Abstract: A radiation detection device includes a non-volatile memory chip including a plurality of stacked memory cells, and a controller configured to detect gamma rays incident on the non-volatile memory chip during a gamma ray detection window according to a data inversion or a threshold voltage change of at least some of the memory cells in the non-volatile memory chip during the gamma ray detection window.

Abstract: Disclosed preamplifier circuit comprises amplifier arranged in first current path between input node and output node of the preamplifier circuit. Feedback capacitor is arranged in second current path between said input and output nodes. Feedback circuit having adjustable transfer function is arranged in third current path between said input and output nodes. Reset switch arranged in said third current path enables selectively coupling output of the feedback circuit to input of the amplifier and decoupling output of the feedback circuit from input of the amplifier. Loop controller is arranged selectively, in dependence of voltage in the preamplifier circuit, one of open reset switch to set preamplifier circuit in normal operating mode and close reset switch to set preamplifier circuit in reset mode. Loop controller is arranged to adjust the transfer function of the feedback circuit at least in part in dependence of the current operating mode of the preamplifier circuit.

Abstract: A method for radiation dosage measurement includes: (1) exposing a plurality of single-poly floating gate sensor cells to radiation; (2) measuring threshold voltage differences between logical pairs of the exposed sensor cells using differential read operations, wherein the sensor cells of each logical pair are separated by a distance large enough that radiation impinging on one of the sensor cells does not influence the other sensor cell; (3) determining whether each logical pair of exposed sensor cells is influenced by exposure to the radiation in response to the corresponding measured threshold voltage difference; and (4) determining a dosage of the radiation in response to the number of logical pairs of the exposed sensor cells determined to be influenced by exposure to the radiation. A non-radiation influenced threshold voltage shift may be measured and used in determining whether each logical pair of exposed sensor cells is influenced by radiation exposure.

Abstract: An infrared (IR) detection sensor for detecting IR radiation. The IR detection sensor including a plurality of nanowires positioned adjacent to each other so as to define a layer. The layer has an outer surface directable towards a source of IR radiation. First and second terminals are electrically coupled to the layer and a circuit is electrically coupled to the first and second terminals. The circuit is configured to determine a value of an electrical property, such as the resistance, of the layer in response to the IR radiation absorbed by the layer.

Abstract: A multilayer radar-absorbing laminate includes three juxtaposed blocks. A first electrically conductive block is arranged toward the inside of the aircraft in use. A second electromagnetic intermediate absorber block has a layer of electrically non-conductive fiber sheets is permeated by graphene-based nanoplatelets to achieve a periodic and electromagnetically subresonant layer, the conductive layers containing graphene nanoplatelets alternating with non-conductive layers. A third block of electrically non-conductive material is arranged towards the outside and forms part of the outer surface of the aircraft. The second block is produced by depositing on the fiber sheets a suspension of graphene nanoplatelets in a polymeric mixture, with controlled penetration of the graphene nanoplatelets into the fiber sheets. A plurality of dry fiber sheets sprayed with the suspension of graphene nanoplatelets is superimposed.

Abstract: Devices, systems, and methods of using one or more memristors as a radiation sensor are enabled. A memristor can be attractive as a sensor due to its passive low power characteristics. Medical and environment monitoring are contemplated use cases. Sensing radiation as part of a security system (at an airport for example) and screening food for radiation exposure are also possible uses. The memristor as a radiation sensor may possibly provide an inexpensive and easy alternative to personal thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD). Memristor devices with high current and low power operation may be attached with wearable plastic substrates. An example device includes two metal strips with a 50 ?m thick layer of TiO2 memristor material. The device may be made large relative to traditional memristors which are nanometers in scale but its increased thickness can significantly increase the probability of radiation interaction with the memristor material.

Abstract: A method for radiation dosage measurement includes: (1) exposing a plurality of single-poly floating gate sensor cells to radiation; (2) measuring threshold voltage differences between logical pairs of the exposed sensor cells using differential read operations, wherein the sensor cells of each logical pair are separated by a distance large enough that radiation impinging on one of the sensor cells does not influence the other sensor cell; (3) determining whether each logical pair of exposed sensor cells is influenced by exposure to the radiation in response to the corresponding measured threshold voltage difference; and (4) determining a dosage of the radiation in response to the number of logical pairs of the exposed sensor cells determined to be influenced by exposure to the radiation. A non-radiation influenced threshold voltage shift may be measured and used in determining whether each logical pair of exposed sensor cells is influenced by radiation exposure.

