Abstract: A radiation detector has a photodiode arrangement, a number of scintillators, and a reflector part having a number of compartments corresponding to the number of scintillators, which receive the scintillators in such a way that the scintillators are surrounded by walls of the compartments with the exception of their side respectively facing the photodiode arrangement.

Abstract: A gamma camera plate incorporates scintillation crystal which is sufficiently thick to effectively capture high energy radiation. The crystal is provided on its light output side with an array of light path-modifying partitions which extend partly through its thickness. These partitions define individual light collimating cells which reduce the light spreading which would otherwise prevent effective use of the plate for low energy radiation.

Abstract: A radiation image sensor comprises (1) an image sensor 1 having a plurality of light receiving elements arranged one or two dimensionally, (2) scintillator 2 having columnar structure formed on the light-receiving surface of this image sensor 1 to convert radiation into light including wavelengths that can be detected by the image sensor 1, (3) a protective film 3 formed so as to cover and adhere to the columnar structure of the scintillator 2, and (4) a radiation-transmittable reflective plate 4 that has a reflective surface 42 disposed to face the image sensor across the protective film 3.

Abstract: The invention concerns methods and devices for obtaining a radiographic image of a tooth and its surrounding environment. The method and the device are essentially characterized in that cylindrical rods produced from a material capable of transforming X-rays into light rays are arranged side by side for receiving the X-rays emitted by a source after they have passed through the tooth and its surrounding environment so as to both guide them and transform them into light rays, means thereafter converting said light rays into electric signals which are processed to produce the radiographic image.

Abstract: A photomultiplier tube enhanced in simplicity and flexibility of mounting, a photomultiplier tube unit enhanced in photomultiplier tube assembling efficiency when unitized, and a radiation detector enhanced in assembling efficiency for a plurality of photomultiplier tubes. The photomultiplier tube (1) has a hermetically sealed vessel (5) easily screw-fixed in a predetermined position due to screwing means (30) provided in the stem plate (4). As a result, the photomultiplier tube (1) can be very easily attached or detached so that even an unskilled person can mount the photomultiplier tube (1) easily and accurately in a predetermined position by screwing.

Abstract: The surfaces of an amorphous carbon substrate 10 of a scintillator panel 1 have undergone sandblasting, and an Al film 12 serving as a reflecting film is formed on one surface. A columnar scintillator 14 for converting incident radiation into visible light is formed on the surface of the Al film 12.

Abstract: A radiographic imaging device includes one or more sensors, a scintillation crystal including an emission face, a first set of channels of a first channel depth in the emission face, and a second set of channels of a second channel depth different from the first channel depth in the emission face. Channels of the first and second sets are in a substantially parallel, spaced apart relationship along a first direction, and the second set of channels extend along a second direction non-parallel with the first direction. The scintillation crystal exhibits an anisotropic light spreading function to compensate for differences in sensor spacing along the first and second directions.

Abstract: A radiation detector has a lattice frame laid in a light guide. The lattice frame is prepared by combining thin strips of optical elements, i.e. light reflecting elements. In manufacture, the lattice frame is placed in a recess of a trestle, and a thoroughly defoamed, optically transparent liquid resin is poured into the recess. After the liquid resin cures, the lattice frame and the resin form the light guide which is then removed from the trestle. The light guide is then contoured by cutting and polishing. This construction allows a thickness and angles of the light reflecting elements freely, and has no gaps formed between the reflecting elements and transparent resin, thereby assuring high reflecting efficiency.

Abstract: The invention related to a method for measuring a dose of radiation by a beam of high-power radiation, where in a scintillate (1) is disposed below said beam in order to emit scintillation light whose intensity is a function of the dose of said beam irradiating said scintillate (1); the scintillate (1) is coupled to a device (8) for measuring the light emitted by the scintillate (1) via an optical fiber (2); the amount of light transmitted by the optical fiber (2) is measured; the intensity of the light emitted by the scintillate (1) is determined on the basis of the light emitted by at least one other source, after said optical fiber (2) is used for transmission of the light emitted by the scintillate (1) and the light emitted by each other source. The invention also related to a device for measuring the dose of radiation for the implementation of said method.

