfaces of the body. An outer junction is adjacent the outer surface of the body and an inner junction adjacent the inner surface of the body. Conductive pass-throughs that are at least partially contained within the body electrically couple the inner and outer junctions. An external conductor routing high-voltage from a high-voltage source in the building structure is coupled to the outer junction and mechanically fixed thereto, enclosed by a cover engaging the outer surface sufficiently to provide fire protection and prevent degradation, and such that no portion of the external conductor passes through the body into the inner surface. The second part is removable through the first part thereby providing access to the outer junction through the first part.

Abstract: A camera mounting assembly for mounting a security camera, detector, or electrical fixture directly to an indoor or outdoor surface. The camera mounting assembly includes an electrical box with adapted for use with several mounting adapters. A ceiling mounting adapter enables mounting the electrical box directly to the ceiling or to a down rod secured to the ceiling. A wall mounting adapter enables mounting the electrical box directly to a wall. A corner mounting adapter enables mounting the electrical box to an outside corner. The mounting adapters include a substantially thick face plate that can accept fasteners for securing a camera or fixture directly to the face portion. A camera adapter plate and a mounting bar are provided for mounting cameras or fixtures having a small base diameter.