Abstract: A ultraviolet (UV) intensity indicator might use a UV responsive lumiphore to provide a converted, visible light level proportional to received UV light intensity for comparison to a visible brightness reference. For a desired UV intensity, the converted light should normally appear at least as bright as the reference light. For undesired UV, e.g. in a harmful wavelength range, the converted light should appear dimmer than the reference for normal operation and/or appear as bright as or brighter than the reference during excessive emission of the potentially hazardous UV emission. Alternatively, saturable lumiphores may provide different color outputs responsive to UV intensities for comparison to a multi-colored reference. Other examples contemplate use of a lumiphore to convert UV light to provide a visible light input to a visible light meter, such that an illuminance or brightness measurement by the meter gives a proportional representation of intensity of the UV light.

Abstract: A radiation dosimeter includes a first radiation detector configured to operate in a counting mode, and a second radiation detector configured to operate in a current mode. A processor is configured to calculate a first detected dose of the first radiation detector, a second detected dose of the second radiation detector, and a total dose value using the first detected dose and the second detected dose. An alarm indicates when the total dose value is above a predetermined level.

Abstract: Methods for compressing shape data for a set of electronic designs include inputting a set of shape data, where the shape data represents a set of shapes for a device fabrication process. A convolutional autoencoder is used on the set of shape data, the convolutional autoencoder having a pre-determined set of convolution layers including a kernel size and filter size for each convolution layer. The set of shape data is encoded to compress the set of shape data, using the pre-determined set of convolution layers of the convolutional autoencoder, to create a set of encoded shape data. The set of shape data comprises an SEM image, and the encoded set of shape data identifies a mask defect.

Abstract: The radiated noise of a semiconductor device is conveniently evaluated, and the radiated noise of an apparatus equipped with the semiconductor device is estimated. An evaluation method and an evaluation apparatus are provided, including: causing a semiconductor device to perform a switching operation; measuring voltage variation occurring between main terminals of the semiconductor device during the switching operation; and outputting an evaluation benchmark for radiated noise of the semiconductor device based on the voltage variation. The outputting the evaluation benchmark may include calculating the voltage variation in the semiconductor device for each frequency component as the evaluation benchmark.

Abstract: A beam profile measurement (BPM) system is described including a BPM phantom including a tank to house liquid, a dosimeter disposed in the tank to detect ionization of a radiation beam emitted from a linear accelerator (LINAC), and a positioning device to move the dosimeter in a vertical direction. The BPM system also includes a BPM controller to operably couple to the BPM phantom and the LINAC. A method is described including positioning, using a BPM controller, a dosimeter of the BPM phantom in a first location, positioning, using the BPM controller, the LINAC in a second location, performing, using the BPM controller, a first movement of the LINAC from the second location to a third location, emitting a radiation beam from the LINAC during the first movement, and performing, via the dosimeter, an ion measurement of the radiation beam during the emitting.

Abstract: A photodetection element includes: a photoelectric conversion structure that contains a first material having an absorption coefficient higher than an absorption coefficient of monocrystalline silicon for light of a first wavelength, for which monocrystalline silicon exhibits absorption, and generates positive and negative charges by absorbing a photon; and an avalanche structure that includes a monocrystalline silicon layer, in which avalanche multiplication occurs as a result of injection of at least one selected from the group consisting of the positive and negative charges from the photoelectric conversion structure. The first material includes at least one selected from the group consisting of an organic semiconductor, a semiconductor-type carbon nanotube, and a semiconductor quantum dot.

Abstract: In a semiconductor device, an insulating film is disposed between an upper surface of a substrate and a floating gate of a flash memory, a first oxide film is disposed directly above the floating gate, a silicon nitride film is disposed on an upper surface of the first oxide film, and a second oxide film made of silicon oxide film is disposed on an upper surface of the silicon nitride film.

Abstract: A semiconductor memory circuit includes a SRAM cell and a bias control circuit for biasing the SRAM cell. The SRAM cell includes pull-up, pull-down, and pass-gate transistors. The bias control circuit is connected to body terminals of the pull-down and pass-gate transistors for providing a bias voltage. The bias control circuit controls threshold voltages of the pull-down and pass-gate transistors by way of the bias voltage. The bias voltage, which is temperature dependent, is generated based on junction leakages at the body terminals of the pull-down and pass-gate transistors. The use of a temperature-dependent bias voltage to bias the body terminals of the pull-down and pass-gate transistors ensures that the write margin and the static noise margin (SNM) of the SRAM cell are relatively constant and above acceptable levels over a defined temperature range.

