Abstract: A toner manufacturing method includes grinding and classification to produce a toner containing a binder resin and a colorant with a weight mean particle size of 5 microns to 12 microns and sharp particle density distribution. The toner has a specific circularity, relationship between cut ratio and weight mean size, and relationship between circularity and weight mean size as disclosed in the specification.

Abstract: There is a method for the mechanical disintegration of biogenic sewage sludge, for which the sewage sludge, in an initial state, has microorganisms in the form of cells and a solid, which is formed essentially from aggregates of cells and suspended materials, and for which a disintegration process (3, 4) causes a destruction of aggregates and a destruction of cells. It is desirable to improve the disintegration. This is achieved in that, in a first disintegration step 3, primary destruction of aggregates and, in a subsequent, separate second disintegration step 4, primary destruction of cells is caused. Due to the use of two separate disintegration processes, an appreciable improvement in the disintegration is achieved, since fewer aggregates and more cells are supplied to the second disintegration process. The increased destruction of cells brings about the improvement in the disintegration.

Abstract: There is a method for which a sewage sludge is permitted to flow from a first connecting region 21 to a treatment device, which works with rotation and stresses the sewage sludge with severing parts, and from the treatment device to a second connecting region 1. It is desirable to improve the continuity to the operation and to attain a decisive increase in the disintegration. This is achieved by using a rapidly rotating pipe-head formation, which has a head 6 with radial openings 10 and radial wings 4, for the mechanical disintegration of biogenic sewage sludge. The edges of the openings exert a shear effect, while the wings exert an impact effect and the combination of these two actions, in conjunction with the rapid rotation, brings about the improvement in the disintegration.

Abstract: A pest control insulation building material from recycled waste paper including one or more chemical additives. The base material is fiberized, and the chemical additives may include: pesticides, disease immune additives (medicines), ammonia dust inhibitors, fire retardants, stabilizers or other additives, depending on the characteristics desired of the final product. At least one of the additives is applied as a liquid.

Abstract: An apparatus for and method of recycling the edge portion of a chopped strand mat are disclosed. The method includes the steps of trimming an edge portion of the chopped strand mat, transporting the edge portion to a shredder assembly, and shredding the edge portion into individual strands or filaments. The separated strands are introduced with new chopped strands into the chopped strand mat forming process. The apparatus for recycling the edge portion of the mat includes a shredder assembly for separating the edge portion into individual strands. The shredder assembly includes two pairs of rollers that engage the trimmed edge portion. The first and second pairs of rollers are driven at first and second rotational speeds, respectively. Preferably, the second speed is greater than the first speed. The mat is pinched between each pair of rollers and is thereby placed under tension due to the different rotational speeds.

Abstract: The present invention provides a water-absorbent resin powder and its production process and use, wherein the water-absorbent resin powder has high liquid permeability and high water absorbency. The production process for a water-absorbent resin powder, according to the present invention, comprises the step of obtaining water-absorbent crosslinked polymer particles by an aqueous solution polymerization step, and grinding the resultant crosslinked polymer particles until the bulk density thereof increases to not lower than 0.72 (g/ml). The water-absorbent resin powder is characterized by being arbitrarily pulverized and having a bulk density of not lower than 0.74 (g/ml) and a water absorption capacity of not lower than 20 (g/g) for 0.9 weight % physiological saline under a load of 0.7 psi (4.83 kPa). In addition, the absorbent structure comprises the above water-absorbent resin powder and a fibrous material. The absorbent article comprises an absorbent layer including the above absorbent structure.

Abstract: An improved two-stage comminuting and dehydrating system is efficient, environmentally sound, and may be employed to process sticky materials. The system includes a pair of cyclone structures for comminuting and dehydrating. Injection ports are positioned for injection of viscid substances directly into the low pressure region of each cone. The secondary cyclone structure is equipped with a lower exit port. A single blower is coupled with the cyclone structures to form an air flow loop from the primary cone bottom to the secondary cone top and from the secondary cone top to the primary cone top. Airflow for cycling material between the cones is controlled by feedback from moisture and particle size monitoring devices in a collection unit coupled with the secondary cone.

