Abstract: The optical trigger 22 outputs a trigger signal in. synchronization with a pulse beam falling incident on the photocathode 91 of the streak tube 90. The deflection voltage generator 50 applies a pair of deflection voltages to the deflection electrodes 93 and 93' in the streak tube 90. The differential amplifier 60 detects the deflection voltages, and outputs a deflection voltage detection signal. The delay comparator 71 detects a time difference between the deflection voltage detection signal and the trigger signal, and outputs a difference signal indicative of the detected time difference. Based on the difference signal, the voltage control delay circuit 41 controls a delay amount of the deflection voltages to be outputted from the generator 50.

Abstract: A photomultiplier includes a photocathode (3); an electron multiplier section (60) for cascade-multiplying photoelectrons emitted from the photocathode (3); a faceplate (2) provided with the photocathode (3); a metal housing (1) accommodating the photocathode (3) and the electron multiplier section (60); and a structure disposed on the faceplate (2) for increasing the effective light entrance region of the faceplate (2). In a preferred embodiment the subject structure includes a lens element (30) attached to the faceplate for increasing the effective light entrance region of the faceplate (2). In order to improve the optical coupling efficiency, either the faceplate (2), or the lens element (30), or both the faceplate (2) and the lens element (30) may further include a protrusion.

Abstract: A night vision goggle system having an objective lens for viewing an image scene, an image intensifier tube for amplifying a received image scene, an eyepiece lens for presenting the amplified image scene produced at the output of the image intensifier tube to a user's eye, and a fiber-optic element for folding an optical path between the image intensifier tube and one of the eyepiece lens and the objective lens thereby minimizing the length and weight of the system.

Abstract: An intensifying system adapted to be affixed to an electronic imaging device such as a single lens reflex camera or a video camera. The system includes a central intensifying unit for intensifying an image at lower light levels. A back body adapter and a front lens adapter would combine with the central intensifying unit and would be attached to the body of the camera. An electronic objective lens which is normally attached to the camera, would be removed and would be affixed to the front lens adapter.

Abstract: In a device for measuring feeble light and a method thereof, the device includes a feeble light amplifying device having a reaction chamber with two transparent windows as a constituent part, a detector, and two mirrors. The feeble light generated in the reaction chamber in which an etching process is in progress is amplified by the mirrors and is then detected, whereby an etching endpoint can be accurately determined. Therefore, the damage to semiconductors due to overetching or underetching can be prevented.

Abstract: A single eye vision device includes a head mount, a vision assist assembly mounted on the head mount for selectable positioning in front of an eye of a wearer and single lever operated positioning apparatus for positioning of the vision assist assembly on the head mount.

Abstract: Color night vision goggles (NVG), e.g., binocular-style or monocular-style NVG, which include at least one channel. Each channel includes an objective lens for receiving input radiant energy from a low-luminance scene within the field-of-view of the NVG, an input tunable electro-optical filter positioned in front of the objective lens, an image intensifier device for amplifying input radiant energy transmitted by the input electro-optical filter and the objective lens, and for generating output radiant energy which constitutes an amplified image of the low-luminance scene, an eyepiece lens, an output tunable electro-optical filter disposed between the image intensifier device and the eyepiece lens, and a control circuit for generating a control signal having a prescribed frequency. The input and output electro-optical filters sequentially and synchronously transmit successive ones of a plurality of different spectral bands (e.g.

Abstract: In an X-ray image intensifier tube apparatus inc-luding a cylindrical magnetic shield placed to surround the outer periphery of an X-ray image intensifier tube, a ferromagnetic thin plate is placed in front of a convex input window of a vacuum envelope and a correcting magnetic coil is placed inside the cylindrical magnetic shield to surround the input window. This structure allows an output image which is substantially free of distortion to be obtained.

