Abstract: A system counts photon interactions in an array of photosensitive diodes and addresses the issue of improving position resolution. Every photo-detector diode of the array is connected to a readout unit cell containing a high-gain charge-to-voltage amplifier, a shaper, at least two comparators with independent thresholds and at least one interpixel communication logic, receiving as input signals from comparator outputs of the same readout unit cell and of the neighboring readout unit cells. This logic is then connected to at least one counter, each counter followed by a counter readout. By means of the digital interpixel communication logic and the set of comparators with different thresholds in every readout unit cell, it is possible to determine the photon hit position in the detector with a higher position resolution than the physical photo-detector size including the removal of the corner effect in pixel detectors.

Abstract: A direct-current power supply applies a DC voltage to test semiconductor devices. A current detection unit detects a leakage current of a test circuit in which test semiconductor devices are included. A measuring instrument records a pulse waveform of the leakage current. An analyzer analyzes reliability of test semiconductor devices included in the test circuit based on the recorded pulse waveform.

Abstract: A simultaneous dual-band image sensor having a plurality of pixels includes a substrate, a common ground on the substrate, wherein each pixel includes a Band 1 absorber layer on the common ground layer, a barrier layer on the Band 1 absorber layer, a Band 2 absorber layer on the barrier layer, a ring opening in the pixel formed by a removed portion of the Band 2 absorber layer, a removed portion of the barrier layer and a removed portion of the Band 1 absorber layer, wherein the ring opening does not extend through the Band 1 absorber layer, a first contact on a portion of the Band 2 absorber layer inside the ring, and a second contact on a portion of the Band 2 absorber layer outside the ring. The Band 1 absorber layer and the Band 2 absorber layer are n-type, or the Band 1 absorber layer and the Band 2 absorber layer are p-type.

Abstract: An apparatus for supporting spent nuclear fuel including a plurality of wall plates arranged in an intersecting manner to define a basket apparatus extending along a longitudinal axis. The basket apparatus may include a plurality of fuel cells and a plurality of flux traps between adjacent fuel cells. A plurality of reinforcement members may be positioned in the flux traps and may extend between opposing ones of the wall plates that form the flux traps. Each of the wall plates may be a slotted wall plate. The slotted wall plates may be interlocked with one another to form the basket apparatus. Each of the slotted wall plates may include an upper edge, a lower edge, and a plurality of plate slots formed in each of the upper and lower edges. The plate slots of the slotted wall plates may receive intersecting slotted wall plates.

Abstract: Methods and systems for establishing a kinetic model input function (IF) in positron emission tomography and single-photon emission computed tomography are provided. A position of interaction along a scintillating fiber coil is determined by: detecting a first plurality and second plurality of photons at first and second ends of the scintillating fiber coil; associating the first plurality of photons and the second plurality of photons with the interaction event based on a timing parameter; and determining a position of interaction for the interaction event based on a comparison between a first parameter of the first plurality of photons and a second parameter of the photons in the second plurality of photons.

Abstract: In a radiation therapy system, treatment X-rays are delivered to a target volume at the same time that imaging X-rays are also delivered to the target volume for generating image data of the target volume. That is, during an imaging interval in which imaging X-rays are delivered to the target volume, one or more pulses of treatment X-rays are also delivered to the target volume. In each pixel of an X-ray imaging device of the radiation therapy system, image signal is accumulated during portions of the imaging interval in which only imaging X-rays are delivered to the target volume and is prevented from accumulating in each pixel during the pulses of treatment X-rays.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a flat panel detector and a medical image detection device. The flat panel detector includes a base substrate, wherein the base substrate is divided into a plurality of detection units, each detection unit includes a first absorbing layer and a second absorbing layer, both of which are arranged on the base substrate in a laminating manner, the second absorbing layer is located on one side, away from the base substrate, of the first absorbing layer, and an energy level of rays absorbed by the second absorbing layer is smaller than that of rays absorbed by the first absorbing layer; a voltage supply electrode structure; and an output circuit, electrically connected to the voltage supply electrode structure and configured to output a first detection signal of the first absorbing layer and a second detection signal of the second absorbing layer.

