Abstract: Described herein is a detector for determining a position of an object. The detector includes a sensor element having a matrix of optical sensors, wherein the sensor element is configured to determine a reflection image. The detector also includes an evaluation device configured to select a reflection feature of the reflection image at a first image position in the reflection image, determine a longitudinal coordinate z of the selected reflection feature by optimizing a blurring function fa, and determine a reference feature in a reference image at a second image position in the reference image corresponding to the reflection feature. The reference image and the reflection image are determined at two different spatial configurations, wherein the spatial configurations differ by a relative spatial constellation, wherein the evaluation device is configured to determine the relative spatial constellation from the longitudinal coordinate z and the first and the second image positions.

Abstract: Aspects of the disclosure include equipment and process schemes for using a plastic decorative light guide of a vehicle as a high-speed optical interconnect. An exemplary method can include forming a decorative light guide from a transparent material. The decorative light guide includes a first insert and a second insert. A light characteristic for optical communication through the decorative light guide is selected based on a current color of the decorative light guide. Light having the light characteristic is injected by a light emitter into the first insert and the light is received by a light receiver from the second insert.

Abstract: An absolute encoder includes a circuit board disposed away from a rotation shaft of a motor. The circuit board includes first fixing portions and a second fixing portion. At each of the first fixing portions, an adjustment portion is disposed between the circuit board and a top end portion of a given pillar is provided, the adjustment portion being set to adjust a distance between the circuit board and the top end portion of the given pillar, so that a height of the circuit board at each first fixing portion is set to be the same as a height of the circuit board at the second fixing portion. Each adjustment portion is a resist layer formed between a surface of the circuit board and a top end surface of a given first pillar.

Abstract: A microelectromechanical system device is described. The microelectromechanical system device can comprise: a proof mass coupled to an anchor via a spring, wherein the proof mass moves in response to an imposition of an external load to the proof mass, and an overtravel stop comprising a first portion and a second portion.

Abstract: There is provided an optical encoder including an encoding medium, multiple photodiodes and a signal processing circuit. The encoding medium includes an index track. The index track includes a first index pattern and a second index pattern. The multiple photodiodes include a first index photodiode, a second index photodiode and a reference index photodiode for receiving modulated light from the first index pattern and the second index pattern. When the first index photodiode is aligned with the first index pattern and the second index photodiode is aligned with the second index pattern, the signal processing circuit outputs a triggering signal.

Abstract: An encoder apparatus includes a detection unit, a scale disposed to oppose the detection unit and relatively rotatable with respect to the detection unit, and a processor configured to process an output signal output from the detection unit to obtain a relative position of the scale with respect to a standard position and thus detect an absolute position of the scale. The processor is configured to execute a setting process in which a position where a deviation amount of the scale in a predetermined direction with respect to a rotation axis is equal to or smaller than a threshold value is set as the standard position, the deviation amount changing in accordance with relative rotation of the scale with respect to the detection unit.

Abstract: A rotation detecting device includes a rotation operation part configured to be rotationally operated, a first detector configured to detect a rotation of the rotation operation part and output a first rotation detection signal, a second detector configured to output a second rotation detection signal, with a predetermined phase difference with respect to the first rotation detection signal, a third detector configured to output a third rotation detection signal, with each of a predetermined phase difference with respect to the first rotation detection signal of the first detector and a phase difference with respect to the second rotation detection signal of the second detector, and a controller configured to, based on the first rotation detection signal, the second rotation detection signal, and the third rotation detection signal, perform detection of a failure of the first detector, the second detector, or the third detector.

Abstract: There is provided an operating method of an optical positioning system including: capturing an image frame of a detected surface, which has interleaved bright regions and dark regions, using a field of view and a shutter time of an optical sensor; counting a number of edge pairs between the bright regions and the dark regions that the field of view passes; calculating an average value of the image frame; calculating a ratio between the calculated average value and the shutter time; determining that the field of view is aligned with one of the dark regions when the ratio is smaller than a ratio threshold; and determining that the field of view is aligned with one of the bright regions when the ratio is larger than the ratio threshold.

