Abstract: In order to measure a speed of a vehicle having an antenna and travelling on a track formed by two rails, first and second discontinuities are detected. The first discontinuity is detected in a current or voltage of a signal generated by an antenna when the vehicle passes a first tuning block of an electric joint. The second discontinuity is detected in a current or voltage of a signal generated by the antenna when the vehicle passes a second tuning block of the electric joint. The detected discontinuities are used to measure the speed of the vehicle travelling on a track divided in track sections separated by electric joints. Each electric joint includes two tuning blocks and a predetermined length of a track section, wherein each of the tuning blocks allows power coupling between adjacent track sections.

Abstract: A train detection mechanism for detecting the presence of a train on a section of track, the track section including first and second rails 1, 2 and delimited by first and second ends thereof, includes current injector for injecting current into the first rail at the first end of the section and current receiver for receiving current from the second rail at the first end of the section, and a shunt 3 connected between the first and second rails at the second end of the section, characterized in that the shunt includes a switch 4 for controlling current flow through the shunt, the switch being operable by the passage of a train.

Abstract: A railroad car wheelset (10) has an axle (12) with one wheel rigidly attached as in conventional railroad practice. This wheel (10) is permitted to rotate by means of journal bearings either on the extreme ends of the axle (12) or inboard of each wheel location (14A and 14B). At the location of the other wheel, the axle (12) is provided with a smooth surface and a self-lubricating bearing (24) is provided as a pant of a hub (20) on the axle (12). The axle (12) shaft is provided with a boss (18) or other means of preventing the independently rotating wheel from migrating laterally out of proper alignment A self-lubricating thrust bearing (32) is located between this boss (18) and the side of the wheel to eliminate any possible galling between the two moving surfaces. A removable retainer plate (46) is located on the other side of the independently rotating wheel to prevent the wheel from moving laterally in that direction.

Abstract: This invention relates to a system and method of detecting a broken rail in a railway system. The track sensing circuitry of the present invention applies a voltage source at each end of a block of rails and senses the current flowing through the circuitry. The present invention will detect broken rails continuously in a block, even with a train present (except for a break directly beneath the train). Since the rail is continuously checked, the only restriction imposed on train spacing by this track circuit configuration is that only one train can be present in a block at a time.

Abstract: A reliable and consistent electrical contact path between the rails of a section of railroad track established by the shunting effect of the wheels and axles of a train is ensured by applying time-spaced, short duration electrical pulses to the rails at a voltage level sufficient to overcome poor wheel/rail contact. Each of the pulses is produced by a generator that discharges a capacitor across the rails. The narrow pulse width inductively isolates the pulse generator and associated track section from adjacent stretches of track, and the spacing between pulses further avoids interference with other types of electrical track equipment. A detector responsive to the voltage on the rails disables the pulse generator when the received voltage exceeds a threshold and thus indicates that no train wheels are present in the track section. In a grade crossing warning system, once activated the pulse generator and detector assume the role of the island detection circuit and maintain the crossing warning.

Abstract: This invention pertains to model railroads and specifically to the problem of detecting the presence or absence of cars, locomotives, or obstructions which may occupy a particular section of track. Modulated signals of radio frequency are applied to the track via a balanced transformer and detected synchronously. A circuit is provided for nulling the detected signal in the absence of any occupation in such a manner that any change in detected signal represents an item which occupies that track section. The use of radio frequency signals and synchronous detection enables the system to be very sensitive, and to detect objects which do not necessarily form a direct current path across the rails.

Abstract: A model railroad car position indicator includes a sensor receptive to the presence of a model railroad car on a track. Control circuitry determines the location of the car relative to a predetermined position on the track and approves initiation of a model train process if the car is within a range of acceptable positions for initiating the process. A preferred embodiment includes circuitry for determining whether the car velocity is less than a predetermined threshold velocity. In this embodiment, approval of initiation of the model train process is conditioned on both the car position being acceptable and the car velocity being acceptable. An indicator provides feedback to the model train operator for manual initiation of the model train process. Alternatively, the control circuit may automatically initiate the process.

Abstract: An axle for track-bound electrical toy vehicles, particularly railroad vehicles, with an axle shaft which consists preferably of a synthetic material and to the end of which current-drawing wheel rims are rotatably disposed by means of ball bearings, the wheel bearings being slipped onto slip-on sections formed on the axle shaft, metallic plug contact pins being disposed at the axle shaft, which are connected in an electrically conducting manner with the ball bearings and protrude preferably radially for drawing current from the axle shaft.

Abstract: A train detection circuit is provided to determine whether a particular section or block of railroad track is occupied by a train. In one embodiment, a bias current generator is used to provide a low current signal that flows through the rails and through the wheels and axles of a railroad engine or car, such bias current ultimately being directed into a train detection circuit which measures the magnitude of the received bias current. If the bias current is greater than a certain magnitude, that is indicative of the particular block being occupied by a train. In second embodiment, a continuous pulse signal is directed into one rail, through a resistance bond, and through the other rail into a train detection circuit. The magnitude of this received pulse at the detection circuit will be quite small unless a train occupies the block. The received magnitude of the pulse signal can be compared to a predetermined threshold to determine the presence of a train in the block.

Abstract: A toy wheel for a model electric train is provided which is formed of two parts axially arranged next to each other. One part of the wheel has a rolling face having a high coefficient of friction for engagement with a track rail. The other part of the wheel is electrically conducting and, in use, engages a side of the track rail. A spring biases the electrically conducting part toward the rolling part and, in use, into electrical engagement with the current carrying rail on which the rolling part rides.