Abstract: An optical protection apparatus for preventing the degradation by bright ht of the performance of night vision devices which includes a first lens for focusing bright light from a light source onto a charge coupled device sensing array at its focal plane. Simultaneously, light from the source is imaged onto a liquid crystal television display which is positioned in front of the optical image sensing element for the night vision goggles. Raster scan and data processing circuit a first stream of digital data which represents the bright light image focused onto the charge coupled device sensing array. A video contrast enhancer generates a second stream of digital data which represents a negative image of the bright light image.

Abstract: A method for preventing laser jamming of night vision goggles having a gated image intensifier device and a display for displaying an intensified image of a scene. The method includes the steps of detecting laser pulses from a jamming laser source and producing respective electrical pulses in response thereto, and gating off the gated image intensifier device in synchronism with the electrical pulses in order to thereby prevent the laser pulses from affecting the intensified image of the scene displayed by the display.

Abstract: A flat panel image sensor is provided by combining the photoconductive imaging electrode of a vidicon with a two dimensional array of cold cathode field emitters commonly used for flat panel Field Emission Display (FED) systems. The FED operates normally to emit electrons which are accelerated in prior art displays towards a luminescent phosphor to generate light output proportional to the cathode emission. Rather than accelerating towards a phosphor, electrons, in accordance with the principles of this invention, are accelerated towards a photoconductor layer to replace charge removed from the layer by an incident radiation pattern directed at the photoconductor layer through a layer of transparant, electrically-conducting material which serves as a radiation window. A large area, low cost, small, flat panel sensor is realized.

Abstract: A night vision device enhancement wherein occurrence of a bright object in an input scene of the night vision device is precluded from adversely affecting reproduction of adjacent low radiance level portions of the input scene. By optically limiting or excluding bright object input scene portions from the night vision device input field the disclosed system precludes both image intensifier-related effects, effects such as blooming and current saturation, and also precludes automatic gain control-related effects such as full-field sensitivity decrease based on the bright object. Plural embodiments of the system are disclosed, embodiments based on bright object attenuation by both yet to be developed photo active materials such as photochromics and embodiments which use present state of the art liquid crystal materials and accompanying electronics. Military and non-military uses of the improved night vision device are contemplated.

Abstract: A luminous flux measuring device has a gain slaving circuit (10, 9), that receives an electrical output signal (m) produced by a photoreceiver (1) and includes a gain control circuit (9) and a comparator (10). The gain slaving circuit is connected to an A/D converter and a computer to record and evaluate the signal (m) and has a slave memory containing characteristic values (a,b) of a continuous function (f). The gain slaving circuit produces a slave signal (HT) according to the flux received (.PHI.) by the photoreceiver which signal is sent to the gain control circuit so that G=f(m).

Abstract: A position-sensitive electromagnetic radiation detector for measuring the position and energy of high energy electromagnetic radiation emitted from a high energy electromagnetic radiation source. The detector may also be used for measuring the position and energy of high energy electromagnetic radiation emitted from a radioactive material administered to a patient in a medical diagnostic imaging system to produce an image of the patient. The electromagnetic radiation includes X-ray and Gamma ray radiation. The electromagnetic radiation detector includes the combination of a cadmium zinc telluride (CdZnTe) crystal to absorb the incident radiation (incident photons) and directly convert the incident photons into electrons and a micro-channel plate (MCP) to collect and multiply these electrons.

Abstract: A photomultiplier includes a cathode supporting member, arranged in a tube and comprised of a conductive material, for holding a photocathode, and a holding mechanism, comprised of a heat conductive material, for biasing the cathode holding member to hold it. The holding mechanism is thermally connected to a cooler.

Abstract: A binocular night vision device (BNVD) includes a pair of night vision monocular scopes which pivotally and adjustably depend from a central housing portion. The central housing portion and the two night vision monocular scopes cooperatively define a singular gas envelope, which allows the entire BNVD to be purged of moist air and back filled with dry nitrogen gas to prevent fogging while requiring only a single purging port. Further, the central housing portion contains a single battery and a single voltage step up circuit powering both image intensifier tube modules of the two monocular night vision scopes. In order to provide for interpupillary distance adjustment, the central housing portion and each of the monocular night vision scopes defines a sealed pivot mechanism which also allows for electrical connection between the central housing portion and each of the night vision scopes.