Abstract: Methods to at least partially reduce a niobium oxide are described. In one embodiment, a milling process is described wherein the surfaces of the mill in contact with the starting metal oxide, getter material, and/or oxygen reduced metal oxide are the same as the material being milled. Other milling techniques and products are also described.

Abstract: A method for processing mixed waste in a continuously operating processing plant comprising a plurality of successive stations which are connected to each other by means of at least one conveyor segment and wherein the mixed waste material is processed in at least one step of the inventive method and/or conveyed along at least one conveyor section, whereby the particles in the stream of mixed waste are accelerated at least in one transfer site between a conveyor section or one transfer site between two conveyor sections. Also disclosed is a processing plant for implementing said method and buffer silos which are used in the plant.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process and the associated device for the fine crushing of solid mineral and non-mineral substances, preferably cement raw materials and cement clinker, by single or repeated compressive-load application using medium to high pressures with subsequent disagglomeration of the produced ground material in the same device. The object of the invention is to create a crushing device which, under defined conditions of control of, and load application by, the material to be ground, combined in a single device, carries out several process steps in succession, continuously feeds the material to be ground, as a defined material layer, to the grinding gap formed from pressure roller and level load-application path and, through the free choice of grinding path speed and grinding pressure, has a favorable throughput behavior with a high energy utilization and low outlay on plant.

Abstract: An improved two-stage comminuting and dehydrating system is efficient, environmentally sound, and may be employed to process sticky materials. The system includes a pair of cyclone structures for comminuting and dehydrating. Injection ports are positioned for injection of viscid substances directly into the low pressure region of each cone. The secondary cyclone structure is equipped with a lower exit port. A single blower is coupled with the cyclone structures to form an air flow loop from the primary cone bottom to the secondary cone top and from the secondary cone top to the primary cone top. Airflow for cycling material between the cones is controlled by feedback from moisture and particle size monitoring devices in a collection unit coupled with the secondary cone.

Abstract: The object of the present invention is a method for making mechanical pulp, such as thermomechanical or chemi-thermomechanical stock. The mechanical pulp is used as a raw material for printing paper, and its freeness value is 30-70 ml CSF. The stock refined by the method is screened in several stages to form accept and reject stock portions. The wood raw material is refined at the first stage of refining at a superatmospheric pressure of over 400 kPa to form a stock that has a freeness value of 250-700 ml CSF.

Abstract: A method for processing municipal waste substantially reduces the volume of material to be disposed into a landfill by increasing the volume of materials of value collected from the municipal waste and by composting the remaining materials to create a salable product. The process includes the removal of materials of value by magnetic devices to extract ferrous materials, by an air classifier to extract light plastic materials, by an eddy current mechanism to extract aluminum materials, and by a plastic sort mechanism to extract large plastic materials. Composting can be accomplished with a composting vessel that is located in the process either before the materials of value are removed or afterward. A grinding of the materials before a final screening allows the commercial grade compost to be separated from the materials that are to be sent to the landfill for final disposal.

Abstract: In a method for disposing of waste matter such as waste tire pieces by using first and second shredding members each having shredding blades, the waste matter is introduced into a space between the shredding blades of the first and second shredding members and shredded or torn off into fine chips by operating the first and second shredding members, while partially caught by grooves formed in opposite faces of the shredding blades of the respective shredding members. By moving the first and second shredding members relative to each other in opposite directions to impart a shearing force to the waste matter in the space between the shredding blades, the waste matter is effectively torn off into pieces. When a waste tire is processed in an apparatus for practicing the method, it is successfully separated into rubber parts and wires with high efficiency.

Abstract: The main theme of the invention is to provide a method for manufacturing industrially, by mechanically comminuting silk yarn, crystalline silk fibroin powder below 3 &mgr;m in an average particle diameter, which can be used for various applications. A silk substance such as cocoon filament, silk yarn, or raw silk is brought into an alkali aqueous solution under a pressure of 1 through 5 atmospheric pressure at temperatures from 100° C. through 150° C. to reduce the tensile strength of the silk substance to around 0.02 g/d or less. Thereafter, the resultant silk substance is subjected to dealkalization and drying. Subsequently, the resultant dried silk substance is comminuted into powder below 3 &mgr;m in an average particle diameter. Thus, the crystalline silk fibroin powder below 3 &mgr;m in an average particle diameter is manufactured.

