Abstract: An infrared thermometer, having an upper shell, a lower shell, an ear temperature probe, and a forehead temperature head; the ear temperature probe is provided with an infrared sensor, an infrared sensor copper sleeve and a probe body; a piece of flat and smooth transparent glass is provided between an end of the probe body having a smaller inner diameter and the infrared sensor copper sleeve, so that the end of the ear temperature probe inserted into the ear canal is configured as a flat surface by the transparent glass.

Abstract: A spectrometry device includes a controller that: causes first irradiated light and second irradiated light to be irradiated from a first light emitter and a second light emitter at mutually different timings; stores information relating to a first light reception signal and information relating to a second light reception signal in a storage at mutually different timings, in synchronization with irradiation timings of the first irradiation light and the second irradiation light; acquires information relating to a first optical spectrum based on the information relating to the first light reception signal stored in the storage during a first time period; and acquires information relating to a second optical spectrum based on the information relating to the second reception signal stored in the storage during a second time period.

Abstract: An apparatus and associated a method are described for performing gas analysis on a gas sample. The method comprising exciting the gas sample with one or more electromagnetic energy sources and obtaining optical absorption signals associated with the gas sample prior to application of a catalytic process to the gas sample as well as during and/or after application of the catalytic process to the gas sample. The obtained optical absorption signals may then be processed using differential calculation approaches to derive information associated with the gas sample, which may include for example information conveying concentrations of certain specific gases in the gas sample. In some implementations, the optical absorption measurement system is configured to use the one or more electromagnetic energy sources to excite the gas sample to produce first optical absorption signals.

Abstract: A flow cell assembly (16) for a fluid analyzer (14) that analyzes a sample (12) includes (i) a base (350) that includes a base window (350B); (ii) a cap (352) having a cap window (352B) that is spaced apart from the base window (350B); and (iii) a gasket (360) that is secured to and positioned between the base (350) and the cap (352), the gasket (360) having a gasket body (360A) that includes a gasket opening (360B). The gasket body (360A), the base (350) and the cap (352) cooperate to define a flow cell chamber (362). Moreover, an inlet passageway (366) extends into the flow cell chamber (362) to direct the sample (12) into the flow cell chamber (362); and an outlet passageway (368) extends into the flow cell chamber (362) to allow the sample (12) to exit the flow cell chamber (362).

Abstract: An apparatus, method and system for dermatologically noninvasive testing for blood sugar concentration using an interferometry optical design. The present apparatus, method and system are used to measure the optical properties of blood, without puncturing the skin or drawing blood samples. They incorporate the use of an electromagnetic light source and two optical polarizers. A dermatological sample, e.g., the earlobe, webbing between fingers, is illuminated with polarized electromagnetic light. When the linearly polarized light passes through this dermatological sample, the blood in the dermatological sample acts as an optical rotator due to the optical interaction with the blood sample. The presence of molecular chirality in the blood sample induces optical activity. After the skin is illuminated, a second polarizer finds the orientation of the polarization by maximizing the intensity on the photo detector. As a result, the blood sugar concentration may be determined.

Abstract: A medical thermometer including a curved mirror and a radiation sensor is disclosed. The radiation sensor is disposed relative to the mirror in a configuration whereby the mirror reflects away from the sensor radiation that passes through the radiation entrance and that is oriented outside a range of angles relative to the mirror, and reflects toward the sensor radiation that passes through the radiation entrance and that is oriented within a range of angles relative to the mirror.

Abstract: Aircraft imaging system, including apparatus and methods, with compensation for changes to an attitude of an aircraft. In some embodiments, the system may include an array of image detectors having fields of view that partially overlap to create a wider field of view collectively. The system also may include a processor programmed to (a) splice video images collected by the array of image detectors while the array remains mounted in a fixed relation to an aircraft having a varying attitude, to create a series of spliced frames representing the wider field of view over a time interval, and (b) select a frame portion of each spliced frame based at least in part on one or more signals from an attitude sensor carried by the aircraft such that the selected frame portions each represent a same angle of view with respect to horizontal.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for standardizing quantitative measurements from a microscope system. The process includes a calibration procedure whereby an image of a calibration slide is obtained through the optics of the microscope system. The calibration slide produces a standard response, which can be used to determine a machine intrinsic factor for the particular system. The machine intrinsic factor can be stored for later reference. In use, images are acquired of a target sample and of the excitation light source. The excitation light source sample is obtained using a calibration instrument configured to sample intensity. The calibration instrument has an associated correction factor to compensate its performance to a universally standardized calibration instrument. The machine intrinsic factor, sampled intensity, and calibration instrument correction factor are usable to compensate a quantitative measurement of the target sample in order to normalize the results for comparison with other microscope systems.