Abstract: A driving circuit for an electron multiplying device is provided which provides sufficient dynamic range and input-output linearity characteristic and reduces power loss to a greater extent. A cathode is set to a voltage substantially equal to the housing so that an electric field is not developed therebetween. A multiple stages of dynodes are arranged between the cathode and an anode, and a voltage multiplier is provided for applying bias voltages to the dynodes. The voltage multiplier includes a plurality of diodes and a plurality of capacitors. The capacitors are connected to respective ones of the dynodes individually to apply a voltage charged across each of the capacitors to the corresponding dynode. With such voltage multiplier, the dynodes are applied with voltages that increase with proximity of the subject dynode to the anode.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for image signal decoupling in position-transmitting high-vacuum electromagnetic radiation quanta or particle detectors. The electromagnetic radiation quanta or particles impinge on a spatially resolving anode structure through a photoelectron converter layer (in the case of electromagnetic radiation) and directly through an electron multiplier as an electron avalanche (in the case of particle radiation). The electron avalanche is first collected for a short time inside the vacuum on the anode side by means of a high-resistance, conducting semiconductor thin film, and is then read out capacitively from the outside through the glass bottom (counter-substrate) of the detector device as an image charge by means of a low-resistance anode layer of suitable structure. The capacitive decoupling permits high spatial resolution when the internal resistances of the charge collecting layer and the readout anode layer are optimally adapted to one another.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for the use of an X-ray image amplifier tube comprising a succession of electrodes, among them a photocathode. This X-ray image intensifier tube may have, alternately, an off state and an operating state. The method consists of the application, to the photocathode, of an operating voltage that is a substantially zero voltage when the X-ray image intensifier tube is in an operating state and a positive turning-off voltage greater than the operating voltage so that the X-ray image intensifier tube is in the off state. Application is notably to X-ray image intensifier tubes used in sets that work alternately.

Abstract: A 360.degree. surround photon detector/electron multiplier having: i) a continuous annular inner wall formed of thin light-transmissive material defining an internal coaxial detection chamber; ii) an annular enclosed evacuated envelope integral with the inner wall; iii) a cylindrical photocathode positioned adjacent the vacuum side of the inner wall; and iv), an electron multiplier assembly housed within the envelope for multiplying photoelectrons emitted from the photocathode and operable as a plurality of adjacent, circumferentially arrayed electron multipliers, each including an output terminal. The outputs originating from various segments of the photocathode may be utilized with coincidence circuitry requiring simultaneous detection of light events in at least two different sections of the photocathode in order to eliminate spurious signals such as result from thermal electron emissions from the photocathode.

Abstract: In a photomultiplier of the present invention, a semiconductor device arranged in an envelope to oppose a photocathode is constituted by a semiconductor substrate of a first conductivity type, a carrier multiplication layer of a second conductivity type different from the first conductivity type, which is formed on the semiconductor substrate by opitaxial growth, a breakdown voltage control layer of the second conductivity type, which is formed on the carrier multiplication layer and has a dopant concentration higher than that of the carrier multiplication layer, a first insulating layer formed on the breakdown voltage control layer and said carrier multiplication layer while partially exposing the surface of the breakdown voltage control layer as a receptor for photoelectrons and consisting of a nitride, and an ohmic electrode layer formed on a peripheral surface portion of the receptor of the breakdown voltage control layer.

Abstract: An X-ray image intensifier that includes a vacuum envelope having a metal X-ray input window and an input screen formed on the inner surface of the X-ray input window, a focusing electrode, an anode, and an output screen arranged in the vacuum envelope along the traveling direction of electrons generated from the input screen. The X-ray input window has a rough, surface-hardened layer on the side on which the input screen is formed. The input screen includes a phosphor layer adjacent to the rough, surface-hardened layer and a photocathode formed on the phosphor layer.