Abstract: A method for the X-ray inspection of products of a predefined product type including at least one first component and one second component having different absorption coefficients for X-radiation. X-radiation with a spectral range is transmitted through a product to be examined. The X-radiation that has passed through the product is detected by means of a spectrally resolving X-ray detector. The spectrally resolving X-ray detector assigns the X-ray quanta to a number of energy channels and generates image data which for each pixel include spectral values for selected or all energy channels and/or total spectral values for one or more groups of adjacent energy channels. At least one mapping rule is used to process the image data to form a total image, where each mapping rule is designed such that spectral values or total spectral values are mapped onto a total image value of an image point.

Abstract: In an embodiment a method for operating a radiation detection system having at least one radiation detector and at least one signal filter includes supplying an input signal to the at least one signal filter by the at least one radiation detector, the input signal having step-shaped signal rises, each step-shaped signal rise having a rise time, determining the rise time of a respective step-shaped signal rise, specifying a waiting time for the respective step-shaped signal rise in each case such that the waiting time is greater than or equal to the rise time of the respective step-shaped signal rise and producing an output signal of the at least one signal filter, data point pairs of the input signal being processed in which a time interval of data points from each other is equal to the waiting time for the respective step-shaped signal rise, wherein at least 80% of rise times of the step-shaped signal rises lie between 10 ns and 800 ns inclusive, and wherein the at least one radiation detector includes a sil

Abstract: A photodetection apparatus includes at least one photodetection cell, each of which includes a first photodiode, a first switch, a capacitor, a second switch and a cancellation circuit. The first photodiode is to receive incident light, and converts the incident light received thereby into a first photocurrent. The cancellation circuit includes a second photodiode that is to receive the incident light and that converts the incident light received thereby into a second photocurrent. The cancellation circuit cooperates with the first photodiode and the first and second switches to adjust a residual electric quantity of the capacitor to a value correlated to a magnitude difference between the first and second photocurrents.

Abstract: A method for obtaining fast neutron and gamma ray quantities in an unknown neutron and gamma ray mixed field. The method is comprised of (1) a radiation detector capable of measuring neutrons and gamma rays, (2) identification of the neutron and the gamma ray interactions based on digital pulse shape analysis, (3) formation of a pulse height (or pulse area) histogram for both neutron and gamma ray events, (4) conversion of the neutron and gamma ray pulse height (or pulse area) histogram into a quantity of interest such as count rate, energy spectra, kerma, absorbed dose, and dose equivalent, for both instantaneous and integral readings, and (5) steps (2-4) occurring in real-time.

Abstract: A system for monitoring ionizing radiation in a target area, the system may include a first plurality of consumable nodes deployable within the target area to be exposed to the ionizing radiation. Each consumable node may be progressively damageable over a monitoring time as a result of exposure to the ionizing radiation. A base station may be operable to detect an amount of radiation damage sustained by the consumable nodes and to determine a dosage of ionizing radiation received by any one of the consumable nodes based on a pre-determined correlation between the dosage of ionizing radiation and the amount of radiation damage sustained by the consumable node.

Abstract: Provided are a dual image sensor including an image sensor including a first area and a second area, the first area and the second area including a plurality of pixels, respectively, a band-pass filter layer provided on the first area, the band-pass filter layer configured to transmit light emitted by an object and having a specific wavelength corresponding to physical property information of the object to the image sensor, and a planarization layer provided on the second area and on the same plane as the band-pass filter layer.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a gamma-ray attenuator and a gamma-ray shield for use in gamma-ray spectroscopy. The gamma-ray attenuator is a sleeve comprising a wall, a distal end, and a proximal end. The distal end of the sleeve is closed, and the proximal end of the sleeve forms an opening. A copper insert, a tin insert and a tungsten insert are installed in the sleeve such that the copper insert is adjacent to the distal end and the tungsten insert is closest to the proximal end. The sleeve is comprised of one or more materials that do not substantially attenuate gamma-rays. The open end of the sleeve fits over a tungsten safe that is operable to hold a radionuclide sample. When fitted together, a gamma-ray attenuator and a safe comprise a gamma-ray shield.