Abstract: Organic fertilizer produced from raw manure, and systems and methods related to the production thereof. A high-velocity air stream is injected into at least one substantially-closed chamber, where it interacts with a supply of raw manure; the raw manure can be bovine or other animal waste products. The high-velocity air stream pulverizes and dries the raw manure, whereby an end product having a moisture content substantially less than the initial moisture content and a live bacteria content substantially equal to the initial live bacteria content of the raw manure is produced. In a preferred embodiment, a cyclonic comminution apparatus is used to pulverize and dry the raw manure; alternatively, a first cyclonic comminution apparatus can be used to substantially pulverize the raw manure and a second cyclonic comminution apparatus can be used to substantially dry the raw manure.

Abstract: Granular substances with pollutants adhered, such as contaminated soils and incinerated ashes, are finely granulated to separate the pollutants from the granular substances efficiently and to enable the granular substances, from which pollutants have been separated, to be recycled. After fine granulation of the granular substances by a coarse disintegrating treatment through a first fine granulation machine, the granular substances, which have been finely granulated by the first fine granulation machine, are subjected to, by a second fine granulation machine, mutual polishing among the granular substances by mutual rubbing forces of the substances themselves and thus the pollutants, such as heavy metals and dioxin class substances adhering strongly to the surfaces of the granular substances, are separated, and also the granular substances not containing the pollutants are classified from the granular substances which have already been finely granulated by a vibrational screen and a classification device.

Abstract: A method of crushing material in a crushing plant using multistep crushing to form a crushed product. The crushing plant has a first crushing station, an intermediate storage and a second crushing station. The material is crushed at the first crushing station. The amount of material in the intermediate storage is monitored. The degree of reduction at the first crushing station is changed according to the level of material in the intermediate storage. A device for crushing material has a level monitor arranged to monitor the level of material in the intermediate storage. The level monitor is connected to a control unit which is adapted to change the degree of reduction at least at the first of the crushing stations if the level of material in the intermediate storage increases or decreases.

Abstract: A method of producing a toner for developing latent electrostatic images includes the steps of preliminarily grinding a toner composition having at least a binder resin and a coloring agent to prepare a preliminarily ground product, and finely pulverizing the preliminarily ground product using a pulverizer to produce toner particles, wherein the preliminarily ground product satisfies conditions (1) and (2): Dv≧D10  (1) D50<3D10  (2) wherein Dv is a weight mean diameter of the preliminarily ground product, D10 is a weight mean diameter when the cumulative number of particles reaches 10% at measurement of a cumulative particle distribution, and D50 is a weight mean diameter when the cumulative number of particles reaches 50% at measurement of the cumulative particle distribution.

Abstract: The combination of low residence time (R) with high saturation pre-heat temperature/pressure (T) followed by high speed disc refining (S), is utilized in both primary and secondary refining stages. This use of the RTS process in both primary and secondary refining stages, can be accomplished in one embodiment, where the primary refining is performed in a first disc refiner and the secondary refining is performed in a distinct second disc refiner. In a particularly cost-effective second embodiment the primary and secondary refining are performed within a single refining machine having distinct primary and secondary refining zones which are fluidly connected in series.

Abstract: In the mechanical refining of wood chips to produce wood pulp, wood pulp quality is improved by employing low refining intensity at least in a final refining stage; the refining is carried out in a double disc refiner or a single disc refiner at rotational speeds that are lower than those conventionally employed, specifically at less than 1200 RPM in a double disc refiner and at less than 1500 RPM in a single disc refiner.

Abstract: The data destruction machine is a desk-top, portable unit with a short (under 10 second) cycle time, pluggable into a wall outlet. Upon insertion of a CD into the machine, which is fully automatic, data is erased, and the cleaned CD is ejected. The machine converts the data-storage layer into residue consistent with security destruction standards from which no data is retrievable.