Abstract: A tunable laser source that includes multiple gain elements and uses a spatial light modulator in an external cavity to produce spectrally tunable output is claimed. Several designs of the external cavity are described, targeting different performance characteristics and different manufacturing costs for the device. Compared to existing devices, the tunable laser source produces high output power, wide tuning range, fast tuning rate, and high spectral resolution.

Abstract: Bias lines are provided for respective columns of pixels, and of a plurality of bias lines, bias lines provided at an interval of 10 mm are connected to a bias power source through a current detector. The remaining bias lines are connected directly to the bias power source without passing through the current detector. In each pixel, if electric charge is generated by a radiation detection element in accordance with the dose of irradiated radiation, a current flows in the bias line in accordance with the generated electric charge. The current detector detects the current flowing in the bias line, and a control unit detects, as the timing of starting irradiation of a radiation, when the detected current (current value) is equal to or greater than a threshold value, and starts radiographing of a radiological image.

Abstract: A system and method are used to search for a thermal target from a moving aerial platform. The system includes a computer corrected to a wide field-of-view thermal imager, a narrow field-of-view thermal imager, a global navigation satellite system receiver, and an inertial navigation system. The wide field-of-view thermal imager acouires multiple images as the wide field-of-view thermal imager moves relative to a search area. Each point of each imaoe is correlated to a stationary position within the search area. The computer is configured to independently time-average the thermal signal amplitude emanating from each stationary sector in the search area imaged bv the wide field-of-view thermal imager. and direct the narrow field-of-view thermal imager to point to the stationary position of the sector of interest and display a thermal imaoe associated with the sector of interest to a user.

Abstract: A remote emissions sensing (RES) system and method for measuring the exhaust gas composition of a motor vehicle is provided, including calibration methodologies for compensating for the effects of ambient temperature and/or pressure.

Abstract: A laser mark which will be the positioning mark for a secondary charged particle image in the charged particle beam apparatus is applied by moving the sample processing/observation area in the charged particle beam apparatus so as to come into the view field while performing an observation by an infrared microscope, and by a using a laser optical system disposed coaxially with an optical observation system, the mark made at the periphery of the processing/observation object area. Next, by a superposition of an infrared transmission image and a CAD data, the processing/observation object area and the laser mark are registered onto the CAD data. And, by a correlation of the registered data read from the charged particle beam apparatus and the secondary charged particle image, it is possible to accurately and easily determine the processing position.

Abstract: The invention provides a thermal sensor having a first and second temperature sensing elements each being formed on a thermally isolated table in a first substrate.

Abstract: A radiation detector (10) has a base (30), a frame (48), a window (46), and solder layers (50, 52) formed from a solder pre-form (58, 60) to define a vacuum chamber (56). Feedthroughs (18, 40, 44) penetrate the base (30) for electrical connection to internal components. A method for sealing the detector (10) aligns a lower detector assembly (62), the frame (48) the window (46), and the solder pre-forms (58, 60) in a non-sealed relation within a processing chamber (80, 94). High temperature and low pressure is imposed, and the getter (42) is activated by resistive heating imposed by current leads (88). The window (46), frame (48), and lower detector assembly (62) are then pressed together and sealed by the liquefied solder pre-forms (58, 60). The method eliminates the need for a seal port, combines several steps within the processing chamber (80, 94), and eliminates certain prior art cleaning steps.

Abstract: A multi-charged particle beam tool for semiconductor wafer inspection or lithography includes an array of electron beam columns, each having its own electron or ion source. The objective lenses of the various electron beam columns, while each has its own pole piece, share a common single magnetic coil which generates a uniform magnetic field surrounding the entire array of electron beam columns. This advantageously improves the spacing between the beams while providing the superior optical properties of a strong magnetic objective lens. When used as an inspection tool, each column also has its own associated detector to detect secondary and back-scattered electrons from the wafer under inspection. In one version the gun lenses similarly have individual pole pieces for each column and share a common magnetic coil.