Abstract: A quantitative imaging system (100) for automating delivery of a radiopharmaceutical and imaging a patient. The system (100) includes a QI controller (102) that controls the operation of the system. The system (100) includes a producer (104) for creating a radiopharmaceutical and a synthesizer (106) to synthesize the radioisotope with a biologically compatible material to form the radiopharmaceutical. The system (100) includes a dosimeter (110) to measure and timestamp the concentration measurement of the radiopharmaceutical and an injector (112) to deliver the radiopharmaceutical into the patient. The system (100) includes an imaging apparatus (114) to image the patient. The QI controller (102) uses the timestamp of the concentration and decay characteristics to adjust imaging data. The system includes aquantitative analyzer (116) to calculate parametric images and quantitative values from the collected data.

Abstract: An imaging system (100) includes a detector module (114). The detector module includes a block (300) of a plurality of direct conversion photon counting detector pixels (122) and corresponding electronics (124, 604, 606, 132, 134 or 124, 128, 130, 134, 802) with hardware for both high energy resolution imaging mode and high X-ray flux imaging mode connected with the block of the plurality of direct conversion photon counting detector pixels. A method includes identifying a scanning mode for a selected imaging protocol, wherein the scanning modes includes one of a higher energy resolution mode and a higher X-ray flux mode, configuring a detector module, which is configurable for both the higher energy resolution mode and the higher X-ray flux mode, based on the identified scanning mode, performing the scan with the detector module configured for the mode of the selected imaging protocol, and processing scan data from the scan, generating volumetric image data.

Abstract: The sensitivity of one or more single-photon avalanche diodes (SPAD) in a SPAD detector is modulated over time. The sensitivity of all of the SPADs may be modulated, or the sensitivity of one section of the SPADs can be modulated differently from another section of the SPADs. Various techniques for modulating the sensitivity are disclosed.

Abstract: A semiconductor detector and a packaging method thereof. The semiconductor detector includes: a cathode circuit board including a read out chip, a high voltage side top layer of the cathode circuit board, a bottom connection layer of the cathode circuit board and a dielectric filled between the high voltage side top layer and the bottom connection layer, wherein the high voltage side top layer is connected to the bottom connection layer through a via hole; and a detector crystal including a crystal body, an anode and a cathode, the anode is connected to the read out chip of the cathode circuit board, the high voltage side top layer is connected to an input terminal of the semiconductor detector and the bottom connection layer directly contacts the cathode of the detector crystal to connect the cathode to the cathode circuit board.

Abstract: In a method embodiment, a method includes generating one or more first signals proportional to the position and intensity of photons within a first range of wavelengths and incident on a position sensing pixel of an array of position sensing pixels. The method further includes generating one or more second signals proportional to a number of photons within a second range of wavelengths and incident on an image sensing pixel of an array of image sensing pixels. The array of image sensing pixels is formed monolithically on the array of position sensing pixels.

Abstract: A solid-state radiation detector includes a pattern of conductive metal on a zinc oxide substrate. The pattern provides an arrangement of interdigitated electrode fingers. The wide band gap substrate is sensitive to UV light, which can cause a conductivity change in the substrate. The electrode fingers are configured to sense a difference in substrate conductivity resulting from UV light. The detector has a fast response time, which enables it to detect Cherenkov light. The compact detector provides savings on size, weight, and required power. Thus, the solid-state detector can be used to replace photomultiplier tubes in Cherenkov detectors. The features of the novel detector allow for an improved system to detect and monitor UV radiation, especially during deep space missions.