Abstract: A method for fabricating an array adapted to receive a plurality of scintillators for use in association with an imaging device. The method allows the creation of a detector array such that location of the impingement of radiation upon an individual scintillator detector is accurately determinable. The array incorporates an air gap between all the scintillator elements. Certain scintillators may have varying height reflective light partitions to control the amount of light sharing which occurs between elements. Light transmission is additionally optimized by varying the optical transmission properties of the reflective light partition, such as by varying the thickness and optical density of the light partitions. In certain locations, no light partitions exist, thereby defining an air gap between those elements. The air gap allows a large increase in the packing fraction and therefore the overall sensitivity of the array.

Abstract: A detector array including a plurality of scintillators for use in association with an imaging device. The detector array is provided for accurate determination of the location of the impingement of radiation upon an individual scintillator detector. An air gap is disposed between the scintillator elements, thereby increasing the packing fraction and overall sensitivity of the array. The amount of light transmitted down the scintillator element and the amount of light transmitted to adjacent elements is modified to optimize the identification of each element in a position profile map by adjusting the surface finish of the detector elements.

Abstract: A 6Li doped glass scintillator sheet is provided with grooves that are cut at given spacings in both a horizontal and a vertical direction. Bundles of wavelength shifting fibers in the vertical grooves and a fluorescence reflector buried in the horizontal grooves make a group of detection pixels. Neutron detecting mediums are provided on the top surface of the scintillator. Bundles of wavelength shifting fibers are also arranged horizontally on the bottom surface of the scintillator. Fluorescence generated by stimulation with neutrons entering the detection pixels and fluorescence generated by stimulation with neutrons incident on the neutron detecting mediums are detected by the fibers in the vertical grooves and the fibers on the bottom surface of the scintillator. The detected fluorescence is used to generate pulse signals that are recorded as time-series data by parallel interfaces. The recorded data are analyzed to produce a two-dimensional neutron image.

Abstract: A surface of a substrate made of Al in a scintillator panel 1 is sandblasted, whereas one surface thereof is formed with an MgF2 film as a low refractive index material. The surface of MgF2 film is formed with a scintillator having a columnar structure for converting incident radiation into visible light. Together with the substrate, the scintillator is covered with a polyparaxylylene film.

Abstract: A fiber optic plate is formed by arranging, in a mutually adjacent manner, a number of individual fiber plates of a same thickness so as to provide a light guiding plane for use in a radiation image pickup apparatus. Each of the individual fiber plates is composed of a group of optical fibers having mutually parallel axes, and the lateral faces of the individual fiber plates are mutually bonded so that the axes of the optical fibers thereof become mutually parallel.

Abstract: The radiation three-dimensional position detector of the present invention comprises a scintillator unit (10), a light receiving element (20) and an operation section (30). The scintillator unit is disposed on the light incident plane of the light receiving element, wherein the scintillator unit is comprised of four layers of scintillator arrays, each layer being composed of scintillator cells arrayed in 8 row—8 column matrix. The scintillator cell produces scintillation light corresponding to the radiation absorbed thereby. The optical characteristic of a partition material for separating neighboring scintillator cells, which faces at least one same side face is different between a scintillator cell Ck1,m,n included in one scintillator array layer (k1-th layer) and a scintillator cell Ck2,m,n included in the other scintillator array layer (k2-th layer).

Abstract: A portable, self-contained, electronic radioscopic imaging system uses a pulsed X-ray source, a remote X-ray sensor, and a self-contained, display and controller unit to produce, store, and/or display digital radioscopic images of an object under investigation in low voltage imaging environments such as medical applications including mammography and tissue imaging, and industrial radiography of low-density structures, or the like. The radiographic system uses an X-ray converter screen for converting impinging X-ray radiation to visible light, and thus each point impinged on the screen by X-ray radiation scintillates visible light emissions diverging from the screen. An image sensor, i.e., a CCD camera, is configured to sense the visible light from the screen. An aspheric objective lens operable with the CCD camera spatially senses visible light within a collection cone directed outwardly from the image sensor. An emission modification lens layer, e.g.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a system and method for efficiently and cost effectively determining an accurate depth of interaction for a crystal that may be used for correcting parallax error and repositioning LORs for more clear and accurate imaging. The present invention is directed to a detector assembly having a thin sensor (e.g., APD) deployed in front of the detector (the side where the radioactive source is located and the photon is arriving to hit the detector) and a second sensor (APD or photomultiplier) on the opposite side of the detector. The light captured by the two interior and exterior sensors which is proportional to the energy of the incident photon and to the distance where the photon was absorbed by the detector with respect to the location of the two sensors, is converted into an electrical signal and interpolated for finding the distance from the two sensors which is proportional to the location where the photon hit the detector.