Abstract: A multi-charged particle beam tool for semiconductor wafer inspection or lithography includes an array of electron beam columns, each having its own electron or ion source. The objective lenses of the various electron beam columns, while each has its own pole piece, share a common single magnetic coil which generates a uniform magnetic field surrounding the entire array of electron beam columns. This advantageously improves the spacing between the beams while providing the superior optical properties of a strong magnetic objective lens. When used as an inspection tool, each column also has its own associated detector to detect secondary and back-scattered electrons from the wafer under inspection. In one version the gun lenses similarly have individual pole pieces for each column and share a common magnetic coil.

Abstract: A sample holder apparatus for a top-loading cryostat insert based on a cage assembly system which is mounted onto a vacuum flange. The vacuum flange has a group of blind bores on the vacuum side of the flange, in which are mounted hollow cage assembly rods, and a further corresponding group of four blind bores on the air side of the flange for receiving further cage assembly rods. A cage assembly system can thus be provided on the vacuum side of the flange and, if desired, extended through the vacuum flange onto the air side with optical communication between the vacuum and air sides taking place through a window at the top of the flange. Feed-throughs on the flange provide for access of optical fibers and electrical leads. The design provides a sample holder which is readily adaptable and reconfigurable to perform a variety of optical experiments in a top-loading cryostat. Examples of near-field scanning microscopy (NSOM) and confocal microscopy are described.

Abstract: A method of stabilizing temperature effects on a gas analyzer includes transmitting infrared energy through a plurality of cells in a reference cell drum to a sensor in the gas analyzer. The plurality of cells include at least one cell containing a reference gas and at least one cell containing an air reference. The method also includes interposing a filter in at least one of the plurality of cells in the reference cell drum, wherein energy from the infrared beam is reduced. The method further includes rotating the reference cell drum such that the infrared energy fully passes through each of the plurality of cells for a limited period of time such that the sensor generates a substantial sine wave signal.

Abstract: A non-volatile electron beam-addressed light-valve produces a flickerless, all-at-once visible light output which is then converted into a flickerless projected infrared scene suitable for testing an infrared imaging seeker.

Abstract: An improved ratio type infrared thermometer utilizes integrating amplifiers for each waveband having the integration time automatically set so that the output voltage utilizes the full range of an analog to digital convertor. The gain and offset of the amplifiers is not ambient temperature dependent so accurate digital representations of the signal for each waveband are provided. The linearized output of each detector is optionally provided so that special or proprietary algorithms for computing the temperature of colored objects can be utilized. A special feature for downloading of updated new programs utilizes a "programming jumper" and an attenuation warning signal is provided for selected levels of attenuation.

Abstract: RF modulation spectroscopy of a near-infrared tunable laser diode source is used to determine the oxygen concentration in a sample medium. A reference cell containing a known concentration of oxygen is used to calibrate the apparatus as well as to lock the laser on an oxygen absorption line. The temperature of the reference cell is monitored from which the pressure in the reference cell can be determined. Both the temperature and the pressure in the sample cell are monitored, either directly using independent transducers or indirectly using spectroscopic techniques. The oxygen content of the sample is determined, correcting for both temperature and pressure effects.

Abstract: The photometer of the present invention includes an optical system in which an emission beam generated by pulsed ultra violet radiation from a source is split into a sample beam and a reference interference beam by spectrally selective mirrors arranged in series. These mirrors reflect a beam having a wavelength range corresponding to an absorption wavelength of the gas to be detected onto one solid state detector and to pass a beam to a second spectrally selective mirror where a beam having second range of wave lengths corresponding to an interfering gas is reflected onto a second solid state detector. This second beam serves to measure the interfering gas and also as an imperfect reference channel. In a preferred embodiment the radiation from the source is split prior to entering the sample cell.

Abstract: RF modulation spectroscopy of a near infrared laser diode source is used to determine the amount of a target substance in a breath sample. In this type of modulation the laser output is modulated to produce sidebands displaced from the laser carrier by the modulation frequency. The modulated beam is passed through a gas sample which differentially absorbs the sidebands, the result of which is the conversion of some of the laser frequency modulation into amplitude modulation which is subsequently detected using a broadband photodetector. In certain tests, the target substance is a particular isotope, whose concentration is measured as an isotope ratio. In order to measure the presence of first and second isotopic species, provision is made to provide laser illumination at characteristic wavelengths for absorption lines for the first and second isotopic species of the gas.