Abstract: A dose rate monitoring device includes: a first energy compensation coefficient operation part obtaining a first energy compensation coefficient to incident radiation using the first compensation coefficient table, a first dose rate operation part obtaining a first compensation dose rate of incident radiation using the first energy compensation coefficient and G (E) function, a second energy compensation coefficient operation part obtaining a second energy compensation coefficient to incident radiation using a second compensation coefficient table, a second dose rate operation part obtaining a second compensation dose rate of incident radiation using a second energy compensation coefficient, a dose rate switching section which select an output according to the magnitude of a ratio of the first compensation dose rate to the second compensation dose rate, and a display operating section which displays the first compensation dose rate or the second compensation dose rate which the dose rate switching section out

Abstract: Disclosed are methods and devices for estimating object scatter and/or internal scatter in a multi-level photon-counting x-ray detector, as well as x-ray tomographic imaging while correcting for object and internal scatter. The x-ray detector has at least two layers of detector diodes mounted in an edge-on geometry, e.g. designed for 1) estimating the object scatter contribution to the counts in a top layer of the at least two layers based on difference(s) in counts between the top layer and lower layer(s) under the assumption the object scatter has a slowly varying spatial distribution, and/or 2) estimating counts from reabsorption of photons that have Compton scattered inside the detector based on selectively blinding some detector elements from primary radiation by placing a highly attenuating beam stop on top of the detector elements, in lower layer(s) or in both top layer and lower layer(s), and measuring the counts in those detector elements.

Abstract: A portable radiation detection device with a detector unit comprising a scintillator with an array of avalanche photodiodes allows to reliably detect incident ionizing radiation or radiation contamination in the presence of intense magnetic fields of 0.1 Tesla and above.

Abstract: One feature pertains to a radiation dosimeter comprising a microdosimeter cell array that includes a first microdosimeter cell having a first semiconductor volume configured to generate a first current in response to incident radiation. The first semiconductor volume may have at least one of a first size, a first shape, a first semiconductor type, and/or a first semiconductor doping type and concentration that is associated with a first biological cell type or a first biological cell component type. The dosimeter may further comprise a processing circuit communicatively coupled to the microdosimeter cell array and configured to generate a signal based on the first current. The signal generated may be indicative of an amount of radiation absorbed by the microdosimeter cell array. A display may be utilized by the dosimeter to show a radiation level reading based on the signal generated.

Abstract: A method for detecting both gamma-ray events and neutron events with a common detector, where the detector includes a layer of semiconductor material bounded by electrodes, and the electrodes include an anode on one side of the semiconductor material and a cathode on the other side of the semiconductor material, includes the following steps: (a) monitoring the electrical signal at each of the anode and the cathode; and (b) comparing the magnitude of the signals at the anode and the cathode, and the transit time difference between the start of the anode signal and the time when the anode signal reaches a maximum, relatively constant value. In the comparing step, predetermined criteria are used to differentiate between gamma-ray events and neutron events.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and apparatus for processing signals of a semiconductor detector, including: acquiring a relationship of a time difference between anode and cathode signals of the semiconductor detector with an anode signal amplitude; obtaining an optimal data screening interval according to the relationship of the time difference between anode and cathode signals of the semiconductor detector with the anode signal amplitude, wherein the optimal data screening interval is an interval where the time difference between the anode and cathode signals is greater than 50 ns; and screening and processing the collected data according to the optimal data screening interval when the semiconductor detector collects data. The present invention better overcomes the inherent crystal defects of the detector, reduces the effect of background noise, increases the energy resolution of the cadmium zinc telluride detector under room temperature, and improves the peak-to-compton ratio.

