Abstract: A novel proton imaging system incorporates positron emission detections to enhance proton therapy treatment preparation and procedural efficiencies while reducing operational costs associated with proton therapy. In one case, the novel proton imaging system incorporating a positron emission tomography (PET) module enables rapid on-the-fly in vivo range verification for proton therapy using position information from short-lived positron emitters produced during treatment. This unique in vivo range verification method produces more streamlined, accurate, and cost-effective results relative to conventional proton imaging systems. In another case, the novel proton imaging system incorporating the PET module provides a unique combinatory PET/pCT (proton computer tomography) scanning that creates more accurate maps for proton therapy planning for metabolically-active tumors.

Abstract: A scintillator panel includes a substrate made of an organic material, a barrier layer formed on the substrate and including thallium iodide as a main component, and a scintillator layer formed on the barrier layer and including cesium iodide as a main component. According to this scintillator panel, moisture resistance can be improved by providing the barrier layer between the substrate and the scintillator layer.

Abstract: Implementations provide for automated detection of a calibration object within a recorded image. In some implementations, a system receives an original image from a camera, wherein the original image includes at least a portion of a calibration chart. The system further derives a working image from the original image. The system further determines regions in the working image, wherein the regions include groups of pixels having values within a predetermined criterion. The system further analyzes two or more of the regions to identify a candidate calibration chart in the working image. The system further identifies at least one region within the candidate calibration chart as a patch, where the identifying of the at least one region is based on a color of the patch. The system further predicts a location of one or more additional patches based on at least the identified patch.

Abstract: Method for calibrating a photodetector (3), the method including the following steps: measuring an afterpulsing probability and/or timing of the photodetector (3) under different operating conditions defined by values of one or more operating parameters, at least one of which is a single-photon property of an optical signal (2) incident on the photodetector (3) when measuring the afterpulsing probability, and recording the measured afterpulsing probability and/or timing in relation to the values of the one or more operating parameters; and photodetector calibrated using this method.

Abstract: Radiation detectors and methods of using the radiation detectors that provide a route for surface decontamination during use are described. The detectors utilize light illumination of an internal surface during use. Light is in the longer UV-to-near-infrared spectra and desorbs contamination from internal surfaces of radiation detectors. The methods can be carried out while the detectors are in operation, preventing the appearance of the negative effects of radioactive and non-radioactive contamination during a detection regime and following a detection regime.

Abstract: Provided are backscatter detection systems and methods implementing sensor arrays comprising flexible scintillators, and associated methods of operations. Specifically, an apparatus for detecting backscatter of a radiation beam formed in response to the radiation beam encountering an object comprises a structure configured to change from a first shape to a second shape. The apparatus further comprises a sensor array which comprises a flexible scintillating panel covering an area of the structure, and configured to conform to the shape of the structure form the first shape to the second shape. The flexible scintillating panel may comprise a plurality of optical fibers enclosed in a semi-rigid casing and coupled to a light detector. The plurality of optical fibers may be arranged in one or more layers. A layer of optical fibers may be arranged in a plurality of clusters or in an interwoven configuration.

Abstract: Systems, devices, and methods are presented for automatic tuning, calibration, and verification of radiation therapy systems comprising control elements configured to control parameters of the radiation therapy systems based on images obtained using electronic portal imaging devices (EPIDs) included in the radiation therapy system.

Abstract: There is provided an arrangement including an x-ray detector arranged in conjunction with in-line x-ray focusing optics configured for manipulation of x-rays in medical transmission radiography, wherein the in-line x-ray optics includes an array of lenses, in which the lenses cover parts of, or the entire, field of view, and in which the x-ray detector is a photon-counting detector. Furthermore, the x-ray detector is an energy-resolving detector and chromatic aberration of the lens array and/or limited coherence of the source is compensated for by the energy resolution of the energy-resolving detector, and/or the x-ray detector is a depth-resolving detector and chromatic aberration of the lens array and/or limited coherence of the source is compensated for by depth resolution or volumetric resolution in the detector.

Abstract: The present invention discloses single crystal based phoswich detector for discriminating various kinds of radiations. The invented phoswich detector comprises a single crystal based scintillator having at least a pair of single crystals with identical refractive indices and different scintillation kinetics and a photo-sensor coupled to the single crystal based scintillator to detect a scintillation light pulse generated through interaction of radiation elements with the pair of the single crystals for discrimination of different kinds of radiation elements based on a dissimilarity in the scintillation light pulse shapes generated through the interactions.