Abstract: A sensor and method for measuring the concentration of alcohol in an alcohol-hydrocarbon mixture for use with flexible fuel vehicles. The sensor and method are characterized by a pair of detectors or sensing elements which detect absorbance of two different wavelength bands of energy transmitted through the fuel. The first wavelength band is absorbed by the alcohol and substantially unabsorbed by the hydrocarbons and other non-alcohols in the fuel mixture. The second or reference wavelength band is selected where the absorbance of alcohols and hydrocarbons is essentially the same and preferably essentially zero. The output of the two detectors or sensing elements is ratioed to provide a signal representative of the alcohol content of the fuel mixture. In a preferred embodiment, the sensing elements are included in a differential thermopile.

Abstract: A system for analyzing fluids. In one embodiment, the system measures the water content in an oil/water emulsion. A fluid probe comprising an infrared light emitting diode and a phototransistor measures the opacity of the fluid. The signal from the phototransistor is input into a series of potentiometers which are set to correspond to different percentages of water content. The outputs of the potentiometers are displayed by a light emitting diode panel. Means for automatically recalibrating the system in response to temperature changes is included. Further, means is included for recalibrating the system to operate in fluids having different API gravities.In a second embodiment, the system analyzes a fluid to identify and differentiate different fluids in a mixture. The system can distinguish between petroleum products having different opacities; that is, the system can differentiate between crude oil, light oil and distillate.

Abstract: A clinical thermometer which employs an infrared sensor and is constructed so as to prevent the occurrence of a temperature measurement error caused by a change in temperature of a tip portion (of a housing a temperature measuring portion) during temperature measurement. In one embodiment a heat insulator is attached to the tip portion to prevent a rise in temperature of the tip portion. In a second embodiment, the tip portion is formed of a metal of good heat conductivity in the shape of a net for example to improve the heat radiating property of the tip portion, thereby preventing a rise in temperature of the tip portion. In a third embodiments, a temperature sensor is attached to the tip portion to correct a temperature measurement error caused by a change in temperature of the tip portion.

Abstract: An infrared gas analyzer using a pyroelectric infrared sensor, which includes a heating unit for heating the infrared sensor, a heating sensor for detecting its heating temperature and a temperature sensor for detecting the ambient temperature of the infrared sensor, and controls the heating unit so as to retain the ambient temperature of the infrared sensor at a constant so that the output error is small irrespective of the change in ambient temperature.

Abstract: Gas analyzers of the non-dispersive infrared radiation type which are designed to measure the concentration of one gas in a mixture of gases containing that gas. An infrared radiation emitter is employed to emit energy at a frequency of 40-100 Hz with a system which includes a source driver and a timer; and a detector is used to intercept the attenuated beam after it has passed through the mixture being analyzed and output a signal indicative of the concentration of the selected gas. Also, a second detector is preferably provided so that a ratioed, error eliminating output signal can be supplied to the failsafe, signal processing circuitry of the analyzer. The detectors are electrically biased by way of flyback transformer based circuitry to improve the signal-to-noise ratio, and the signal processing circuitry can be adjusted to compensate for drift. The detectors are mounted on a thermally conductive substrate along with appropriate filters, a filter frame, and a cover.

Abstract: A non-invasive apparatus and related method for measuring the concentration of glucose or other blood analytes utilizes both diffuse reflected and transmissive infrared absorption measurements and may be applied to either in vitro or in vivo sampling. The apparatus and method utilize non-dispersive correlation spectrometry and apply it to liquid blood serum analysis. Spectrally-modified near infrared light from the sample containing the analyte is split into two beams, one of which is directed through a negative correlation filter which blocks light in the absorption bands for the analyte to be measured, and the other of which is directed through a neutral density filter capable of blocking light equally at all wavelengths in the range of interest. Differencing the light intensity between the two light paths provides a measure proportional to analyte concentration.

Abstract: A non-dispersive infrared gas analyzer is disclosed that accurately measures the concentration levels of a plurality of gases within a gas mixture. The analyzer includes first and second sample cells and is utilized advantageously for the measurement of NO.sub.x and hydrocarbon gas present in the exhaust of an automobile engine. The gas mixture of the exhaust is chilled before entering the first sample cell to remove a substantial amount of the water vapor from that sample cell to facilitate measurement of the NO.sub.x gas. The second sample cell receives the gas mixtue in an unchilled state to allow for accurate measurement of the hydrocarbon gas. The analyzer includes processors which are utilized to further correct the NO.sub.x measurement and which also interact with each other to provide an output data stream that is representative of the concentration levels of the gases that are being analyzed.

