Abstract: In order to provide a reliable test for the presence of native hydrocarbons down a borehole during drilling with an oil-base drilling mud, a sample of the rock cuttings brought up from the vicinity of the drill bit by the circulating mud flow is collected, the sample or a fluid prepared from the sample is then placed in a spectrometer and is excited with electromagnetic radiation of one or more wavelengths. The radiation absorbed and/or emitted by the excited sample or sample preparation is sensed, and a plot is produced of the excitation and/or emission wavelengths against intensity, or in certain circumstances of the emission wavelengths against the excitation wavelengths. It can then be determined from the characteristic profile so obtained whether the hydrocarbon content of the sample incorporates only the oil base of the drilling mud or a combination of this oil-base and native hydrocarbons.

Abstract: An on-board oil quality monitor includes a tube for recirculating oil from an engine, which tube has a transparent portion located within an infra red generator and detector that produces a signal indicating excessive oil contamination when the generated infra red that is transmitted to the detector is below a certain threshold.

Abstract: Optical transmittances of a combination of a liquid to be detected and a container wall are measured in order to select two optical pass-bands, one of which is relatively high transmittance level while the other of which is relatively low transmittance. The light transmission quantities of the container at the selected two pass-bands are measured by one or more detecting elements. The light transmission quantities are converted into two electric signals, one of which is divided by the other in a signal process circuit.

Abstract: Apparatus for detecting oil in water. A plurality of oil sensors are maintained at selected positions in a body of water. Each sensor includes a limited wavelength light source for inducing fluorescence in oil which may be present and a light detector for detecting such induced fluorescence. Each sensor is connected to a computer which receives and stores information generated by each light detector.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for detecting the presence of hydrocarbons and other substance that fluoresces or absorbs light within a body of water which utilizes a controlled submersible vehicle scanning at or near the water bottom. The method utilizes a selected frequency light source as carried by the submersible to scan the water bottom, and the returned light energy, either at the wavelength of oil fluorescing in water or the source frequency backscatter, is detected and processed for the water bottom as well as a water region that is a selected distance above the water floor. Alternative forms of apparatus are disclosed for carrying out the functions of both oil fluorescence detection, and for obtaining differential absorption readings as to light source backscatter energy that is created by the ambient water and other factors in the water environment such as marine life, turbidity, etc.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for detecting the presence of hydrocarbons and other substance that fluoresces or absorbs light within a body of water which utilizes a controlled submersible vehicle scanning at or near the water bottom. The method utilizes a selected frequency light source as carried by the submersible to scan the water bottom, and the returned light energy, either at the wavelength of oil fluorescing in water or the source frequency backscatter, is detected and processed for the water bottom as well as a water region that is a selected distance above the water floor. Alternative forms of apparatus are disclosed for carrying out the functions of both oil fluorescence detection, and for obtaining differential absorption readings as to light source backscatter energy that is created by the ambient water and other factors in the water environmentsuch as marine life, turbidity, etc.

Abstract: Fluid containing free gas and in a pipeline or container at a refinery or at any of various petroleum producing operations is bombarded with neutrons and high energy gamma rays resulting from capture of thermal neutrons are detected. The spectra of the detected gamma rays are then analyzed to determine the concentration of the elements chlorine and hydrogen. The counting rate for thermal neutron gamma rays for hydrogen permits a measure of the hydrogen index (HI) of the fluid to be obtained. The hydrogen index and the relative concentrations of chlorine and hydrogen are used to obtain an indication of the presence and concentration of chlorine or salt water in the fluid.

Abstract: Combination of a nonionic oxyalkylated alcohol surfactant and an engine fuel, e.g. a 50--50 mixture, by volume, of such surfactant and an aircraft engine fuel such as JP-4 jet fuel, consisting essentially of a mixture of gasoline and kerosene, which is miscible both with water-based and oil-based liquids, for removing water or water-based leak tracer solution entrapped in a fuel tank system, e.g. of an aircraft. When employing, for example, an aqueous leak tracer solution introduced into a fuel tank, e.g. of an aircraft, for locating any leaks therein, after inspection and removal of the main body of leak tracer solution from the tank, in order to remove any residual leak tracer solution which remains entrapped in the tank, the invention composition, hereinafter termed a "depuddling agent", is introduced and blends with the residual leak tracer solution, and the resulting miscible mixture is drained from the system.

Abstract: A method for determining kerogen content in oil shale is disclosed. The kerogen content of oil shale is measured by transmitting light of the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum through a sample containing comminuted oil shale and determining the amount of light absorbed by the kerogen in such sample. The amount of light of a selected wave number absorbed by the sample of comminuted oil shale is proportional to the Fischer Assay determination of kerogen content of such a sample. An internal standard having an absorbance within the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum at a wave number other than wherein oil shale has an absorbance is integrated into the sample of oil shale for providing an indication of the kerogen content within the oil shale sample upon comparison of the relative absorbance at the respective wave number of selected infrared light for the internal standard and the kerogen.