Abstract: A scintillation apparatus design is provided which eliminates the requirement of an optical window between the scintillator and the photosensitive device. The disclosed design provides significantly improved performance with a scintillator mounted directly to the photosensitive device. Improved light coupling between the scintillator and the photosensitive device is achieved. The present disclosure improves the light transmission to the photosensitive device (PSD) by direct coupling of the photosensitive device to the scintillator. By eliminating the need for an optical window, light loss due to the glass interface caused by the optical window likewise may be eliminated. The improvement of light transmission to the PSD improves the gamma ray energy resolution. The quality of the gamma spectroscopy is improved with this design. Furthermore, providing the means and method for evacuating the internal assembly significantly improves the reliability and lifespan of the detector assembly.

Abstract: Large detection area, high spatial resolution, high dynamic range and low noise neutron detectors are disclosed. Curved detectors that minimize parallax errors and boundary regions without sacrificing its intrinsic resolution or the efficiency are also disclosed.

Abstract: A monocrystalline scintillator comprises a monocrystal and an optical plate wherein a first side of the monocrystal is adhered to the optical plate. The monocrystal comprises at least one of a rare earth garnet, a perovskite crystal, a rare-earth silicate, and a monocrystal oxysulphide. The scintillator assembly includes an adhesive adhering the optical plate to the first side of the monocrystal. The adhesive can comprise an ultra-high vacuum compatible adhesive. The adhesive is substantially transparent and has a refractive index matching the optical plate. The scintillator assembly can also include a reflective coating on the second side of the monocrystal. The monocrystalline scintillator assembly can be incorporated in a microchannel plate image intensifier tube to provide improved spatial resolution and temporal response.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a semiconductor device and a semiconductor device produced thereby. For example and without limitation, various aspects of this disclosure provide a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, and a semiconductor device produced thereby, that that comprises a transparent, translucent, non-opaque, or otherwise optically-transmissive, external surface.

Abstract: Provided is a radiation detector that is capable of accurately calculating the time of occurrence of fluorescence. In addition to a configuration that calculates a single signal time, the present invention, in view of the case in which a multiple event occurs, also has a configuration that on the basis of an added signal generated by adding detection signals together, calculates the time of occurrence of fluorescence (added signal time). The radiation detector according to the present invention is configured to output the added signal time as the time of occurrence of fluorescence when the number of detection elements 3a in the fluorescence detection is plural (at the time of a multiple event). In the case of a multiple event, from the viewpoint of strengthening of a signal addition, an added signal time is more accurate than a single signal time.

Abstract: This method and system provide an imaging system for producing static and dynamic images from electromagnetic radiation such as x-rays and high-energy electrons. The detector includes a top electrode layer, a photoconducting layer and a bottom electrode layer. Within the bottom electrode layers are a set of pixel circuits for sensing the radiation. The photoconducting layer has a thickness at least three times greater than the pitch of one of the individual pixel circuits.

Abstract: An intra-oral dental radiological image sensor is mechanically reinforced by two front RA and rear RB mechanical reinforcing plates each inserted between a respective face of an image capture module and a respective front 20A and rear 20B shell bottom of a casing. The front reinforcing plate is a solid plate, made of material transparent to X rays, covering the photosensitive front face (scintillator) of the module, and harder than the front shell. The rear plate, less thick than the front plate, is harder than the rear shell and comprises an opening O provided to surround, without covering them, components present on the rear face of the module, under a rear shell dome.

Abstract: The invention concerns a scintillation detector with which high count rates and/or high resolutions are possible. The scintillator of the claimed scintillation detector is formed from pixels (2), which are separated from each other by interstices (4). Alternatively or additionally, the surface of the scintillator is divided by grooves into pixels (2). Such a structure enables not only a particularly high resolution. When multiple detector modules are used, it also allows high count rates in the range of roughly 20 MHz.

Abstract: An imaging device includes: a first scintillator layer; an array of detector elements, wherein the array of detector elements comprises a first detector element; a second scintillator layer, wherein the array of detector elements is located between the first scintillator layer and the second scintillator layer; and a first neutral density filter located between the first scintillator layer and the first detector element and/or a second neutral density filter located between the second scintillator layer and the first detector element; wherein the first detector element is configured to generate a first electrical signal in response to light from the first scintillator layer, and to generate a second electrical signal in response to light from the second scintillator layer.