Abstract: There is provided an optical encoder with alignable relative positions between elements including an encoding medium, a sensor package and a memory. The sensor package includes a photodiode array and two alignment photodiodes opposite to the encoding medium. The memory records an alignment pattern associated with output signals of the two alignment photodiodes when the encoding medium and the sensor package are at nominal operating positions. When the encoding medium and the sensor package are not at the nominal operating positions, the relative position alignment is performed by adjusting current relative positions between the encoding medium and the sensor package to cause a current pattern associated with output signals of the two alignment photodiodes to be identical to the alignment pattern.

Abstract: An injection-device and an injection-measuring method are described. The injection-device includes a pen-type sleeve for accommodating a cartridge holder, a mechanical injection system provided in the pen-type sleeve, which has a dosing sleeve by which a dosage quantity to be injected is predefinable and which is configured to execute a rotatory motion during the injection process; a selector device, connected to the dosing sleeve, for adjusting the dosage quantity to be injected; an injection button, connected to the selector device, for applying an injection force; and an optical sensor device for detecting the rotatory motion of the dosage sleeve during injection of the dosage quantity, which has a signal-processing device for ascertaining and storing the injected dosage quantity based on the detected rotatory motion of the dosage sleeve. The injection button has a switch device by which the optical sensor device is activatable when applying the injection force.

Abstract: This application relates to a mechanical button apparatus that includes a body where an upper portion thereof is closed and a lower portion thereof is opened and a bottom plate attached on a display screen of a display apparatus to cover the opened lower portion. The body includes an aperture member including a wing set expanded or contracted in a rotation direction of the body. The body also includes a photovoltaic (PV) cell array substrate including a PV cell configured to generate power for charging a battery and an optical sensor configured to convert light signals, reflected by the expanded or contracted wing set, into electrical signals. The body further includes a circuit substrate configured to operate with the power charged into the battery, calculate number of rotation manipulations of the body by using the electrical signals, and transmit the calculated number of rotation manipulations to the display apparatus.

Abstract: An optical detection system includes a marker product and an optical encoding device. The marker product includes a substrate and at least one structural portion. The structural portion has a first surface, a second surface and a dividing axis. The first surface and the second surface are arranged on opposite sides of the dividing axis. A sidelong direction aligning the first surface with the second surface is parallel to a moving direction between the optical encoding device and the marker product. The optical encoding device is disposed adjacent by the marker product. The optical encoding device includes an optical projector and an optical encoder. The optical projector is configured to project the optical detecting signal onto the marker product. The optical encoder is configured to receive an optical reflecting signal from the marker product and encode intensity variation of the optical reflecting signal into digital data.

Abstract: An article of footwear and related method includes a midsole, an upper secured with respect to the midsole, and a lace extending through the upper. A motorized lacing system positioned within the midsole, configured to engage with the lace to increase and decrease tension on the lace. The motorized lacing system includes a motor, including a motor shaft, a spool, coupled to the motor shaft, configured to spool and unspool the lace based on the turning of the motor shaft, a processor circuit, and an optical encoder. The optical encoder comprises a three-dimensional encoder defining a major axis and having a surface having a first plurality of segments positioned between a second plurality of segments, and an optical sensor, positioned within optical range of the cylindrical encoder, configured to output a signal to the processor circuit indicative of a detected one of a first and second plurality of segments.

Abstract: In a rotary motion detecting device that outputs a signal corresponding to rotary motion of a rotary disk coupled to a shaft, a boss is fixed to the shaft, the boss is fixed to one surface of the rotary disk, and one of the boss and the shaft is a hole member having a hole formed therein and the other is an inserted member that is inserted in the hole. The hole member has an inner periphery (inner diameter) that is larger than an outer periphery (outer diameter) of the inserted member so that the shaft can be vertical to the rotary disk without being restricted by the boss.

Abstract: An angle measuring device includes first and second component groups and a bearing. The first component group includes a scale element having a first graduation. The second component group has a first modular unit, including a position sensor, and a second modular unit, including first, second, and third position transducers, and a compensation coupling. The first and second modular units are connected in a torsionally stiff but axially and radially flexible manner. The angle measuring device is operable in first and second modes. In the first mode, the first graduation is scannable by the position sensor to determine a first angular position. In the second mode, the first graduation or a further graduation situated on the scale element is scannable by the position transducers to determine further angular positions. A corrected relative angular position is determinable based on the first angular position and the further angular positions.

Abstract: The present invention provides a planar three-dimensional displacement sensor for a multiaxis machining device. With the measurement of the (planar) three-dimensional displacement sensor in the multiaxis machining device, the multiaxis machining device and a multiaxis machining compensation method are able to eliminate various deformation effects effectively.