Abstract: An optical system includes graded refractive index ("GRIN") optical elements. An objective optical element and an ocular optical element, each including at least one GRIN element, are located in an optical path which is substantially voidless. The optical system is not susceptible to fogging due to the absence of voids in the optical path. An image intensifier may be positioned in the optical path between the objective and ocular optical elements. The image intensifier responds primarily to invisible light and creates an amplified level of light substantially at a predetermined visible wavelength. A beam splitter may be used to split the light from the objective optical element into ranges of visible and invisible wavelengths. The range of visible light is directed through a first light channel to a beam combiner. The range of invisible light is directed through a second light channel to the image intensifier.

Abstract: A direct conversion broad band x-ray/gamma-ray photocathode having at least one layer functioning as an efficient x-ray or gamma-ray absorber and another layer functioning as an efficient transmission secondary electron emitter for providing both high detection efficiency and high spatial resolution, for use in either a radiation detection environment or an image intensification environment.

Abstract: A device for selecting a remanence of output screens of radiological image intensifier tubes. A luminescent screen (ES1) utilizes two phosphor materials (A, B) exhibiting different remanences and different emission spectra. Wavelength-selective optical filters (Fo) are associated with the luminescent screen ES1 in order to select a remanence chosen by transmitting the corresponding spectral band.

Abstract: A new type x-ray image intensifier has a specially developed x-ray sensit photocathode which has a low/high density alkali halogenide structure and therefore has high conversion efficiency of converting x-ray directly into photoelectrons or a field-assisted x-ray photocathode which has an extracting field and therefore is able to provide a high conversion efficiency of x-ray to photoelectron and high spatial resolution, even high time resolution. The new type x-ray image intensifier consists of the x-ray photocathode, a MCP and a phosphor screen, forming a proximity focus type photoelectric imaging device.A new portable x-ray diagnosis unit has the new type x-ray image intensifier and a new type compact x-ray source that has a very small volume, 30-90 kv acceleration voltage and a cone protective cover at the outlet of x-ray.

Abstract: An improved photocathode (12) and image intensifier tube (10) are disclosed along with a method for making both the tube (10) and photocathode (12). The disclosed image intensifier tube (10) creates a visible light image (20) from an image emitting photons (22). The tube (10) comprises a photocathode (12) having an indium-gallium-arsenide active layer (26) and an aluminum-gallium-arsenide window layer (28). The photocathode (12) is operable to emit electrons (23) in response to the photons (22). A display apparatus is coupled to the photocathode (12) and is operable to transform the emitted electrons (23) into a visible light image (24). An embodiment of the invention is capable of detecting 1.06 .mu.m radiation.

Abstract: A flat panel image sensor is provided by combining the photoconductive imaging electrode of a vidicon with a two dimensional array of cold cathode field emitters commonly used for flat panel Field Emission Display (FED) systems. The FED operates normally to emit electrons which are accelerated in prior art displays towards a luminescent phosphor to generate light output proportional to the cathode emission. Rather than accelerating towards a phosphor, electrons, in accordance with the principles of this invention, are accelerated towards a photoconductor layer to replace charge removed from the layer by an incident radiation pattern directed at the photoconductor layer through a layer of transparant, electrically-conducting material which serves as a radiation window. A large area, low cost, small, flat panel sensor is realized.

Abstract: A microchannel plate for an image intensifier tube, the microchannel plate comprising a substrate having an input surface and an output surface and a plurality of channels extending therebetween, each of the channels defining a channel wall, wherein the microchannel plate operates as an electron multiplier, whereby each of the channel walls emits a cascade of electrons in response to an electron entering a respective one of the channels, and a focusing element formed on an output of at least one of the channels for preventing spatial dispersion of the cascade of electrons exiting the output thereof.