Abstract: A microwave-gamma ray water-in-crude monitor measures the percent quantity of water in crude oil flowing in a pipe line by causing the crude oil to flow through a measuring cell. A microwave transmitter and a gamma ray source are arranged with the measuring cell and transmits microwave energy and gamma rays through the measuring cell. A microwave receiver and a gamma ray detector receive the energies transmitted through the measuring cell and provides signals in accordance with the received energies. Apparatus connected to the microwave receiver and to the gamma ray detector provide a display of the water content of the crude oil in accordance with the signals from the microwave receiver and the gamma ray detector.

Abstract: A photomicrographic system for measuring the number, size distribution and movement rate of foreign matter, e.g.

Abstract: A gas sensor unit designed to indicate the presence of hydrocarbon vapors but be insensitive to carbon monoxide. The unit comprises two TGS sensors, one covered by a semi-permeable membrane and the other uncovered; the uncovered sensor responds to both crude oil and carbon monoxide, the covered sensor responds only to carbon monoxide. In one embodiment, the two sensors are connected in series; the total response of both sensors and the difference in response between the two sensors are measured, and changes in the parameters indicate the presence of an oil spill. In another embodiment, each sensor's output is compared with its reference voltage; if the uncovered sensor has an output that is higher than its reference while the covered one does not, the presence of an oil spill is indicated.

Abstract: A test kit and method for determining in a semiquantitative manner the amount of oil mist in a compressed-air stream, which method comprises bleeding a small sample from the compressed-air stream containing oil mist whose concentration is to be determined; directly impinging the compressed-air stream so bled for a defined time period through a defined orifice onto the surface of a coated plate containing an ultraviolet radiation indicator to capture the oil-mist particles in the compressed-air stream, thereafter comparing the test plate with a standard plate of known concentration of oil mist under ultraviolet radiation to determine the degree of flourescent quenching as an indication of the amount of oil mist in the compressed-air stream.

Abstract: Fluid in a pipeline or container at a refinery or at any of various petroleum producing operations is bombarded with neutrons, and high energy gamma rays resulting from capture of thermal neutrons are detected. The spectra of the detected gamma rays are then analyzed to determine the concentration of the element chlorine, which gives an indication of the presence and concentration of salt water in the fluid. The concentration of sulfur and the percentage gas in the fluid may be determined simultaneously with the concentration of chlorine.

Abstract: Apparatus for continuously monitoring the concentration of oil in a stream f water meters carbon tetrachloride through a first infrared analyzer to generate a reference signal, mixes the carbon tetrachloride with a sample stream of oily water to extract the oil, then separates and passes the oil containing carbon tetrachloride through a second infrared analyzer that is zeroed by the reference signal. The sample water stream is returned to the main flow and the carbon tetrachloride is reclaimed and recycled.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a solvent primarily composed of a low polymer of chlorotrifluoroethylene for the extraction of an oil fraction in water and measuring the concentration of the oil fraction in water by solvent extraction in the infrared absorption method. The low polymers of chlorotrifluoroethylene contemplated as a solvent herein may be a single polymer or a mixture of polymers of different degrees of polymerization as shown in the following formulae: ##STR1## WHEREIN BOTH ATOMS REPRESENTED BY X in the first chemical formula are the same or different from each other and X is a chlorine or fluorine atom, and n is 2 or 3.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus for continuously measuring the concentration of oil in a water sample by the infra-red absorption method. The apparatus comprises a supplying device which supplies an oil-containing water sample and a supplying device which supplies a solvent for extracting the oil in the sample, each of said water sample and solvent being supplied in a controlled and continuous amount, an extractor connected to said supplying device having an agitator therein, which extractor receives said oil-containing water sample and solvent and serves to extract the oil component in the water sample with the solvent.

Abstract: The approximate concentration of a carburetor additive in a motor fuel is determined by a paper chromatographic method.

Abstract: An oil-contaminated water stream is monitored by continuously exciting and measuring fluorescence in the stream at a monitoring point and producing a continuous monitoring indication accordingly, recurrently withdrawing from the stream samples of the contaminated water, determining the oil content of each sample by an infra-red absorption procedure, comparing each oil determination with the monitoring indication pertaining to the appropriate part of the stream and correcting or recalibrating the monitoring indication accordingly.

Abstract: Oil and/or other material on the walls of a sample tube of an oil-in-water monitoring device is washed with a cleaning solution. In operation, a water sample is directed into the sample cell. Ultra-violet light is directed through the sample tube to the water sample. A detector detects energy emanating from the sample tube characteristic of oil. Valve means channels the cleaning solution through the sample tube to remove oil and/or other material that has accumulated on the walls of the sample tube. The valve means may be operated manually or by a programmable device.

Abstract: A method of determining the presence of hydrocarbon seeps in the sea from an aircraft or other moving vehicle wherein an intense beam of light from an artificial source such as a laser is directed towards the sea and reflections and/or bioluminescence attributable to said beam occurring in the near surface of the sea are observed in the vehicle. Means is provided for discriminating between responses attributable to reflections from the surface of the sea and reflections and/or bioluminescence occurring below the surface of the sea.

Abstract: In analysing a sample by atomic absorption or atomic fluorescence spectroscopy, the cloud of free atoms which interact with incident radiation is produced by heating a graphite body, disposed below the interaction region, on which the sample has been deposited. The body is heated in an inert atmosphere by passing electric current through it. Compact forms of apparatus which may replace the burner system of a conventional spectrometer utilise a horizontally disposed graphite rod around which flows a stream of inert gas.