Abstract: Provided is an angle detection apparatus making it possible to reduce the labor of manufacturing while also suppressing bulkiness. The angle detection apparatus includes a first rotating body (120), a second rotating body (122), a first transmission mechanism (111) that causes the second rotating body (122) to rotate by reducing a speed of a rotation of the first rotating body (120), a first angle detector (Ds) that detects a rotational angle of the first rotating body (120), another second angle detector (Dm) that detects a rotational angle of the second rotating body (122), and a processor (40) that specifies a number of revolutions (Rs) of the first rotating body (120).

Abstract: A multi-function controller, comprising a control element, a support element, at least a first light emitter and at least a first light receiver. A multi-function controller, comprising a control element, at least a first magnet and at least a first sensor. In some aspects, one or more occluders is provided. In some aspects, a control element is rotatable and/or tiltable, and/or the control element can be pushed or pulled, and movement of the control element is detected optically or by Hall effect sensors. In some aspects, an icon cap is not rotatable. A method comprising rotating and/or tilting a control element on a multi-function controller, and detecting a position of the control element.

Abstract: An encoder system includes a configurable detector array, wherein the configurable detector array includes a plurality of detectors. The encoder system may also include a memory operable to store a partition map that defines a state for each of the plurality of detectors. The encoder system may also include an emitter operable to generate a flux modulated by a motion object, wherein the configurable detector array is operable to receive the flux and generate respective current outputs for each of the detectors in response to the flux. In an embodiment, the current outputs from detectors having a same state are grouped together. The encoder system may also include one or more current duplicators to duplicate the current outputs from detectors having one state to group with the current outputs from detectors having a different state. The encoder system may also adjust weights of the current outputs.

Abstract: A mouse, including a mouse body and a wheel module, is provided. The wheel module includes a first wheel, a second wheel and an axle connecting assembly. The first wheel has a first axle portion, the second wheel has a second axle portion, and the first wheel and the second wheel are respectively rotatably disposed on the mouse body along a same axis of rotation by the first axle portion and the second axle portion. The axle connecting assembly is connected to and in between the first axle portion and the second axle portion, and the first axle portion and the second axle portion rotate relative to each other by the axle connecting assembly.

Abstract: A detection signal correction method includes: calculating a rotation angle of a rotation shaft of a motor, based on a detection signal of a sensor; calculating a steering velocity of a steering shaft based on the rotation angle; calculating an error of the detection signal; and correcting the error of the detection signals when the steering velocity is equal to or greater than a steering velocity threshold value and the error of the detection signal is equal to or greater than an error threshold value.

Abstract: An encoder wheel assembly comprising: a first encoder wheel rotationally fixed to a rotor and having a number n of teeth arranged along the circumference of the encoder wheel; a second encoder wheel rotationally fixed to the first encoder wheel, and having the same number n of teeth as the first encoder wheel along the circumference of the encoder wheel, wherein the teeth of the second encoder wheel have an asymmetrical angular offset relative to the teeth of the first encoder wheel; a first sensor designed to scan the first encoder wheel; a second sensor designed to scan the second encoder wheel; and a controller connected to the first sensor and the second sensor and designed to ascertain the absolute angular position and the rotational direction based on a binary signal derived from a first signal of the first sensor and a second signal of the second sensor.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a device includes a device body that includes a touch-sensitive display and a processor. The device also includes a band coupled to the device body and an optical sensor in or on the band. The optical sensor faces outward from the band and captures images. The processor communicates with the optical sensor to process captured images.

Abstract: A sensor includes a generator configured to generate a predetermined detection target, a detector configured to detect the detection target generated by the generator, and a substrate provided with the generator and the detector. The substrate includes a first portion provided with the generator, a second portion provided with the detector, a bent portion that is bent between the first portion and the second portion such that the generator and the detector face each other, and a ground pattern provided in a portion including the first portion, the second portion, and the bent portion. In the ground pattern, a ground pattern of the bent portion is narrower than a ground pattern of the first portion and a ground pattern of the second portion.