Abstract: A calibration method for calibrating at least one gamma radiation detector includes a monolithic scintillation crystal. The calibration method comprises obtaining event data for a plurality of scintillation events. The event data for each scintillation event includes a plurality of location sensitive signals observed by the at least one gamma radiation detector to be calibrated, applying an unsupervised learning algorithm to embed the event data on a low-dimensional manifold, and obtaining calibration data considering the low-dimensional manifold embedding.

Abstract: The present application relates to a dual energy detector and a radiation inspection system. The dual energy detector comprises: a detector module mount and a plurality of detector modules. The detector module includes a higher energy detector array and a lower energy detector array, which are juxtaposedly provided on said detector module mount to be independently irradiated. The present application may simplify the arrangement of the photodiodes and printed circuit boards to which the higher and lower energy detector arrays are connected, such that necessary thickness dimension of the detector module mount is reduced, thereby facilitating the installation and use of the dual energy detector of the present application. On the other hand, the radiation beam in the present application may be independently irradiated to the higher and lower energy detector arrays juxtaposed to each other, which reduces to certain extent the mutual restriction during selection of the higher and lower energy detector arrays.

Abstract: A device for determining a dose deposited in a scintillator by an ionizing radiation, comprises: a scintillator configured to be irradiated by the ionizing radiation and capable of emitting scintillation photons during interaction with the ionizing radiation; a measurement device comprising a single photodetector, the photodetector being a low-noise photodetector, the determination device being configured in such a way that the photodetector functions in single photon counting mode, the photodetector supplying, at the output of same, a measurement of the total intensity of light received by the photodetector from the scintillator; and an analyzer configured to determine a dose deposited in the scintillator by the ionizing radiation from the total intensity alone of light measured by the photodetector and a predetermined constant dependent only on the scintillator, the light output of the determination device and the type of ionizing radiation.

Abstract: An aim of the present invention is to improve the conversion efficiency of scintillation light into electric charge by a photoelectric conversion element in an imaging panel of an X-ray imaging system using an indirection conversion scheme. An imaging panel generates images based on scintillation light acquired from X-rays that have passed through a specimen. The imaging panel includes a substrate, thin film transistor, photoelectric conversion element, and reflective layer. The thin film transistor is formed on the substrate. The photoelectric conversion element is connected to the thin film transistor and converts incident scintillation light into electric charge. The entirety of a region of a light-receiving surface of the photoelectric conversion element where the scintillation light is incident overlaps the reflective layer as seen from the incident direction of the scintillation light. The reflective layer may be the drain electrode.

Abstract: An electron detector assembly configured for detecting electrons emitted from a sample irradiated by an electron beam, comprising a scintillator including a scintillator layer, the scintillator layer emitting light signals corresponding to impingement of electrons thereupon, a light guide plate coupled to the scintillator layer and comprising a peripheral surface, and a single or plurality of silicon photomultiplier devices positioned upon the peripheral surface and arranged perpendicularly or obliquely relative to the scintillating surface, the silicon photomultiplier device being configured to yield an electrical signal from an electron impinging upon the scintillator layer.

Abstract: An additive containing an ion as a luminescence center is added to alkali halide powder as a base material. Mechanical energy for applying an impact force, a shearing force, a shear stress, or a friction force is applied so as to grind or mix the alkali halide powder and the additive. The ion as the luminescence center is doped into the alkali halide as the base material so as to obtain alkali halide-based scintillator powder. With this process, the alkali halide-based scintillator powder can be manufactured at a room temperature in the atmospheric air without any complicated condition control or any process at a high temperature under high vacuum and a large-sized scintillator sheet can be produced.

Abstract: An X-ray computer tomography (CT) apparatus according to an embodiment includes an X-ray source, an X-ray detector, and generating circuitry. The X-ray source radiates X-rays. The X-ray detector includes a scintillator including a first region close to the X-ray source and a second region distant from the X-ray source, an optical sensor that detects scintillator light obtained by converting the X-rays radiated from the X-ray source with the scintillator, and a variable layer that is provided in the scintillator and switchable between a first state in which the variable layer transmits the scintillator light between the first region and the second region and a second state in which the variable layer does not transmit the scintillator light between the first region and the second region. The generating circuitry generates a CT image based on a signal output from the X-ray detector.

