Abstract: An instrument and method for applying high pressures of short duration, with very little temperature rise in the sample, to disrupt tissue, kill cells, etc., is described. The instrument uses an accelerating piston to apply a strong impact upon a sample contained in a chamber capable of holding the very high pressures produced. Following the chamber is a nozzle section. The nozzle has a receiving end cap with an impact surface and a receiver extension which can vary the distance between the nozzle exit and the impact surface. Depending upon the acceleration of the piston and sample size, a portion of the sample emerges from the nozzle as a hypervelocity jet while the remainder stays in the nozzle. The part of the sample remaining in the nozzle will have been subjected to the pressures built up by the shock wave created when the piston strikes the sample seal.

Abstract: Apparatus for heating or cooling a fluid includes a housing having a chamber, the housing having an inlet and an outlet with a flow path for the fluid defined therebetween, the inlet communicating between the chamber and a source of the fluid. A rotor is positioned within the chamber and includes a tubular member passing through the rotor and in the flow path between the inlet and the outlet. Portions of the rotor surrounding the tubular member define a hollow space, the rotor being mounted on a hollow shaft in order that means, such as another fluid, may be utilized at the periphery of the tubular member to effect a change in the temperature of the fluid passing through the tubular member.

Abstract: An improved housing embedded in the ground for use in crushing of ore. The housing has a generally figure eight configuration in plan defined by a pair of hollow, upright cylindrical segments with a common wall between the points of intersection of the segments. One segment houses a dump pocket, an ore crusher, a surge chamber and a discharge feeder and conveyor in descending order, and the other segment contains drive machinery, dust control apparatus, a lubrication system, hoist ways, elevator shaft, and other service facilities. The crusher in the first segment is supported on a floor supported by the wall of the first segment itself. The housing requires only a minimum of concrete and reinforcing steel since the cylindrical configuration of the sections thereof provide the most efficient resistance to lateral pressures resulting from earth backfill and surcharge from heavy haul trucks.

Abstract: Apparatus and a method of comminuting coal to about 1 to 10 microns size comprising introducing the coal particles into a plurality of vessels, each of which is subjected to high pressure, superheated steam which infuses into the pores of said particles equalizing the pressure therein with that surrounding the particles in the vessel. By opening a discharge valve of each vessel connected to a nozzle leading into a housing, in which a paddle wheel is located, the particles will burst in each vessel to smaller size because of the reduction of the pressure therein surrounding the particles. Opening of said valve will effect acceleration, turbulence and collision of the particles to cause further breakage particularly as the particles are further expanded through the nozzle and against the blades of the paddle wheel driven in a direction opposite that of the nozzle jets. The vessel may be operated under partial vacuum by connection to a steam condenser through which cooling water flows.