Abstract: A photodetector device and an optical encoder device that can suppress level variation of a detection signal are provided. A photodetector device of one embodiment includes: a light receiving unit including a plurality of photoelectric conversion elements; a selector circuit that selects a first photoelectric conversion element group and a second photoelectric conversion element group, in the light receiving unit; a differential amplifier that outputs a detection signal in accordance with a difference between a first output signal of the first photoelectric conversion element group and a second output signal of the second photoelectric conversion element group; and a correction unit that corrects the detection signal based on the first output signal and the second output signal.

Abstract: An implementation of an assembly of the present teachings includes a transport roll having a shaft with a tapered surface and an encoder having a coupler that defines a recess and has a tapered surface. During use of the assembly, the tapered surface of the shaft physically contacts the tapered surface of the coupler, and the encoder can be urged toward the transport roll using a spring such as a leaf spring.

Abstract: A rotary position detector includes a housing having an inner space having a reflective element. A light source emits light rays into the inner space. A base supports a light detector assembly having a first number of toroidal-sector-shaped light sensors arranged circumferentially about a motor shaft axis, is, one “Cosine +” detector element, one “Cosine ?” detector element, one “Sine +” detector element, and one “Sine ?” detector element. A light blocker positioned between the light source and the light sensors rotates with the shaft. The light blocker includes a second number of opaque, equal-surface-area elements arrayed about the axis, the second number equal to one-half the first number. A circuit measures a signal from the detectors relating to an amount of light falling thereon, a difference related to an angular position of the motor shaft.

Abstract: A measuring device comprising at least two output units for output of measured values, wherein the output units are optically coupled. The optical coupling effects a lessening of the manufacturing effort as well as a galvanic isolation of the output units.

Abstract: An encoder includes a carrier disc, a coded disc, a rotating shaft, a bearing, a bracket, a housing and a sensing assembly is disclosed. The coded disc is disposed on the carrier disc. The rotating shaft includes a first attaching portion and a second attaching portion, and the first attaching portion is partially penetrated through the carrier disc. The bearing includes a bearing inner surface and a bearing outer surface, and the bearing inner surface is connected with the second attaching portion. The bracket includes a bearing attaching portion and a bracket curved feature portion, and the bearing attaching portion is connected with the bearing outer surface. The housing includes a housing curved feature portion, which is connected with the bracket curved feature portion.

Abstract: An optical module includes a fixed substrate, and a sensor substrate secured to the fixed substrate and having a through-hole formed therein. A light emitting device is secured to the fixed substrate at a position in the through-hole. A light receiving device is provided in the sensor substrate. A dummy light receiving device is formed between the light receiving device and the through-hole, around the through-hole, and in the sensor substrate. The light receiving device and the dummy light receiving device are made of an impurity diffusion layer having a same conductive type as a conductive type of a surface layer of the sensor substrate. The dummy light receiving device is deeper than the light receiving device.

Abstract: Scale pattern in a scale of an optical encoder includes a first scale mark that blocks a first light from being guided to an image capturer and guides a second light to the image capturer, and a second scale mark that guides the first light and the second light to the image capturer. Second scale mark is arranged in an ABS pattern and the first scale mark is arranged in an INC pattern by incorporating the second scale mark. Image capturer includes a first image capturing section that captures an image of the ABS pattern from the first light that arrives via the second scale mark, and a second image capturing section that captures an image of the INC pattern from the second light that arrives via the first scale mark and the second scale mark. Calculator calculates a position of a head relative to the scale.

Abstract: There is provided an operating method of an optical positioning system including: capturing an image frame of a detected surface, which has interleaved bright regions and dark regions, using a field of view and a shutter time of an optical sensor counting a number of edge pairs between the bright regions and the dark regions that the field of view passes; calculating an average value of the image frame; calculating a ratio between the calculated average value and the shutter time; determining that the field of view is aligned with one of the dark regions when the ratio is smaller than a ratio threshold; and determining that the field of view is aligned with one of the bright regions when the ratio is larger than the ratio threshold.