Abstract: The radiation detector (10) comprises a scintillator (15) having a first refractive index (ns) for converting incident radiation (RR) received at a first side (S1) of the radiation detector (10) into converted radiation (CR), a photosensor (20) for receiving the converted radiation (CR) from the scintillator (15), and an optical coating layer (25) arranged between the scintillator (15) and the photosensor (20). The scintillator (15) has regions (RR) arranged for being imaged, when impinged by the incident radiation (RR), onto corresponding regions of the photosensor (20). The optical coating layer (25) has a second refractive index (no) lower than the first refractive index (ns) for reflecting the converted radiation (CR) resulting from the incident radiation (RR) impinged on a particular region (A1) of the scintillator (15) and received by a region (A3) of the optical coating layer (25) corresponding to a photosensor region different from the imaged one (A2).

Abstract: A chip part includes a substrate that has an upper surface, a lower surface positioned on an opposite side of the upper surface, and a sidewall by which the upper surface and the lower surface are connected together and that has a plurality of concavo-convex portions formed on the sidewall from a side of the upper surface toward a side of the lower surface, a functional element formed at the side of the upper surface of the substrate, a first external electrode and a second external electrode that are arranged at the upper surface of the substrate so as to be electrically connected to the functional element, and a sidewall insulating film with which the sidewall of the substrate is coated so as to fill the plurality of concavo-convex portions formed on the sidewall of the substrate with the sidewall insulating film.

Abstract: Described herein is a boron-loaded liquid scintillator composition comprising a scintillation solvent including at least one linear alkylbenzene (LAB), diisopropyl naphthalene (DIN) or phenylxylyl ethane (PXE), or a combination of one or more thereof; at least one boron-containing material; one or more fluors, such as 2,5-diphenyloxazole (PPO), and optionally one or more wavelength shifters, such as 1,4-bis[2-methylstyryl]benzene (bis-MSB). The boron-containing material may comprise a carborane, such as o-carborane, especially those enriched in Boron-10. Methods of preparation of the liquid scintillator composition are also described, as well as concentrates thereof.

Abstract: In a radiation detector, an output extraction portion includes a first resistor chain, a first light detection portion of each of a plurality of radiation detection units being connected to the first resistor chain, and a second resistor chain, a second light detection portion of each of the plurality of radiation detection units being connected to the second resistor chain.

Abstract: Gamma-ray sensing probes operating under the Cerenkov effect measure the burnup of spent nuclear fuel assemblies. The probes include an optical fiber that reacts to gamma rays coming from the spent nuclear fuel assembly and emit light via the Cerenkov effect. A scatterer surrounds the optical fiber to increase the light emitting efficiency of the optical fiber by the Compton electron scattering. A collimator composed of shielding material surrounds the scatterer. The collimator has a slit groove which is open in one direction for directing the gamma rays from the spent fuel assembly to the scatterer.

Abstract: In this radiation detector, a scintillator block (3) and a light guide (5) are optically coupled such that surfaces of side peripheral portions (25) face surfaces of scintillator crystals, among scintillator crystals configuring the scintillator block (3), which are positioned at side edge portions. Accordingly, scintillator light generated at the side edge portions of the scintillator block (3) becomes incident on the side peripheral portions (25) more reliably. As a result, a radiation detector (1) according to the present invention is capable of achieving high resolution in DOI detection. Furthermore, resin curing is used to integrally form the side peripheral portions (25) comprising a plurality of blocks, and thus a complex assembly step during production of the light guide (5) does not need to be performed. Accordingly, production of the light guide (5) is facilitated, and thus low production costs of the radiation detector according to the present invention can be achieved.

Abstract: Apparatus for radiography is disclosed, which includes a flat panel scintillator having a first surface for being exposed to radiation and a second surface for emitting visible light in response, and an associated imaging system. The imaging system includes a plurality of scanning MEM mirrors, each associated with a respective sub-region of the scintillator second surface, each scanning MEM mirror being mounted and controlled so as to re-direct light from along a predetermined scan path within the respective sub-region towards a respective optical channel. A photodetector is associated with each scanning MEM mirror and optical channel for receiving the re-directed light and generating an electrical signal representing light intensity. A processor receives the electrical signal from each photodetector and the corresponding position of each scanning MEM mirror to generate therefrom a reconstructed two-dimensional image.

Abstract: A radiation detector can include a scintillator having opposing end surfaces and a plurality of discrete photosensors disposed on an end surface of the scintillator. In an embodiment, the photosensors are disposed at the corners or along the peripheral edge of the end surface, as opposed to being disposed at the center of the end surface. In an embodiment, the plurality of discrete photosensors may cover at most 80% of a surface area of the end surface of the scintillator and may not cover a center of the end surface of the scintillator. In a further embodiment, an aspect ratio of the monolithic scintillator can be selected to improve energy resolution.