Abstract: A sensor device (100, 2800) for detecting particles, the sensor device (100, 2800) comprising a substrate (102), a first doped region (104) formed in the substrate (102) by a first dopant of a first type of conductivity, a second doped region (106, 150) formed in the substrate (102) by a second dopant of a second type of conductivity which differs from the first type of conductivity, a depletion region (108) at a junction between the first doped region (104) and the second doped region (106, 150), a sensor active region (110) adapted to influence a property of the depletion region (108) in the presence of the particles, and a detection unit (112) adapted to detect the particles based on an electric measurement performed upon application of a predetermined reference voltage between the first doped region (104) and the second doped region (106, 150), the electric measurement being indicative of the presence of the particles in the sensor active region (110).

Abstract: One feature pertains to a microdosimeter cell array that includes a plurality of microdosimeter cells each having a semiconductor volume adapted to generate a current in response to incident radiation. The semiconductor volumes of each of the plurality of microdosimeter cells have at least one of a size, a shape, a semiconductor type, and/or a semiconductor doping type and concentration that is associated with one or more cells or cell components of a human eye. A processing circuit is also communicatively coupled to the microdosimeter cell array and generates a signal based on the currents generated by the semiconductor volumes of the plurality of microdosimeter cells. The signal generated by the processing circuit is indicative of an amount of radiation absorbed by the microdosimeter cell array.

Abstract: A photoelectric conversion apparatus includes a substrate 13 and a photodiode 9 in which a first semiconductor layer 25, a second semiconductor layer 26 and a third semiconductor layer 27 are laminated on the substrate 13 in the stated order. The second semiconductor layer 26 is an i-type semiconductor layer, and one of the first semiconductor layer 25 and the third semiconductor layer 27 is an n-type semiconductor layer, and the other is a p-type semiconductor layer. Also, the first semiconductor layer 25 is covered by the second semiconductor layer 26.

Abstract: An X-ray radiation passage window can be used for a radiation detector. The X-ray radiation passage window for a radiation detector includes a radiation-transmissive window element. The radiation-transmissive window element contains graphene. Furthermore, a radiation detector including an X-ray radiation passage window, a method for producing an X-ray radiation passage window and a use of graphene are disclosed.

Abstract: A protector for a viewport of a vacuum chamber includes a substrate material that absorbs radiation having a wavelength of an amplified light beam and radiation having a wavelength included in an emission spectra of a target material that produces EUV light when ionized by the amplified light beam. The substrate material transmits one or more of visible or near-infrared light. The protector also includes a layer formed on the substrate material, and the layer reflects radiation having the wavelength of the amplified light beam.

Abstract: A measuring device has a storage unit, a processing unit and a display device for displaying a digitised and stored first partial signal and at least one digitised and stored second partial signal. In this context, the first partial signal and the second partial signal are partial signals of different bands of the multiband signal. The processing unit is embodied to display in a first window in the display device a first signal derived from the first partial signal and a first analysis line, and to display in a second window in the display device a second signal derived from the second partial signal and a first analysis line corresponding in time to the first analysis line of the first window.

Abstract: A radiation detector is offered which can suppress generation of sum peaks.

Abstract: Multi-band photodetectors can be formed by series connecting unipolar and, optionally, bipolar semiconductor structures, each having different photodetection bands. Under default mode of operation, the detector with highest resistance and lowest current will be the current limiting device and will be the active photodetector. When the active photodetector is illuminated with strong light in its own detection band it will be optically biased. This active photodetector will no longer be the highest resistance device, and the next photodetector will be the active photodetector. Repeating this operation pattern, allows switching photodetection bands of the multi-band photodetector. The resistances, dark current and photocurrent of the devices should be engineered to have proper switching. Moreover, the illuminating surface, and photodetector placement should be optimized for proper light biasing. The current passing through the device will always be equal to the current of the active photodetector.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for determining a parameter vector that includes a plurality of parameters of a detector pileup model of a photon-counting detector, the detector pileup model being used for pileup correction for a spectral computed-tomography scanner. The method includes setting values of the parameters, the parameters including a dead time parameter and individual probabilities of different pileup events, the probabilities including a probability of single photon events, a probability of double quasi-coincident photon events, and a probability of at least three quasi-coincident photon events. The method include determining, using (1) a detector response model, (2) an incident spectrum, and (3) the set values of the parameter vector, a plurality of component spectra, each component spectrum corresponding to one of the individual probabilities of the different pileup events, and summing the plurality of component spectra to generate an output spectrum.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for extending a count rate capability of a detector array. The method includes receiving photons at a detector array, counting the photons that are above a first energy threshold using a first counter, counting the photons that are above a different second energy threshold using a second counter, and calculating a pile-up estimate using the photon counts from the first and second counters.