Abstract: A radiation detector 10 is provided with three optical members 12, 14, 16 arranged so that their entrance end faces 12a, 14a, 16a are placed on a substantially identical plane; a scintillator 18 provided on the entrance end faces 12a, 14a, 16a of the optical members 12, 14, 16; a plurality of CCDs 20 for picking up optical images outputted from exit end faces 12b, 14b, 16b of the optical members 12, 14, 16; and a plurality of lightguide optical members 22 for guiding the optical images outputted from the exit end faces 12b, 14b, 16b of the optical members 12, 14, 16, to the CCDs 20. The optical members 12, 14, 16 are bonded and fixed to each other with an adhesive 24 having the light-absorbing property and spacings between them are set in the range of 10 to 15 &mgr;m. A protective film 26 is provided on the scintillator 18.

Abstract: A rock avoidance control system for solid mineral mining using a forward looking rock/mineral interface detector and controlling the miner to cut to the detected rock/mineral interface. One or more armored gamma ray detectors are positioned near the cutter and move with the cutter such that the angular size of the field of view is not reduced. Angular movements of the cutter are measured and used for calculating the rock/mineral interface location. A device is incorporated within an armored rock detector to sense angular movements of the cutter boom and to correlate changes in gamma radiation to the angular movements, within selected energy ranges. The thickness of the remaining coal is calculated by measuring the rate at which the gamma radiation increases. In one embodiment, rock detectors are used to steer the cutting of the leading drum and/or the trailing drum a long-wall mining system.

Abstract: A radiation detector includes a plurality of scintillators closely arranged two-dimensionally, and a plurality of photoelectron multipliers optically connected to the scintillators. A number of photoelectron multipliers is less than that of the scintillators. A light guide is disposed between the scintillators and the photoelectron multipliers. The light guide is formed of a cured liquid resin and a lattice frame member integrally formed with the cured liquid resin. The lattice frame member forms partition walls in the cured liquid resin to provide compartments therein.

Abstract: A surface of a substrate made of Al in a scintillator panel 1 is sandblasted, whereas one surface thereof is formed with an MgF2 film as a low refractive index material. The surface of MgF2 film is formed with a scintillator having a columnar structure for converting incident radiation into visible light. Together with the substrate, the scintillator is covered with a polyparaxylylene film.

Abstract: A radiographic imaging device includes one or more sensors, a scintillation crystal including an emission face, a first set of channels of a first channel depth in the emission face, and a second set of channels of a second channel depth different from the first channel depth in the emission face. Channels of the first and second sets are in a substantially parallel, spaced apart relationship along a first direction, and the second set of channels extend along a second direction non-parallel with the first direction. The scintillation crystal exhibits an anisotropic light spreading function to compensate for differences in sensor spacing along the first and second directions.

Abstract: In a camera or similar radiation sensitive device comprising a pixilated scintillation layer, a light guide and an array of position sensitive photomultiplier tubes, wherein there exists so-called dead space between adjacent photomultiplier tubes the improvement comprising a two part light guide comprising a first planar light spreading layer or portion having a first surface that addresses the scintillation layer and optically coupled thereto at a second surface that addresses the photomultiplier tubes, a second layer or portion comprising an array of trapezoidal light collectors defining gaps that span said dead space and are individually optically coupled to individual position sensitive photomultiplier tubes. According to a preferred embodiment, coupling of the trapezoidal light collectors to the position sensitive photomultiplier tubes is accomplished using an optical grease having about the same refractive index as the material of construction of the two part light guide.

Abstract: Systems and methods for detecting x-rays are disclosed herein. One or more x-ray-sensitive scintillators can be configured from a plurality of heavy element nano-sized particles and a plastic material, such as polystyrene. As will be explained in greater detail herein, the heavy element nano-sized particles (e.g., PbWO4) can be compounded into the plastic material with at least one dopant that permits the plastic material to scintillate. X-rays interact with the heavy element nano-sized particles to produce electrons that can deposit energy in the x-ray sensitive scintillator, which in turn can produce light.

Abstract: The invention relates to a three-dimensional optical memory medium capable of recording and reading a large quantity of information therein and therefrom, and a process for producing the same. A recording pulsed laser beam is applied to an arbitrary position in a luminescent-ion-containing solid medium as the solid medium is three-dimensionally moved relative to a converging point of the pulsed laser beam.