Abstract: Night vision binoculars including an optical system for the projection of an incident light flux formed by an objective which is itself coupled through an image-reducing interface to detection means in matrix form where the image from the interface is converted into a video signal supplied to at least one miniature display coupled to an ocular. The binoculars may take the form of two modules that can be fitted into each other, a body module and a binocular visor module. Application to night vision by electronic imaging with overlay of additional information elements.

Abstract: A modular night vision device wherein either one or two night vision monocular assemblies can be joined to a common mount to selectively create either a monocular night vision apparatus or a binocular night vision apparatus. Electrical contacts are present on the night vision monocular assemblies that couple to the common mount. The electronic controls and power source needed to operate the night vision monocular assemblies are contained within the common mount. Accordingly, the night vision monocular assemblies automatically become disabled when detached from the common mount. The common mount provides interpupillary and distance-to-eye adjustments for the night vision monocular assemblies. Additionally, the common mount enables the night vision monocular assemblies to be flipped up to a stowed position out of the field of view of the person utilizing the night vision device.

Abstract: A two-dimensional radiation detecting method and apparatus for converting incident radiation in a two-dimensional distribution into electric signals. The apparatus includes a target structure and an electron beam scan mechanism. The target structure has a fluorescent element, transparent electrodes in stripes and a photoconductive film laminated in the stated order on a substrate. The electron beam scan mechanism has a plurality of linear cathodes, backing electrodes for taking electron beams from a selected linear cathode, a vertically converging electrode, vertically deflecting electrodes, accelerating electrodes and a decelerating electrode. The electron beam scan mechanism simultaneously projects the electron beams distributed horizontally to one horizontal line on the photoconductive film, and then shifts the electron beams vertically, to read a two-dimensional distribution of potentials on the photoconductive film.

Abstract: A photomultiplier has a focusing electrode plate for supporting focusing electrodes, provided between a photocathode and a dynode unit. Since the focusing electrode plate has holding springs which are integrally formed with the focusing electrode plate, resistance-welding becomes unnecessary to prevent field discharge. A concave portion is formed in a main surface of the focusing electrode plate to arrange an insulating member sandwiched between the focusing electrode plate and the photoelectron incidence side of the dynode unit and partially in contact with the concave portion. With this structure, discharge between the focusing electrode plate and the dynode unit can be prevented.

Abstract: A day-night rifle sight, using separate parallel day and night sights comed by means of a beam splitter; is improved by: integrating the housings of the night sight and beam splitter, reducing the outer dimensions, sealing and strengthening the coupling between the from ends of the sights; adding a quick release clamp to the rear ends; reducing the image size of the night sight with a fiber optic taper to match the daysight image and reticule; reducing the size of image forming optics and thereby reducing the inner dimensions of the coupling.

Abstract: A Cockcroft-Walton (CW) multiplying circuit is mounted to wrap around a cylindrical structure. A photomultiplier tube (PMT) has a photocathode which emits electrons and has dynodes connected to the CW multiplying circuit. The dynodes are biased to attract electrons from the photocathode. An electrical shield surrounds the PMT and the PMT nests within the shield. The cylindrical structure surrounds the shield and the shield nests within the cylindrical structure. The shield is a conductive material which electrically isolates the PMT from the CW multiplying circuit.

Abstract: A gamma ray imaging camera system and method for using it are described which in representative embodiments include a gamma ray collimator, a scintillator adjacent the collimator for converting gamma photons into visible photons, a low level visible photon detector including at least two optically coupled inverter tubes, a high-speed lens for imaging the visible photons onto the detector, a video imager for receiving, recording and storing sequential images of the visible photons defining the detector output, and a programmed computer for processing the images and determining the spatial distribution of the images.