Abstract: An image pickup apparatus is configured with an image pickup device on which a plurality of bumps are arranged in line on an outer circumferential portion of a light receiving surface; and a flexible wiring board including a plurality of inner leads each of which is configured with a distal end portion, a bending portion and a rear end portion, the distal end portion being compression-bonded to a bump, and the rear end portion being arranged parallel to a side face of the image pickup device with the bending portion interposed between the distal end portion and the rear end portion. A height of a light receiving portion side of the bumps is lower than a height of a side face side; and each of the inner leads is plastically transformed according to a shape of a top face of the bumps.

Abstract: An implantable magnetic relaxation sensor is provided that comprises superparamagnetic nanoparticies functionalized with one or more agents that bond with a biomarker of interest. The sensor is configured for minimally-invasive implantation into a human or animal, and is configured to indicate the implanted sensor's cumulative exposure to the biomarker of interest by analysis using magnetic resonance relaxometry.

Abstract: The invention relates to X-ray imaging devices, particularly to devices for X-ray mammography and tomosynthesis. The scintillation detector comprises at least one photosensor with an array of cells each of thereof has a photosensitive area, and a scintillator arranged in the form of a structured aggregate made of elements isolated from each other and placed on the surface of the photosensor. The new construction of the proposed scintillation detector is the completely eliminated need for precise alignment of the structured scintillator based on the elements with a matrix of cells of a photosensor. Precise arrangement of the scintillation elements and the matrix of cells of a photosensor is performed directly during the formation of the scintillation elements. The technical result achieved by using the invention is the increase of image contrast.

Abstract: A wearable neutron detector is disclosed that includes a body attachment portion that is configured to be secured to a portion of a human body. The wearable detector includes a scintillator having a plurality of wavelength optical shifting fibers. One or more light converters are connected with the wavelength optical shifting fibers. A detection circuit is connected with the light converters configured to detect a neutron event. A control unit is connected with the detection circuit. An annunciator is connected with the control unit for generating an enunciation of the neutron event. The electronic components are housed within the body attachment portion.

Abstract: Methods, devices and a system for disease management are provided that employ diagnostic testing devices (e.g., blood glucose meters) and medication delivery devices (e.g., insulin delivery devices) for providing data to a repository in real-time and automatically. Repository data can be analyzed to determine such information as actual test strip use, patient health parameters to outside prescribed ranges, testing and medication delivery compliance, patient profiles or stakeholders to receive promotional items or incentives, and so on. Connected meters and medication delivery devices and repository data analysis are also employed to associate a diagnostic test to a mealtime based on timing of a therapeutic intervention performed by an individual.

Abstract: A radiographic image capturing apparatus includes: a pixel array in which a plurality of pixels outputting an electrical signal corresponding to radiation are arranged; a readout circuit section; and a member for preventing radiation from entering the readout circuit section. The pixel array includes a first region in which some pixels used for generating image signals are arranged, and a second region in which other pixels not used for generating the image signals are arranged in at least part of a region around the first region. From an outer side toward an inner side of the pixel array, an end on the inner side of the readout circuit section disposed in the second region, an end on the inner side of an orthogonal projection of the member to the pixel array, and an end on the inner side of the second region are arranged in this order.

Abstract: A display device is provided. The display device includes a first substrate, a first barrier layer disposed on the first substrate, a second substrate, a second barrier layer disposed on the second substrate, an display medium disposed between the first barrier layer and the second barrier layer, and a metal enclosing wall connecting the first substrate to the second substrate and surrounding the display medium. The metal enclosing wall includes a first metal layer having a first opening and connected to the first substrate, a second metal layer connected to the second substrate, and a third metal layer formed between the first metal layer and the second metal layer.

Abstract: A novel method of making a crystal block array (configured for coupling with photodetectors as part of an integrated detector module useful in advanced PET scanner systems) is disclosed herein. The novel method comprises a series of cutting, polishing, and assembling steps that utilize reflective sheet material. The crystal block arrays disclosed herein may be of various dimensions and geometries and are amenable to mass production.

Abstract: According to one aspect, a planar and volumetric dosimeter for use with a radiotherapy machine having a radiation source. The dosimeter includes a scintillating assembly including a plurality of scintillating optical fibers and configured to generate a light output in response to incident dose distribution thereon from the radiation source, and a photo-detector operable to convert optical energy emitted by the scintillating assembly to electrical signals for determining actual two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) dose distribution incident on the scintillating assembly using a tomographic reconstruction algorithm.