Abstract: The present invention provides a position detection apparatus that is provided with a scale and a detector and includes a processing unit configured to perform processing for setting a number of light receiving elements that are consecutive in a direction of relative movement and whose outputs are to be added for the light receiving elements so that, in a first resolution mode, a phase of a component of a fourth spatial frequency lower than a spatial frequency corresponding to a frequency offset amount is detected and, in a second resolution mode for which a resolution is lower than the first resolution mode, a phase of a component of a spatial frequency of an interference image of a second grating pattern is detected.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an absolute encoder capable of suppressing an increase in size while securing the resolution. An encoder includes a magnet rotating integrally with at least one rotary body and a plurality of rotary sensors detecting magnetic poles of the magnet to output detection signals having sinusoidal waveforms, each sinusoidal waveform having a different phase. The at least one rotary body includes a first rotary body rotating integrally with a main shaft and a third rotary body rotating together with the rotation of the first rotary body. The absolute encoder includes an angular sensor to detect the rotational angle of the first rotary body and the magnet is arranged in the third rotary body.

Abstract: A sensor device that can reduce an assembly error of a magnetic sensor with respect to holders is provided. Magnetic sensors are disposed between first magnetism collection portions and second magnetism collection portions with a first holder and a second holder assembled to each other. A circuit board recessed portion of the second holder is provided with positioning protrusions that extend toward the first holder. A circuit board, on which the magnetic sensors are mounted, is provided with through holes. The magnetic sensors are integrally assembled to the second holder in advance with the positioning protrusions inserted through the through holes.

Abstract: An electro-optical structure including at least one optical component and a plurality of electric components arranged on a common printed circuit board is disclosed herein. The printed circuit board includes a plate-shaped base body made of molybdenum or an Invar material. An optical bench including a printed circuit board with a plate-shaped base body of molybdenum or an Invar material is also disclosed herein.

Abstract: A system and method to determine an angular movement of an arbor integral with a crown of a watch, the arbor being rotatable in a longitudinal direction. Included is a rotating reflector mounted on the arbor, and two emitter/detector pairs disposed on either side of the reflector. Each emitter/detector pair includes a light source for illuminating the reflector, and a light detector for receiving the light reflected on the reflector and for generating an electrical signal representative of the reflected light. A processor processes the electrical signals and determine a parameter relating to the angular movement of the arbor. The rotating reflector's visible outer surface changes when the reflector rotates on itself in a regular manner, such that the representative electrical signal generated by said detector of the pair has a substantially sinusoidal shape when the reflector rotates on itself in a regular manner in a same direction of rotation.

Abstract: A sealed encoder module for mounting onto a machine so as to measure relative displacement of first and second parts of the machine. The sealed encoder module can comprise, a scale, a readhead comprising a scale signal receiver, and an integral protective housing which encapsulates at least the scale and said scale signal receiver. The sealed encoder module can be configured to determine and output diagnostic information regarding a scale signal detected by the readhead.

Abstract: An encoder includes a magnet, an optical coded disc, a magnetic sensing assembly, an optical sensing assembly and a signal processing unit. The optical coded disc has a first incremental pattern track and a second incremental pattern track. The magnet and the optical coded disc are structurally coaxial and rotatable. The magnet sensing assembly senses the magnet rotation to obtain an absolute position signal. The optical sensing assembly senses the optical coded disc rotation to obtain a first incremental position signal and a second incremental position signal. The signal processing unit receives and integrates those signals to obtain a high precision absolute position information.

Abstract: A bearingless angular measurement device includes an angle scale, a scanning unit, and an evaluation electronics. The scanning unit and the angle scale are located at a scanning distance relative to each other and are rotatable about an axis, so that the scanning unit is capable of generating angle-dependent output signals, which may be further processed in the evaluation electronics. The scanning distance is able to be determined on the basis of the output signals. In addition, the angular measurement device includes a compensation coupling that is attachable to a machine component and is elastically deformable in the direction of the axis.

Abstract: There is provided a position detection device to suppress an influence of a signal distortion due to a processing error, an assembly error of a sensor, or the like. The position detection device includes: a waveform correction unit that corrects waveforms of a first signal and a second signal, the first signal being detected from a first track provided on a moving body and having a scale of predetermined cycles, and the second signal being detected from a second track provided on the moving body and having a scale of cycles less than the predetermined cycles; and a position calculation unit that calculates a position of the moving body on the basis of the corrected first signal and second signal.

Abstract: Various aspects include electric generators configured to boost electrical output by leveraging electron avalanche generated by a high energy photon radiation source. In various aspects, an electric generator includes a stator and a rotor positioned within the stator, wherein the stator and rotor are configured to generate electric current when the rotor is rotated, and a high energy photon source (e.g., a gamma ray source) positioned and configured to irradiate at least a portion of conductors in the rotor or stator. In some aspects, the stator generates a magnetic field when the electric generator is operating, and the rotor includes armature windings configured to generate electric current when the rotor is rotated. In some aspects, the high energy photon source includes cobalt-60 and/or cesium-137.