Abstract: An organic semiconductor detector for detecting radiation has an organic conducting active region, an output electrode and a field effect semiconductor device. The field effect semiconductor device has a biasing voltage electrode and a gate electrode. The organic conducting active region is connected on one side to the field effect semiconductor device and is connected on another side to the output electrode.

Abstract: According to one general aspect, an apparatus may include a plurality of sensors configured to detect a presence of a source of radiation. The apparatus may include a garment configured to be worn by a user. The garment may include a plurality of tactile feedback devices configured to automatically indicate to the user, without intervention by the user, a direction of the source of radiation.

Abstract: Plasmonic avalanche photodetection employs an optical antenna and an avalanche photodiode (APD) coupled to the optical antenna. Hot carriers generated by light incident on the optical antenna are received in an avalanche multiplication region of the APD where avalanche multiplication of the hot carriers is provided.

Abstract: Methods and systems are disclosed for detecting a source (such as, e.g., radioactive and chemical sources) using a plurality of networked sensors communicating with a central processor over network. A method can involve injecting a simulated source in the system of networked sensors for use in operational training and/or testing.

Abstract: A radiation detection system may include a mobile device having a flash memory. The device may monitor various characteristics of the flash memory to determine when damage to the flash memory has occurred from radiation exposure. The device may associate damage to the flash memory with a radiation dose, and determine a level of radiation to which the memory, and thus the device, has been exposed. The device also may determine a length of time and locations where the radiation exposure has occurred. If the device determines that the level of radiation exposure exceeds a threshold associated with a safe level of radiation exposure for a human user, the device may generate an alert to the user.

Abstract: A process for improving sensitivity of a film base, coated with a dispersion of a normally crystalline polyacetylenic compound in a non-solvating liquid which is dried on the film surface, to particular photon energy band, specifically, long wavelength UV; the polyacetylenic compound preferably having at least two conjugated acetylenic linkages and containing from 12 to 60 carbon atoms. The sensitization of the film to long wavelength UV is achieved via the addition of photoinitiator(s) capable of absorbing UV energy and converting it to free radicals. The process comprises dispersing the normally crystalline polyacetylenic compound in the non-solvating liquid to a concentration of from about 2 to about 50% polyacetylene crystalline solids and a photoinitiator or combination of photoinitiators to a concentration of from 0.01 to 10%. The resultant dispersion is then coated and dried on a substrate. Additionally, applications using this film as a UVA illumination indicator and dosimeter are disclosed as well.

Abstract: A radiation detector includes a block of a material capable of interacting with ionizing radiation to produce charge carriers, an inductor positioned adjacent to the block and having an inductance that depends on a number of the charge carriers in the block, and a sensing circuit coupled to sense a change in the inductance and detect the ionizing radiation base on the change. The sensing circuit may particularly contain an RF synthesizer that drives the inductance, e.g., an LC circuit containing the inductance, and an analyzer that detects changes in the response of the inductance.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a substrate, a first conductive layer on the substrate and including a main pattern, and substantially symmetrical auxiliary patterns extending from two sides of the main pattern, an insulating layer on the substrate and the first conductive layer, and a second conductive layer on the insulating layer and overlapping at least a portion of the main pattern and the auxiliary patterns.

Abstract: Techniques for calibration of particle detectors are disclosed. In one aspect, a system for calibrating a particle detector includes a source configured to emit particles including a first and a second type of particles; a first and a second shielding unit configured to be removably positioned in a travel path of the particles and configured to block at least a portion of the first type of particles and to allow the second type of particles to traverse substantially unimpeded therethrough; one or more particle detectors positioned in the travel path of the particles to receive particles after traversing through the first or the second shielding unit and produce electronic pulses in response to the detection of the particles; and a processor coupled to the one or more particle detectors to generate training date and a classifier that allows classification of the first and the second types of particles.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for a sensor data gathering, threshold exceedance determination, and alert generation mobile device communication system. One of the methods includes obtaining information associated with sensing instruments monitoring physical characteristics of an environment. Values associated with physical characteristics are determined to have exceeded respective thresholds using the obtained information. Alert information describing the values is generated in response to the determination.