Abstract: A size reduction apparatus and process for reducing the size of a heterogeneous or homogeneous article or articles using variable and interchangeable interior parts for varying article output size and an air handling system for introducing air and/or fluid into the process of size-reduction. The components of a heterogeneous article are separated and used to aid in the size-reduction process.

Abstract: A method of processing recycled waste paper includes pulping waste paper in a first drum pulper. White fibers are separated from the waste paper in a first screen drum. The white fibers are then processed by screening, cleaning, deinking and bleaching. The remaining waste paper is pulped within a second drum pulper. The brown fibers are separated from the waste paper in a second screen drum. The brown fibers are processed by screening, cleaning and bleaching.

Abstract: A method for creating ultra-fine particles of material using a high-pressure mill is described. The method includes placing a material in a first chamber and subjecting the material to a high-pressure liquid jet to divide it into particles. These particles are then transferred to a second chamber in which they are subjected to cavitation to further divide the particles into relatively smaller particles. These relatively smaller particles are then transferred to a third chamber, in which the particles collide with a collider to still further divide them into ultra-fine particles of the material. The mill of the present invention includes a first chamber having an high-pressure liquid jet nozzle, first and second slurry nozzles, a second cavitation chamber and a third chamber which houses a collider. Sensors may be located throughout the mill to collect data on the comminution process and to use the data to control the resultant particle size.

Abstract: The present invention is designed to perform a primary crushing operation including hooking and crushing of the top face part of waste through cooperation of a supporting projection and a first crushing roller. The first crushing roller also conveys the waste. A secondary crushing operation includes crushing of a bottom face part and the top face part of the waste W, while lifting the waste is performed by the first crushing roller and a second crushing roller. And, a tertiary crushing operation including crushing of the object material, that is to be crushed, into small pieces and discharging of these pieces separately from the materials that are unfit for crushing is performed by the second crushing roller and a third crushing roller.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing an electrophotographic toner having a mean particle diameter of more than 5 &mgr;m and less than 10 &mgr;m. For manufacturing the above size of toner, coarsely pulverized particles are pulverized to medium pulverized particles having a mean particle diameter of more than 10 &mgr;m and not more than 19 &mgr;m at first. Subsequently, the medium pulverized particles are further pulverized to small diameter particles having a mean particle diameter of more than 5 &mgr;m and less than 10 &mgr;m, and thereafter the small diameter particles are classified by a rotor type classifier.

Abstract: Device for milling food products, including two separate milling passages and a sifting member (18, 19) interposed between the two milling passages. The sifting member (18, 19) includes a rotating member (18) which affects the product that leaves the first milling passage so as to propel it against a screening surface (19). The apparatus uses a plurality of devices and the method uses the device.

Abstract: A method and system for producing an animal bedding material from recycled waste paper, and including one or more chemical additives. The base material is fiberized, and the chemical additives may include: pesticides, disease immune additives (medicines), ammonia inhibitors, fire retardants, or other additives, depending on the characteristics desired of the final product. At least one of the additives is applied as a liquid.

Abstract: In a collecting method and a collecting apparatus for collecting foaming gas generated from foaming heat insulator material, as well as in a processing process and apparatus of disposals, disposals 1 including the foaming heat insulator material 5 are charged into a first and a second crushing machines 3 and 17 for separating the foaming gas contained in the foaming heat insulator material 5 thereof, and the separated foaming gas is collected by a collector 29, wherein measurement is made on the concentration of flammable gas separated, so as to control the charging of the disposals 1 and the foaming heat insulator material 5 into the first and second crushing machines 3 and 17, depending upon that concentration measured, thereby collecting the foaming gas with high efficiency, while controlling the concentration of the flammable gas, appropriately and with ease, and an charge amount thereof to be charged, appropriately, depending upon the concentration of that flammable gas contained therein.