Abstract: An optical fiber coupling system may include a first coupler half fixed to a first fiber optic element. The first coupler half may include a first magnetically energetic material. The first magnetically energetic material may include a first aperture extending through the first magnetically energetic material. The first fiber optic element may extend within the first aperture. The optical fiber coupling system may include a second coupler half fixed to a second fiber optic element. The second coupler half may include a second magnetically energetic material. The second magnetically energetic material may include a second aperture extending through the second magnetically energetic material. The second fiber optic element may extend within the second aperture. When the first magnetically energetic material is proximate the second magnetically energetic material, the first fiber optic element may be longitudinally aligned with the second fiber optic element.

Abstract: An encoder, including: a scale that has a pattern and is mountable to a rotary member of an object to be measured; a main body including a detector that detects the pattern, the main body being mountable to a non-rotating portion of the object to be measured; and a holding member including: an abutment portion that is removably provided to the main body from outside the main body and passes through the main body to abut the scale; and a pushing portion that is capable of pushing the abutment portion toward the scale.

Abstract: An operation processing apparatus that calculates a rotation angle based on a first output signal and a second output signal, which differ in signal frequency from each other, is provided with a first cross-coupled operation part that performs a first cross-coupled operation and a second cross-coupled operation part that performs a second cross-coupled operation based on the first and second output signals. A first Lissajous curve generation part generates a first Lissajous curve based on the result of operation by the first cross-coupled operation part, and a second Lissajous curve generation part generates a second Lissajous curve based on the result of operation by the second cross-coupled operation part. A rotation angle computing part calculates the rotation angle based on the first Lissajous curve and the second Lissajous curve.

Abstract: A rotary encoder may include a magnetic encoder disc having a plurality of magnetic features added to the disc by additive manufacturing distributed over a surface of the encoder disc, wherein the disc is configured for attachment to the end of a rotatable shaft, or a cylindrical metallic encoding feature having a plurality of magnetic features added to the cylindrical encoder by additive manufacturing distributed over the surface of the cylindrical encoding feature, wherein the encoding feature is capable of attachment to an outer diameter of the rotatable shaft. The encoder additionally includes a magnetic sensor positioned adjacent to the end of the rotatable shaft to detect magnetic signals from the magnetic features on the disc and/or positioned over the surface of the rotatable shaft to detect magnetic signals from the magnetic features on the encoding feature.

Abstract: An end tool metrology position coordinates determination system is provided for use with a robot. A first accuracy level defined as a robot accuracy (e.g., for controlling and sensing an end tool position of an end tool that is mounted proximate to a distal end of a movable arm configuration of the robot) is based on using position sensors (e.g., encoders) included in the robot. The system includes the end tool, an imaging configuration, XY scale, image triggering portion and processing portion. One of the XY scale or imaging configuration is coupled to the end tool and the other is coupled to a stationary element (e.g., a frame located above the robot). The imaging configuration acquires an image of the XY scale, which is utilized to determine a relative position that is indicative of the end tool position, with an accuracy level that is better than the robot accuracy.

Abstract: A bimodal optical spectroscopy device for producing spectra of autofluorescence and diffuse reflectance signals from a biological sample such as skin.

Abstract: A digital displacement sensor and a displacement measuring method thereof, pertaining to the technical field of displacement sensors. The digital displacement sensor includes a housing and a circuit board, and the circuit board is arranged inside the housing. The housing is provided with a window and an opening. The circuit board is provided with a signal acquisition module, an analog front end circuit, a digital compensation circuit, and a signal output interface. The digital displacement sensor allows to alternatively fix the sensor or measured object according to the structure. The measurement can be performed as long as a relative movement between the sensor and the measured object occurs. Factors such as material of the measured object etc. are not limited, so materials such as steel belts, aluminum plates, plastics etc. can be flexibly used. Merely surfaces of the measured object need to be coated with corresponding stripes.

Abstract: The present disclosure is related to an optical encoder which is configured to provide precise coding reference data by feature recognition technology. To apply the present disclosure, it is not necessary to provide particular dense patterns on a working surface. The precise coding reference data can be generated by detecting surface features of the working surface.