Abstract: An Radiation detector employs one or more arrays of microphotonic light transmission devices to selectively control the flow of light from different detection sites in a scintillator into an optical conduit. For example the microphotonic light transmission devices may be microelectromechanical steerable mirrors or light gates. Instead of employing a separate detector element to convert the light from each site into an electrical signal that is then switched into a data acquisition system, the present detector assembly switches the light into the optical conduit to the data acquisition system.

Abstract: A scintillator-camera system for determining uniformity of radiation emission from a radioactive source includes a cylindrical scintillation detector, the scintillation detector having a central hole along the long axis and having a conical mirror around the scintillator to direct light emitted from the circumference of the scintillator to a camera. A camera is arranged to view the scintillation detector so that light stimulated in the scintillator by a radioactive source inserted in the central hole is detected by the camera, the camera producing image data upon detection of light stimulated in the scintillator. The image data are adapted to be analyzed to detect non-uniformity in a radiation emission pattern from the radioactive source. The image from the thick scintillator and surrounding conical mirror provides information about both circumferential, i.e., radial, and axial emission non-uniformities in a single view of the radioactive source(s) or seed(s) within the thick scintillator.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described for a production method for making position-sensitive radiation detector arrays. A method includes applying a plurality of masks to a plurality of scintillation crystal slabs; coupling the plurality of scintillation crystal slabs to form a sandwich structure; cutting a plurality of slices from the sandwich structure; and coupling at least two of the plurality of slices to form a detector array.

Abstract: X-ray radiation is transmitted through and scattered from an object under inspection to detect weapons, narcotics, explosives or other contraband. Relatively fast scintillators are employed for faster X-ray detection efficiency and significantly improved image resolution. Detector design is improved by the use of optically adiabatic scintillators. Switching between photon-counting and photon integration modes reduces noise and significantly increases overall image quality.

Abstract: In a scintillator panel comprising a deliquescent scintillator formed on an FOP and a polyparaxylylene film covering over the scintillator, the FOP comprises a protective film peeling prevention rough at a side wall portion thereon coming into contact with the polyparaxylylene film.

Abstract: A method of scanning probe microscopy includes using a cantilever having a planar body, generally opposed first and second ends, and a tip disposed generally adjacent the second end and extending downwardly towards a surface of a sample. Preferably, the sample is disposed on a support surface. The method includes directing a beam of light onto the second end in a direction substantially parallel to the support surface. In operation, the second end directs the beam towards a detector apparatus at a particular angle. Then, the method monitors a change in the angle of deflection of the beam of light caused by deflection of the cantilever as the cantilever tip traverses the surface of the sample, the change being indicative of a characteristic of the surface. Preferably, the second end includes a flat reflective surface, with the flat reflective surface being generally non-planar with respect to the planar body of the cantilever.

Abstract: Resins used in radiation detectors undergo quality change owing to the irradiation. The quality change includes the degradation in the light reflectivity and light transmittance of the resins. The quality change of the resin is one of the causes for the output current reduction of the detectors and affects operating life of the detector. A radiation detector and a CT device are provided which are small in the output current degradation of the radiation detector and long in working life even with a large irradiation. A cured mixture of a rutile type titanium oxide powder and a polyester resin is used for the light reflecting material covering the scintillators. Additionally, a polyester resin is used for bonding the scintillators and semiconductor photodetecting elements together.

Abstract: The present invention provides a high gain collimator producing generally uniform intensity profiles for use in lithography and other applications. A focusing optic is also provided. The collimator includes a reflector and guide channel. The guide channel preferably includes polycapillary tubes and/or microchannel plates. The polycapillary tubes are used to collimate or focus the central portion of the x-ray beam in a circular, elliptic, square, or rectangular shape. A conical, parabolic resonance reflector or grazing incidence reflector with a shape similar to the polycapillary collimator is used to increase the solid angle collected and produce a circular, square, etc. annular x-ray beam whose inside dimensions are approximately equal to the exit dimensions of the polycapillary collimator.

Abstract: An Radiation detector employs one or more arrays of microphotonic light transmission devices to selectively control the flow of light from different detection sites in a scintillator into an optical conduit. For example the microphotonic light transmission devices may be microelectromechanical steerable mirrors or light gates. Instead of employing a separate detector element to convert the light from each site into an electrical signal that is then switched into a data acquisition system, the present detector assembly switches the light into the optical conduit to the data acquisition system.