Abstract: The present invention, therefore, provides stage crushing method for recovering precious metals from slag produced by a coal burning furnace or boiler comprising: a plurality of crushing steps, wherein each crushing step produces slag particles having successively smaller particle diameter sizes, said crushing steps continued until a final desired particle diameter sized is obtained; wherein each of said crushing steps is followed by suspending said crushed slag particles in a liquid medium to form a slurry of light-weight particles and heavy weight-particles and allowing the crushed slag particles within the slurry to separate, based on weight of the particles, thereby forming a light-weight particle population and a heavy-weight particle population; wherein each suspending step is followed by removing said light-weight particles from said slurry, such that said slurry consists of substantially heavy-weight particles; and collecting said heavy-weight particles.

Abstract: A two-step process for the production of a toner for developing electrostatic images, including a first pulverizing step wherein a toner composition containing a binder and a coloring agent is pulverized to obtain preliminarily pulverized particles having a weight average particle diameter of 20-100 &mgr;m and containing no more than 50% by weight of particles having roundness of 0.90 or less, and a second pulverizing step wherein the preliminarily pulverized particles are finely pulverized to obtain finely pulverized particles having a weight average particle diameter of 5-13 &mgr;m and containing no more than 30% by weight of particles having roundness of 0.90 or less and no more than 15%, based on the total number of particles of the finely pulverized particles, of particles having a particle diameter of 5 &mgr;m or less.

Abstract: The invention concerns a micronizing device comprising a grinding housing with an outlet opening at one end, two coaxially positioned rotatably driven hollow axles entering the grinding house through two opposite side walls thereof, each of said axles having an inner end provided with a conically enlarging disc defining a grinding chamber, a circumferential outlet gap being formed between said discs, each disc being provided with at least one concentrically positioned ring of axially directed taps or wings near the circumference of the disc, the rings having different diameters, so that said discs can be driven to rotate in opposite directions, two acceleration nozzles are brought into the grinding chamber through the hollow axles, said nozzles being directed towards a common point in the grinding chamber away from a center point of said grinding chamber. The invention concerns also a method using said device.

Abstract: A method and an arrangement for obtaining wood in which the tracheids have less ability to bind to each other. The end surface of the wood is irradiated with pulsed laser light of such strength, and with such a number of pulses, that lignin-related cellulose and hemicellulose bonds break up along the light-conducting middle lamella to a depth which is sufficient to ensure that reduction of the wood (to paper pulp) via mechanical processes can be done more quickly, more gently and with greater efficiency.

Abstract: When compacting particulate material, such as granular or powdery material, the same is fed to a first section which determines the compaction degree. In a second section, the weight/volume ratio is further increased so that it determines further the ultimate compaction degree. Optionally the compaction degree is controlled a third time within a third section which is normally the final section. In order to influence and to control the compaction degree at least in the first and second sections, energy can be absorbed by means of separate drives within these sections.

Abstract: Systems and processes of the present invention for recycling glass fiber waste into glass fiber product include a supply of scrap glass fibers having a mean average length of less than about 5 millimeters; a crusher having at least one pair of rotatable rollers which rotate at essentially the same speed, the rollers having intermeshing protuberances for crushing scrap glass fibers passing therebetween; and an air separating device for separating a first portion of crushed glass fibers having a mean average length of less than about 3 millimeters from a second portion of oversize glass fibers.

Abstract: A method for refining lignocellulose-containing material into pulp in a disc refiner comprises preheating the material to a temperature greater than the glass transition temperature of lignin in the material, and holding this temperature for under one minute. The heated material is then subject to high speed refining in a disc refiner to produce pulp. The resulting pulp may then be subject to secondary refining steps to produce paper quality pulp. The preheat retention time is preferably in the range of 5-30 seconds, and can be controlled as a process variable to optimize energy savings, pulp strength, and optical qualities. High quality pulp can be obtained with preheat at high temperature and low retention time, followed by primary refining at disc speed of at least 2300 rpm.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for recycling gypsum wallboard is described and claimed. Gypsum wallboard is formed from a gypsum core sandwiched between two sheets of heavy paper. The apparatus has a crushing means to crush the gypsum core of the wallboard and shred the paper covering. A grinding means further pulverizes the gypsum into a powder and tears the shredded paper into pieces that are approximately one and one-half inch in diameter. The pulverized gypsum admixed with paper pieces can be collected and used in recycled wallboard. Optionally, a separator can be included in the apparatus which isolates the gypsum powder from the paper pieces. Methods for recycling gypsum wallboard using the claimed apparatus are also described.