Abstract: Coke guide and coke oven infrared pyrometer degrading is minimized to continuously permit better accuracy and reliability in hostile environment of coke mass and heat, dust and/or dirt present in many coke plant areas. These benefits are obtained using production-worthy pyrometer equipment having a purged pyrometer with any of three window cleanliness monitors to determine errors and automatically correcting for same through self-calibration.

Abstract: To detect the density of a measurement component of a sample gas, infrared light is directed alternately through a measuring-light optical system and a reference-light optical system to a heated light sensor. The measuring-light optical system includes a sample cell, a first filter for transmitting infrared rays of a fixed wave-length band, and a temperature compensating cell having a gas which has a part of its absorption wave-length band within the transmission wave-length band of the first filter but has a spectrum different from the spectrum of the measurement component. The reference-light optical system includes a light throttle, an interference cell having a gas containing a fixed density of the measurement component, an adjustable-length interference compensating cell filled with the sample gas, and a second filter for transmitting rays of a wave-length band that includes the major part of the transmission wave-length band of the first filter.

Abstract: An optical gas-concentration analyzer which utilizes the infrared absorption principle has a sample chamber and reference chamber with infrared source and detector assemblies spaced at opposite ends of an in alignment with the chambers. An electronic processing system utilizes a spectral-absorption electrical signal from the detector assembly to derive the desired gas-concentration measurement for readout from a display device. Barometric correction means is provided to permit on site calibration by the user of the gas analyzer via an atmospheric pressure calibration indication obtained on the display device by switching the apparatus to a calibrating mode. Apparatus for compensating for broadening of the spectral line of a gas the concentration of which is to be measured by another gas in the sample and for the temperature of the sample gas is also provided.

Abstract: In an infrared laser absorption spectrometer, an infrared laser beam of predetermined wavelength, in the infrared absorption spectrum, is beamed into a liquid sample under analysis. Components of the liquid sample absorb energy from the infrared beam, as a function of the infrared wavelength of the beam, to produce heating of the liquid. A thermal detector is disposed in heat exchanging relation with the liquid sample for detecting the heating effect in the liquid due to absorption of the infrared radiation. This detection scheme is particularly useful for monitoring the effluent of a liquid chromatograph as it provides specific detection.

Abstract: A detector for an IR analyzer is disclosed, wherein the blank sample (that is, a quantity of the compound which is searched in a liquid or gaseous sample in which the component is searched for) is replaced by an optical filter, preferably an interference filter. A combination of reflecting walls for the instrument casing and the inner body is also disclosed, the assembly being completed by a window for the flow of the IR radiations and by two thermistors inserted in a Wheatstone bridge circuitry, the unbalances of which are exploited both for detecting the presence of the searched for component and for measuring its concentration by comparison.

Abstract: The two beam analyzer has chambers traversed by infrared beams and passed through by test gas; the intensity of each beam is detected by a detector having chambers which are filled with gas of the same type as the gas to be detected (as a trace) in the test gas. Additionally, one beam path includes a selectivity cuvette or cell, filled exclusively with that type of gas, but at a rather low pressure.

Abstract: The contaminants in the exhaust gas emissions from a motor vehicle such as carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC) are analyzed and the concentration of the contaminants together with other pertinent data is displayed in a digital manner. The exhaust gas emissions are fed into a sample cell contained within a nondispersive infrared analyzer and the absorption of an infrared radiation beam at selected wavelengths by the gas within the cell is measured. A reference cell containing a reference gas is also positioned in the infrared radiation beam path. By means of a rotating chopper disk positioned in the light path, the infrared radiation beam passes alternately through the reference cell and the sample cell and is focused at a plurality of detectors which are each sensitized to a narrow wave band by a filter and which receive the alternate sample cell and reference cell radiation pulses.

Abstract: A two infrared beam gas analyzer, with sample and reference paths and radiation chopper has two absorption cells as detectors wherein the pressures are compared in a first diaphragm capacitor and the sum with parameter modification by operation of pneumatic inpedances is formed in a second diaphragm capacitor. The ratio of the two capacitor outputs constitutes the output of the system. A compact unitary construction is described in detail including the detector chambers and one capacitor in a body serving as mounting element for the second capacitor with a frit like element interposed as pneumatic inpedances and rotational adjustment of that second capacitor as a whole results in parameter adjustment.