Abstract: An active imaging system for viewing targets with a high degree of range resolution of approximately one foot. The imaging system utilizes a laser pulse which passes through an electro-optical pulse slicer which creates a sharp leading edge and/or a sharp falling edge on the laser pulse. The laser pulse travels to the target under observation, illuminates and reflects off of the target and returns to a camera. A target is viewed only during the time all or a portion of the returning laser pulse overlaps the time the camera shutter gate is open. The imaging system is particularly suited for determining depth information about a target by varying the time relationship when the returning laser pulse is received by the camera.

Abstract: An X-ray image pickup tube converts a transmitted X-ray image into electric signals. The pickup tube includes a target structure having a fluorescent element, and a translucent conductive film for receiving a high voltage, with a photoconductive film laminated thereupon. The fluorescent element receives transmitted X rays in a two-dimensional distribution, and converts them into visible rays in a two-dimensional distribution. The translucnet conductive film is optically coupled to a surface of the fluorescent element opposite from an X-ray incident surface thereof. The photoconductive film includes an amorphors semiconductor layer which converts the visible rays transmitted in a two-dimensional distribution through the translucent conductive film, into electric charges in a two-dimensional distribution, and which multiplies the electric charges in the two-dimensional distribution based on electric fields formed by the high voltage applied to the translucent conductive film.

Abstract: An image intensifier apparatus of this invention comprises a photocathode for converting a first optical image to corresponding photoelectrons, a microchannel plate for multiplying the photoelectrons, impressed with a voltage at both ends thereof, and a fluorescent screen for converting the photoelectrons multiplied in the microchannel plate to a second optical image, emitting the second optical image to an image pickup device. Resistance of the microchannel plate is greater than or equal to 2.8.times.10.sup.15 G.OMEGA. and less than or equal to 2.8.times.10.sup.16 G.OMEGA. per channel.

Abstract: Shock resistant microchannel plate assemblies incorporating stacked or cascaded microchannel plates, and to methods of their use are disclosed. High-output amplification tubes of the photomultiplier type, or of the image intensifier type, having a plurality of sequentially arranged, or cascaded, electron multiplier microchannel plates are also disclosed. More particularly the present invention relates to a high output photomultiplier tube or image tube having cascaded microchannel plates radially constrained by an annular insulating ring. In another aspect of the present invention image intensifier tubes or photomultiplier tubes may include a tapered ceramic high voltage stand-off. Moreover, a method of making such tubes is also disclosed.

Abstract: An objective lens assembly provides up to 60 degrees field of view for the NVIS image intensifier goggle. A first lens subassembly positioned on the focal axis faces a external view and substantially corrects pupil aberrations in an aperture stop located after the first subassembly. A second lens subassembly is then located after the aperature stop on the focal axis. Color and field aberration corrections is provided while maintaining substantially high quality focus by a third lens subassembly. A lens element after the third lens subassembly on the focal axis flattens the image plane over the intensifier image format such that there results a format of up to 25 mm with a photocathode resolution for up to a 60 degree field of view.

Abstract: An improved photocathode (12) and image intensifier tube (10) are disclosed along with a method for making both the tube (10) and photocathode (12). The disclosed image intensifier tube (10) creates a visible light image (20) from an image emitting photons (22). The tube (10) comprises a photocathode (12) having an indium-gallium-arsenide active layer (26) and an aluminum-gallium-arsenide window layer (28). The photocathode (12) is operable to emit electrons (23) in response to the photons (22). A display apparatus is coupled to the photocathode (12) and is operable to transform the emitted electrons (23) into a visible light image (24). An embodiment of the invention is capable of detecting 1.06 .mu.m radiation.

Abstract: A flip-up helmet mount for a night vision goggle includes a plurality of nested relatively movable brackets, the first of which is secured to a user's helmet. A second bracket pivots relative to the first to provide flip-up motion for the night vision goggle, and a third of the nested brackets is pivotal on the second bracket to provide a tilt angle adjustment for the night vision viewer. In order to both save battery power, and to prevent the user from inadvertently revealing his position by forgetting to turn off the night vision viewer before flipping it up, the support structure includes a magnetic flux source cooperable with a magnetically-responsive switch of the night vision viewer to maintain the viewer turned on only when the viewer is in its use position.