Abstract: A detector with a Silicon Diode and an amplifier, and a feedback element in the form of, for example, a resistor or a diode, switchably connected to the output of the amplifier. When the feedback element is selected via a switch, the detector operates in a Current Measurement Mode for determining electron current, and when the element is not selected the detector operates in its well-known Pulse Height Measurement Mode for determining the energy of X-ray quanta.

Abstract: A radiation detector device is provided that is capable of distinguishing between full charge collection (FCC) events and incomplete charge collection (ICC) events based upon a correlation value comparison algorithm that compares correlation values calculated for individually sensed radiation detection events with a calibrated FCC event correlation function. The calibrated FCC event correlation function serves as a reference curve utilized by a correlation value comparison algorithm to determine whether a sensed radiation detection event fits the profile of the FCC event correlation function within the noise tolerances of the radiation detector device. If the radiation detection event is determined to be an ICC event, then the spectrum for the ICC event is rejected and excluded from inclusion in the radiation detector device spectral analyses. The radiation detector device also can calculate a performance factor to determine the efficacy of distinguishing between FCC and ICC events.

Abstract: Described herein is a method for determining the presence or absence of anomalous radioactive materials in a target in a detection zone. In the method, a target gamma ray spectrum is obtained from the target and a target data set is prepared from the target gamma ray spectrum. This data set comprise a plurality of intensity values, each intensity value being associated with an energy bin representing a gamma ray energy or range of gamma ray energies in the target gamma ray spectrum. The target data set is then pre-processed and projected into a principal component space which contains a pre-processed data library projected into the principal component space. A distance is then determined between the projected pre-processed target data set and one or more clusters of the projected pre-processed data library in the principal component space and this distance is compared with a predetermined threshold distance so as to determine if an anomalous radioactive material is present in the target.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to the field of gamma ray spectroscopy monitoring and a system for accomplishing same to monitor one or more aspects of various isotope production processes. In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a monitoring system, and method of utilizing same, for monitoring one or more aspects of an isotope production process where the monitoring system comprises: (A) at least one sample cell; (B) at least one measuring port; (C) at least one adjustable collimator device; (D) at least one shutter; and (E) at least one high resolution gamma ray spectrometer.

Abstract: A microphonics noise cancellation system and method for improving the energy resolution for mechanically cooled high-purity Germanium (HPGe) detector systems. A classical adaptive noise canceling digital processing system using an adaptive predictor is used in an MCA to attenuate the microphonics noise source making the system more deployable.

Abstract: The present invention provides an innovative solid-state neutron detector that exhibits superior neutron-sensitivities. One embodiment of the present invention includes a Gadolinium-oxide (Gd2O3)-based neutron detector that is highly sensitive to the presence of neutrons, and experiences significant changes in film conductivity, capacitance or both as a result of thermal neutron exposure thereby providing for detection of nuclear radiation.

Abstract: A silicon drift detector has an X-ray detection device, an electrode terminal subassembly for electrical connection, a Peltier device, and first and second shields formed between the electrode terminal subassembly and the Peltier device. The first shield is made of a material consisting chiefly of an element having an atomic number smaller than the average atomic numbers of the elements included in the material of the Peltier device. The second shield is made of a material consisting chiefly of an element having an atomic number greater than the atomic numbers of the elements included in the material of the Peltier device.

