Abstract: A tie extension bracket comprises a rectangular-shaped box having at least three sides. Two of the sides being arranged parallel to each other and the remaining side being a connecting support plate connecting the two parallel sides to each other. The two parallel sides extending beyond the connecting support plate to form a U-shaped portion dimensioned to receive at least an end portion of a railroad tie therein.

Abstract: A post structure for installation along a street or road with a base supporting the post structure in a yieldable manner. A coupling joining the base and post structure includes a resilient member urging the post structure into a normal, pre-determined position on the base. An upper end of the base serves as a fulcrum for momentary post structure movement. A modified form of the yieldable support includes a housing with spring and fastener assembly with the housing having inclined surfaces which cooperate with inclined surfaces on the base upper end, insuring return of the tipped post structure back to the pre-determined relationship with the base after momentary displacement.

Abstract: Turbulence in a wall-bounded fluid flow field having a turbulent wall region characterized by a system of roll pairs extending in the direction of flow, and propagating structures interacting with the system of roll pairs, is controlled by introducing into the turbulent flow, a disturbance that changes the character of the propagating structures directed at an inclined angle to the direction of flow. Where the disturbance increases the amplitudes of the propagating structure, turbulent mixing or heating is increased; and when the disturbance decreases the amplitude of the propagating structure, the turbulent drag is decreased.

Abstract: A tie cap rail holder for securing a railroad rail to its supporting tie comprises a cap dimensioned to seat gravitationally over the top of the tie in a restricted, longitudinally slidable fit. The cap has on its upper surface a rail seat dimensioned to receive the rail base. On one side of the rail seat an upwardly and inwardly extending detent is dimensioned and positioned for engaging and retaining the adjacent side margin of the rail base. A plurality of the holders are adapted for opposite placement on adjacent ties, with their respective detents engaging opposite side margins of the rail base, thereby securing the rail to the ties.