Abstract: An X-ray image intensifier has a vacuum envelope consisting of glass, and an input window consisting of aluminum and having a sectional meridian radius of curvature which increases from the central portion of the input window to the peripheral portion thereof is arranged on the input side of the vacuum envelope with a metal holding ring and a Kovar ring. An input phosphor surface is arranged adjacent to the inner surface side of the input window, and an X-ray image incident through the input window is converted into a photoelectron image. In order to minimize an influence caused by scattering of X-rays or .gamma.-rays incident through the input window, an input substrate is brought as close to the input window as possible. A coaxial cylindrical focusing electrode and an annular focusing electrode are arranged on the side wall in the vacuum envelope, and an anode is arranged on an output end side.

Abstract: A soft x-ray imaging device is disclosed having a housing defining a housing chamber. A faceplate having a planar surface is secured to the housing so that the planar surface is positioned within the housing chamber. A phosphorus coating is applied to the planar surface of the faceplate for convening electrons to visible light. A microchannel plate for convening x-rays to electrons is secured within the housing chamber so that the microchannel plate is spaced from and parallel to the planar surface of the faceplate. An opening is formed in the housing in alignment with the microchannel plate and this opening is sealingly closed by a window which is made of a material substantially transparent to soft x-rays. This window also creates a vacuum tight housing chamber which is continuously evacuated by a pump.

Abstract: A night vision binocular assembly capable of converting low light and infrared energy into a visible image. The night vision binocular assembly includes at least one objective lens assembly, image intensifier tube, collimator lens assembly and diopter cell assembly encased in an easy to assembly waterproof housing. The objective lens assembly, image intensifier tube, collimator lens assembly and diopter cell assembly are all supported by a common base structure within the housing. As a result, variations caused by thermal expansions and contractions are evenly distributed among the various optical elements, thereby preserving a predetermined optical relationship between those elements. Simple button controls are used to operate and adjust the night vision binocular assembly. The button controls are disposed on a common circuit board. An elastomeric structure is disposed between the circuit board and the interior of the binocular housing.

Abstract: A soft x-ray imaging device is disclosed having a housing defining a housing chamber. An optic post having a planar surface is secured to the housing so that the planar surface is positioned within the housing chamber. A phosphorus coating is applied to the planar surface of the post for converting electrons to visible light. A microchannel plate for converting x-rays to electrons is secured within the housing chamber so that the microchannel plate is spaced from and parallel to the planar surface of the optic post. An opening is formed in the housing in alignment with the microchannel plate and this opening is sealingly closed by a window which is made of a material substantially transparent to soft x-rays. This window also creates a vacuum tight housing chamber.

Abstract: An improved X-ray and gamma ray sensitive Vidicon tube having a photoconductor deposited substrate cooled by means of an internal thermoelectric coolers and a heat sink. The cooled photoconductor has a higher resistivity and lower conductivity and hence the device exhibits less dark current.

Abstract: There is disclosed a photocathode comprising:a photoelectric conversion layer for internally exciting photoelectrons in response to incident photons; a semiconductor layer having a photoelectron emission surface for emitting the photoelectrons generated and accelerated in the photoelectric conversion layer from the photoelectron emission surface; an upper surface electrode formed on the photoelectron emission surface of the semiconductor layer; and a lower surface electrode formed on the semiconductor layer so that the lower surface electrode is opposite to the upper surface electrode through the semiconductor layer, the upper surface electrode being divided so as to provide a plurality of pixel electrodes which are electrically insulated from each other, the plurality of pixel electrodes being respectively connected to a plurarity of bias application wires.

Abstract: A microchannel plate (MCP)-based detector of reduced size employs a flexible multilayer printed circuit board as a lead assembly and enjoys increased ease of assembly and improved versatility.