Abstract: The subject matter described herein includes methods, systems, and computer program products for measuring the density of a material. According to one aspect, a material property gauge includes a nuclear density gauge for measuring the density of a material. A radiation source adapted to emit radiation into a material and a radiation detector operable to produce a signal representing the detected radiation. A first material property calculation function may calculate a value associated with the density of the material based upon the signal produced by the radiation detector. The material property gauge includes an electromagnetic moisture property gauge that determines a moisture property of the material. An electromagnetic field generator may generate an electromagnetic field where the electromagnetic field sweeps through one or more frequencies and penetrates into the material.

Abstract: A multi-energy radiation detector may include an array substrate including a plurality of unit circuits, and/or a photoelectric conversion layer on the array substrate. The photoelectric conversion layer may include a plurality of regions having thicknesses different from each other. A method of manufacturing a multi-energy radiation detector may include forming gate and first electrodes by forming and patterning a first metal layer on a substrate; forming an insulating layer on the gate and first electrodes; forming a channel layer by forming and patterning a semiconductor layer on the insulating layer; forming source, drain, and second electrodes by forming and patterning a second metal layer on the channel layer; forming a passivation layer to cover the source, drain, and second electrodes; forming a first photoelectric conversion layer on the passivation layer; and/or forming a second photoelectric conversion layer on part of the first photoelectric conversion layer.

Abstract: A radiation sensitive detector array (112) includes a photo sensor (204) that detects a photon and generates a signal indicative thereof. The radiation sensitive detector array (112) also includes a signal analyzer (214) that energy bins and counts the signal when the signal analyzer (214) is able to identify the signal in the output of the photo sensor (204), and that integrates the output of the photo sensor (204) over an integration period when the signal analyzer (214) is not able to identify the signal in the output of the photo sensor (204).

Abstract: An X-ray detector contains a layer of photosensitive material and an N×M array of photo-detector diodes disposed in the photosensitive material. Each of the diodes has a bias potential interface and a diode output interface. The bias potential interface is connected to a bias potential. The X-ray detector further has an N×M array of high gain, low noise readout unit cells, one readout unit cell for each diode. Each cell contains an input interface connected to the diode output interface, a high-gain voltage amplifying device having an integration capacitor, a first switch in parallel to the integration capacitor and a sample/hold capacitor disposed between a second switch and third switch. The sample/hold capacitor is connectable to the voltage amplifying device via the second switch and is connectable to a signal output line. A multiplexer contains a row select and a column select circuit allowing access to each readout cell unit.

Abstract: A survey method and system for survey method and system for detecting and/or characterizing a radiation field The method may include acquiring energy-dependent radiation spectral data at a location of interest in a radiation field using a detector, wherein the energy-dependent radiation spectral data may include counts versus energy. The method may further include acquiring radiation spectral data at at least one other location wherein the at least one other location is positioned relative to the location of interest.

Abstract: According to the present invention, the CT is carried out based on parameters other than the absorption rate. An electromagnetic wave measurement device includes an electromagnetic wave output device 2 which outputs an electromagnetic wave at a frequency equal to or more than 0.

Abstract: In an energy dispersive spectrometer wherein event (particle/photon) detection is performed by counting events spaced by greater than a shaping time, events which are spaced by less than the shaping time are also collected and counted. These “combined events” are treated similarly to “single events” which are spaced by greater than the shaping time, and can be used to generate combined-event spectra for comparison and/or use with the conventional single-event spectra. The combined-event spectra can be compared to the single-event spectra to provide an indication of data quality; can be subtracted from the single-event spectra to remove artifacts, and/or can be deconvolved into a single-event spectrum to increase the resolution of the single-event spectrum.