Abstract: A PET scanning system includes a plurality of detector modules, each having an array of pixelated scintillators, the array having N rows of pixelated scintillators, and M columns of pixelated scintillators. Each detector module includes a first set of N light guides optically coupled to the top surface that accumulate optical signals, and a second set of M light guides optically coupled to the bottom surface that accumulate optical signals. Each light guide is coupled to a light sensor which converts optical signals into analog electrical outputs. A processor is coupled to outputs from the first set and the second set, the processor configured to determine which pixelated scintillator within the array had a gamma ray interact therewith, and its depth of interaction, based on the outputs. Thus, gamma ray detection in an array of M×N scintillator pixels is accomplished using only M+N channels.

Abstract: The present invention provides a scintillator panel which is provided with a narrow-width barrier rib with high accuracy in a large area, and also has high luminous efficiency and realizes clear image quality. The present invention provides a scintillator panel including a sheet-like substrate, a barrier rib provided on the substrate, and a scintillator layer made of a phosphor filled in cells divided by the barrier rib, wherein a reflecting layer is formed on only one side of the barrier rib.

Abstract: This document discusses, among other things, a connector for an optical imaging probe that includes one or more optical fibers communicating light along the catheter. The device may use multiple sections for simpler manufacturing and ease of assembly during a medical procedure. Light energy to and from a distal minimally-invasive portion of the probe is coupled by the connector to external diagnostic or analytical instrumentation through an external instrumentation lead. Certain examples provide a self-aligning two-section optical catheter with beveled ends, which is formed by separating an optical cable assembly. Techniques for improving light coupling include using a lens between instrumentation lead and probe portions. Techniques for improving the mechanical alignment of a multi-optical fiber catheter include using a stop or a guide.

Abstract: In a scintillator panel, a glass substrate with the thickness of not more than 150 ?m serves as a support body, thereby achieving excellent radiotransparency and flexibility and also relieving a problem of thermal expansion coefficient. Furthermore, in this scintillator panel, an organic resin layer is formed so as to cover a one face side and a side face side of the glass substrate. This reinforces the glass substrate, whereby the edge part thereof can be prevented from chipping or cracking. Furthermore, stray light can be prevented from entering the side face of the glass substrate, while transparency is ensured for light incident to the other face side of the glass substrate because the organic resin layer is not formed on the other face side of the glass substrate.

Abstract: An x-ray tube for generating a sweeping x-ray beam. A cathode is disposed within a vacuum enclosure and emits a beam of electrons attracted toward a rotating anode. The rotating anode is adapted for rotation with respect to the vacuum enclosure about an axis of rotation. At least one collimator opening or aperture corotates with the rotating anode within the vacuum enclosure, such that a swept x-ray beam is emitted.

Abstract: The invention disclosed herein relates to a scintillation detector for registering the position of gamma photon interactions, an comprises an array of two or more elongated first and second scintillation crystal elements connected together along their respective long sides, and an array of discrete photosensitive areas disposed on a common substrate of a solid-state semiconductor photo-detector. The array of first and second scintillation crystal elements have proximal output windows optically coupled to the array of discrete photosensitive areas in a one-to-one relationship. The invention may be characterized in that the first and second scintillation crystal elements include a rooftop portion at their distal ends, wherein the rooftop portion optically couples one of the first and second scintillation crystal elements to the other and is configured to reflect and transmit light resulting from a gamma photon interaction from one of the first and second scintillation crystal elements to the other.

Abstract: A radiation detector for a radiation imaging system, wherein the detector comprises photosensors, arranged to receive light emitted from an array of scintillator elements. The scintillator elements absorb radiation, such as gamma rays, and emit light. Using Anger arithmetic and crystal decoding, the position of each scintillation event is determined from the relative fractions of light detected by each of the photosensors. Selectively shaping the top surface, i.e., the surface closest to the photosensors, of each scintillator element in the array, the direction of light emission from each scintillator element can be optimized such that the fraction of light detected by each photosensor is optimally distinct for each position in the array of scintillator elements. The top surface of at least one of the scintillator element array is not parallel with the bottom surface of at least one of the scintillator.

Abstract: An apparatus can include a light emitting device and a light sensing device optically coupled to the light emitting device via a first layer and a second layer. In an embodiment, the first layer can have a first thickness and a first index of refraction with a value greater than 0 and the second layer can have a second thickness and a second index of refraction with a value less than 0. In a particular embodiment, the light emitting device can include a scintillator and the light sensing device can include a photosensor.