Abstract: A scintillator panel 1 uses a glass substrate 5, having heat resistance, as a base member for forming a scintillator 10. Glass substrate 5 also functions as a radiation entry window. Also, a dielectric multilayer film mirror 6 is disposed as a light-reflecting film between the scintillator 10 and the glass substrate 5. Furthermore, a light-absorbing film 7 is disposed on the radiation entry surface of glass substrate 5 and this absorbs the light that has been emitted from scintillator 10 and has passed through the dielectric multilayer film mirror 6 and the glass substrate 5. Light components that are reflected by the radiation entry surface, etc., and return to the dielectric multilayer film mirror 7 and the scintillator 10 therefore do not occur and the optical output of the scintillator panel 1 is not subject to degrading effects.

Abstract: The invention relates to a radiation detector, having a photodiode arrangement, a number of scintillators (4), and a reflector part (5) having a number of compartments (12) corresponding to the number of scintillators (4), which receive the scintillators (4) in such a way that the scintillators (4) are surrounded by walls (9, 10, 11) of the compartments (12) with the exception of their side respectively facing the photodiode arrangement.

Abstract: A device (1) for collecting ionizing radiation comprises a scintillating optical fiber (4) received in an opaque sheath, having a first end (7) for receiving ionizing radiation and a second end (14), the fiber is arranged to convert the ionizing radiation received via its first end into light signals and to deliver the signals via its second end. The device further comprises filter means (9) placed at the first end (10) of the sheath (3) to prevent external photons (&ngr;) and gamma type (&ggr;) ionizing radiation from gaining access to the first end (7) of the scintillating fiber (4), and at the second end (14) of the scintillating fiber (4), first connection means (16) suitable for connection to light guide means (2) for enabling the second end (14) of the fiber to be coupled to the end (17) of a light guide (18) of the light guide means.

Abstract: A gamma camera plate incorporates scintillation crystal which is sufficiently thick to effectively capture high energy radiation. The crystal is provided on its light output side with an array of light path-modifying partitions which extend partly through its thickness. These partitions define individual light collimating cells which reduce the light spreading which would otherwise prevent effective use of the plate for low energy radiation.

Abstract: The invention is a fast-scanning ODT system that uses phase information derived from a Hilbert transformation to increase the sensitivity of flow velocity measurements while maintaining high spatial resolution. The significant increases in scanning speed and velocity sensitivity realized by the invention make it possible to image in vivo blood flow in human skin. The method of the invention overcomes the inherent limitations of the prior art ODT by using a phase change between sequential line scans for velocity image reconstruction. The ODT signal phase or phase shifts at each pixel can be determined from the complex function, {tilde over (&Ggr;)}ODT(t), which is determined through analytic continuation of the measured interference fringes function, &Ggr;ODT(t), by use of a Hilbert transformation, by electronic phase demodulation, by optical means, or a fast Fourier transformation. The phase change in each pixel between axial-line scans is then used to calculate the Doppler frequency shift.

Abstract: The surfaces of an amorphous carbon substrate 10 of a scintillator panel 1 have undergone sandblasting, and an Al film 12 serving as a reflecting film is formed on one surface. A columnar scintillator 14 for converting incident radiation into visible light is formed on the surface of the Al film 12.

Abstract: In a radiation detecting apparatus, an &agr; ray and a &bgr; ray are transmitted through a light shielding film but an incident light is shielded. A first light is emitted from a first scintillator by the &agr; ray transmitted through the light shielding film. The first scintillator has an emission center wavelength based on the &agr; ray. A second light is emitted in a second scintillator by the &bgr; ray transmitted through the light shielding film. The second scintillator has an emission center wavelength based on the &bgr; ray. The first and second lights are detected by two photo-detectors, respectively. The first emission center wavelength and the second emission center wavelength are different from each other.

Abstract: A device for measuring the exposure of a solid-state image detector. The image detector includes a first face exposed to ionising radiation representative of the image. The device also lets unabsorbed ionising radiation exit through a second face opposite the first face. The measuring device is configured to be placed close to the second face and to be exposed to the unabsorbed ionising radiation. The device includes at least one optical fiber which emits visible or near visible radiation, obtained by conversion in the optical fiber, towards at least one detection device, the visible or near-visible radiation being representative of the unabsorbed ionising radiation. The detection device produces a signal representative of the exposure of the image detector. Such a device may find particular application to radiology image detectors.