Abstract: This invention is based upon the unexpected discovery that the crosslinks in thermoset plastics can be broken by heating to a temperature of at least about 150.degree. C. under a pressure of at least about 3.4.times.10.sup.6 Pascals in the presence of 2-butanol. By utilizing the process of this invention, precious metals can be easily and economically recovered from electronic circuit boards. In this process, the crosslinks in the thermoset plastics in the circuit board break under conditions of heat and pressure in the presence of 2-butanol. After the crosslinks in the thermoset plastic break, the plastic material dissolves in the 2-butanol and can be removed by decanting. The remaining undissolved fiberglass mat and precious metal is removed by filtration, decanting or centrifugation. The precious metals which were entrapped in the thermoset plastic can be recovered from fiberglass on the circuit board by being melted.

Abstract: In accordance with a preferred embodiment, a rolling-type planetary ball mill apparatus for producing nanometer-scaled powders is disclosed, the apparatus comprising (a) a main rotary wheel comprising supporting members, (b) a plurality of mill pots which are revolvable by receiving a rotational force from the main rotary wheel through their corresponding supporting members, and are disposed around the main rotary wheel with substantially equal distance between one mill pot and another, each mill pot comprising a tiltable pivotal shaft having rotary coupling means so that the pot can also rotate about its own axis, each pivotal shaft having one end being supportably connected to its corresponding supporting member of the main rotary wheel; (c) motor means in drive relation to the main rotary wheel for providing rotational forces thereto; and (d) a non-revolvable counter-acting supporting ring disposed coaxially with the main rotary wheel and in the close, working vicinity of the mill pots; each tiltable pivot

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the recycling of plastic-coated cable residues, which comprise a metal core and a plastic jacket, wherein the metal parts are separated from the jacket and are separately recovered. The cable residues are communited and the chopped material is softened in a swelling container (10) with a swelling agent for the plastic. Subsequent to softening, the mass flow is fed with the swelling agent to a roller cone mill (13). The roller cone mill (13) flexes the chopped material and destroys the macrostructure of the cable pieces mechanically. The metal particles are separated from the jackets by way of stirring in a stirrer (14), and the multi-phase mixture is transported to a metal sedimentor (16). The heavier metal particles sink down in the metal sedimentor (16) based on gravity and separate themselves from the lighter plastic particles.

Abstract: An arrangement for providing continuous grinding in a pulp grinder comprising a feed chute and a piston in the feed chute moving lengthwise of the feed chute for pressing the wood in the feed chute against a grindstone. The arrangement comprises rotary feed members between the piston and the grindstone on the sides of the feed chute for pushing the compressed wood further against the grindstone. Also, the arrangement comprises a closing member that can be pushed between the compressed wood and the piston to prevent the wood from moving backward with the piston as the piston is moved to the initial position, ready for the stroke, to allow the feed of a new batch of wood.

Abstract: A pulverizing pass having at one side an adjustable crushing plate which forces the material entering to pass between the plate and variable speed replaceable rotating hammers which are substantially open causing the material to be pulverized. The chamber is lined with plates which can be repeatedly replaced. In addition, heat is applied to the material throughout the process by two open flame furnaces whereby the material exits dry. Further a means for removing contaminants from the glass is accomplished by three blower devices which suck the contaminants into three collection bags whereby the finished product exits 99.9 plus % clean.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process and apparatus for the separation of materials from within fluorescent lamps and other mercury containing commercial elements. The process and apparatus can separate materials of different compositions by non-chemical means into easily treatable segments without causing significant introduction of wastes (especially mercury waste) into the environment during physical separation. This invention operates by repeatedly crushing and breaking the original article (e.g., the fluorescent lamp) into progressively smaller pieces under controlled circumstances and controlled air pressure so that their various component materials are separately collected and these separately collected components may be individually processed (recycled or purified) without significant introduction of mercury into the environment.

Abstract: The present invention provides an inexpensive process which can be placed in the carpet mill to add value to carpet selvage waste by segregating the various materials used to manufacture the selvage waste. The process for segregating at least one component of a carpet selvage waste comprises the steps of:a. providing carpet selvage waste from carpet manufacturing comprised of tufts comprised of face fiber material, primary backing, an adhesive and optionally a secondary backing,b. identifying face fiber type used in the tufts in the carpet selvage,c. removing the face fiber from the carpet selvage such that the face fiber is essentially free of the primary backing and residual adhesive andd. segregating the removed face fiber from the remainder of the carpet selvage in a mechanical system which segregates fiber by fiber type to obtain a relatively pure stream of the face fiber.All removed, segregated components may be recycled and/or reused.

Abstract: A continuously operating process and a plant for comminuting by grinding a mineral material into grains of different sizes and dividing the ground product into several fractions each constituted by grains the dimensions of which are between a predetermined upper limit and a predetermined lower limit. Starting from a raw product, it is subjected to grinding by material layer crushing, the ground products are divided into several fractions comprising at least one coarse fraction and one fine fraction, and those grains the dimensions of which are greater than the upper limit of the coarse fraction, and possibly all or part of the fractions the grains of which have dimensions between the lower limit of the coarse fraction and the upper limit of the fine fraction, are returned to the grinder input.

Abstract: A method of crushing or smashing nonconductive materials such as natural ore materials and concretes by a discharge voltage requires a large amount of energy for crushing or smashing. Products produced by crushing or smashing have not been recycled effectively as new nonconductive raw materials. A value set by the quality and a thickness of the nonconductive materials to be crushed, an impulse voltage Uo, a time constant .tau. and a spark constant A is defined as a parameter P of an electric circuit. By setting the value of P to 0.02.ltoreq.P.ltoreq.1.0 to cause crushing, energy stored in the circuit can be utilized effectively. Accordingly, uniformcrushedor smashed matter with high quality can be manufactured effectively.

Abstract: In order to enable grinding, with the lowest possible specific energy requirement, of brittle grinding material, in particular moist ores and/or other moist minerals, with the use of an interparticle crushing high-pressure roll press in which the roll surfaces are protected against wear by means of a grid armoring by an autogenous wear protection layer, without having to accept the risk of a premature damaging of the wear protection layer given the occurrence of rough particles/oversized particles/scattered particles, a smooth roll mill is connected upstream from the interparticle crushing high-pressure roll press, in whose nip (i.e. that of the smooth roll mill), the nip width is limited to a maximum of approximately 4 mm, such that only the oversized particles (scattered particles) contained in the feed material are coarse-crushed by means of individual particle crushing.

Abstract: A system and method for reclaiming backing material from waste carpet or other products includes a chopper capable of handling large pieces of waste carpet, at least two grinding or granulation steps to reduce the size of the waste carpet pieces and to dislodge carpet fibers from the remaining material, and at least three separation steps to remove the dislodged fibers; one of the separation steps involves vibratory screening. Backing material reclaimed in this manner has a relatively low contamination level, and is suitable for reuse as carpet backing with little need for the addition of virgin backing material. The system and method further provide for the extrusion of the reclaimed backing material for use as new carpet backing.

Abstract: The grinding efficiency can be improved by use of a vertical roller mill, while reducing the energy consumption and improving the product quality. The disclosed cement clinker grinding apparatus comprises a closed circuit for conveying the ground material from the vertical roller mill (21) to the external separator (28) by the bucket elevator (29), for classifying the conveyed material into coarse powder and fine powder, and further for returning the classified coarse powder into the vertical roller mill (21). That is, a part of the ground material conveyed by the bucket elevator (29) is divided by the distributing damper (32) and then directly returned to the vertical roller mill (21). Since the ground material are not conveyed by air flow conveyance (i.e., air sweep), it is possible to prevent an increase of power consumption of the suction fan (31).