Abstract: Bacterial spores can be rapidly and sensitively detected and quantified based upon molecular recognition of unique chemicals in the spore coat. Spores can be detected and assayed based upon the calcium concentration in bacterial spore coats using the calcium which is unique to the bacterial spores. Since spores contain a high concentration of calcium relative to other biological materials, fluorescent calcium-sensitive indicators are used to detect Ca+2 displaced from the spore case or free in solution or from the aerosol phase. Visibly excitable fluorescent dyes provide a sensitive and selective means to monitor changes in spore concentration and avoid difficulties associated with laser or UV-excitation.

Abstract: Sintered ceramics having such high radiation shielding capability and so easy to machine that they can be used as a radiation shield for radiation detectors are disclosed. The ceramics show a radiation shielding capability more than 90% and preferably have high light reflecting performance. They may comprises rare-earth oxides such as gadolinium oxide, oxide of at least one of vanadium, tantalum and niobium and alkali-earth oxide which is used for a sintering agent. They can be used as a radiation shield in place of a molybdenum or tungsten radiation shielding plate and also as a light reflecting film instead of titanium dioxide film in a radiation detector for radiation CT equipment.

Abstract: A single photon emission computed tomography system produces multiple tomographic images of the type representing a three-dimensional distribution of a photon-emitting radioisotope. The system has a base including a patient support for supporting a patient such that a portion of the patient is located in a field of view. A longitudinal axis is defined through the field of view. A detector module is adjacent the field of view and includes a photon-responsive detector. The detector is an elongated strip with a central axis that is generally parallel to the longitudinal axis. The detector is operable to detect if a photon strikes the detector. The detector can also determine a position along the length of the strip where a photon is detected. A photon-blocking member is positioned between the field of view and the detector. The blocking member has an aperture slot for passage of photons aligned with the aperture slot. The slot is generally parallel to the longitudinal axis.

Abstract: An image sensing apparatus is constructed in the optimum structure for provision of a wide photoreceptive area and has a plurality of solid state image sensing devices, each having a photoreceptive area comprising a plurality of photoelectric conversion elements, and a plurality of optical fiber plates for guiding light to the respective solid state image sensing devices, wherein the optical fiber plates are of a configuration for guiding light obliquely relative to a direction normal to an incidence plane of light of the optical fiber plates and toward the periphery of the solid state image sensing devices to which the optical fiber plates guide the light.

Abstract: This disclosure defined by this invention sets forth an X-ray detector including a scintillator. The scintillator is formed with a doped alkali halogenide and is constructed with an array of photodiodes including at least one photodiode containing a semiconductor material with a color transformer. The color transformer contains a photoluminescent phosphor and may be arranged between the scintillator and the array of photodiodes. One benefit of the scintillator, and an x-ray detect which includes the scintillator, is that it enables a larger part of the X-radiation to be used for image analysis.

Abstract: A radiation image capturing apparatus, comprises a radiation image detector arranged so a to face a radiation source or an object and comprising a scintillator to receive a radiation image and to emit image light; a lens unit array comprising a plurality of lens units and to focus the image light; and a plurality of area sensors arranged so as to correspond in number to the plurality of lens units and to convert the focused image light into image data; and a calibrating device comprising a repetition pattern provided at a light incident side of the plurality of area sensors and to conduct calibration to correct the image data converted by the plurality of area sensors on the basis of the repetition pattern.

Abstract: A radiation image detecting device, comprises: a scintillator to emit light in accordance with an intensity of radiation energy when being irradiated with radiation; a lens array in which a plurality of lens units are arranged in a form of an array, wherein the light emitted from the scintillator passes through the lens array; a lattice to partition the lens array, wherein the plurality of lens units are arranged on the lattice; and a plurality of area sensors corresponding to the plurality of lens units of the lens array, the plurality of area sensors receiving the light having passed through the plurality of lens units and converting the light into electric signals, wherein the scintillator, the lens array and the plurality of area sensors are arranged in that order.

Abstract: A photomultiplier tube and a method and apparatus for molding an optical coupler thereto are described. An optical coupler molding fixture includes a frame and a frame base. A photomultiplier tube is positioned within the frame between a spring and a shim. The optical coupler is formed with a mold which is positioned against the shim. A cavity is created radially interior to the shim between the photomultiplier tube and the mold. The optical coupler is molded to a faceplate of the photomultiplier tube with the fixture oriented so that its longitudinal axis L is parallel to the ground. A clamping structure presses the mold against the shim and provides the optical coupler material a non-leak space in which to cure. The optical coupler material is injected into the mold through a fill hole, and may be injected at ambient temperature. Curing time may range from one week at ambient temperatures to four hours at 65° C. The mold can be machined to create any form desired for the optical coupler.