Abstract: The present invention provides a radiation detector, a radiographic imaging device and a radiographic imaging system that may detect radiation with high precision. Namely, in the radiation detector, radiation detection pixels include detection TFTs, and light that has been converted from radiation is illuminated directly from a scintillator onto the detection TFTs. Accordingly, leak current occurs in semiconductor active layers of the detection TFTs corresponding to the amount (intensity) of the illuminated light, and the leak current flows in to signal lines. Accordingly, radiation may be detected by monitoring the leak current, and enables timings, such as the start of irradiation of radiation, to be detected.

Abstract: A thin, lightweight, and highly reliable energy ray detector that enables high-speed reading is provided. An energy ray detector (1) includes TFTs (20) that are arranged in a grid pattern and that each have an active layer formed of a semiconductor having an electrical property changing in accordance with the amount of applied energy ray radiation, and a property detection circuit unit (5) and a controller (60) that detect information regarding the energy ray radiation from changes in the electrical property of the TFTs (20).

Abstract: The disclosure is related to an apparatus and method for charged hadron therapy verification. The apparatus comprises a collimator comprising a plurality of collimator slabs of a given thickness, spaced apart so as to form an array of mutually slit-shaped openings, configured to be placed at a right angle to the beam line, so as to allow the passage of prompt gammas from the target, the collimator being defined at least by three geometrical parameters being the width and depth of the slit-shaped openings and a fill factor. The disclosure is also related to a method for charged hadron therapy verification with a multi-slit camera.

Abstract: A simplified device is provided for analyzing radiation spectrum. A detector absorbs radioactive particles for generating signal pulses. A signal converter is connected with the detector to discriminate and amplify the signal pulses to be converted into digital pulses. The microcomputer single-chip is connected with the signal converter to measure dual-channel pulse widths for statistical analysis and to measure pulse free count. Under a very low power mode, a pair of information comprising random physical memory spectrum and pulse count are generated. The microcomputer single-chip has a low cost and can be abundantly supplied. Thus, by using the microcomputer single-chip as a touch-driven application, a reading module replaces the high-frequency precision clock. The reading module is built-in for charging voltages with constant-current pulses. Consequently, spectrum analysis is performed for the signal pulses of gamma ray detected by the detector.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a substrate, a first conductive layer on the substrate and including a main pattern, and substantially symmetrical auxiliary patterns extending from two sides of the main pattern, an insulating layer on the substrate and the first conductive layer, and a second conductive layer on the insulating layer and overlapping at least a portion of the main pattern and the auxiliary patterns.

Abstract: A gate forming process includes the following steps. A gate dielectric layer is formed on a substrate. A barrier layer is formed on the gate dielectric layer. A silicon seed layer and a silicon layer are sequentially and directly formed on the barrier layer, wherein the silicon seed layer and the silicon layer are formed by different precursors.

Abstract: A radiation image-pickup device includes: a drive substrate including a transistor used to read, from each of a plurality of pixels, signal charge based on radiation; a charge collection electrode provided on the drive substrate, for each of the pixels; a conversion layer formed on the charge collection electrode, and configured to generate the signal charge by absorbing radiation; a counter electrode provided on the conversion layer; and a first conductive film disposed, between the drive substrate and the charge collection electrode, to face at least a part of the charge collection electrode, and included in a first capacitive element configured to retain the signal charge.

Abstract: A method for characterizing the sensitivity of an electronic component with respect to a natural radiating environment. The safe operating area (SOA) voltage range beyond which destructive events occur is determined for the electronic component for given characteristics of a particle or incident beam. The electronic component is turned on and energized with the particle or incident beam having the given characteristics under the operating conditions that are close to the highest voltage value of the determined SOA voltage range. An efficient section of amplified transient events, which corresponds to an estimation of the destructive occurrences for the electronic component is determined. The characteristics of the particle or beam is modified and the method is repeated with the modified characteristics.

Abstract: A UV exposure dosimetry system includes at least one UV sensor that accurately measures the UV irradiance intensity. The UV dosimetry system integrates the measured UV irradiance intensity over time to calculate the real-time UV dosage and the vitamin D production by taking into account factors comprising UV sensor location, body surface area, clothing coverage, and sunscreen usage. Based on the measurement, the system can predict the time remaining to skin burn and the time remaining to reach daily goal of vitamin D production. The system can also provide feedback to the user of the device based on a composite metric assessing the degree of balance between the risk of UV exposure and the benefit of UV exposure. The UV dosimetry system supports multi-user control through an advanced and user friendly input and output interface.

Abstract: A device for Surface Enhanced Infrared Absorption (SEIRA) that includes at least one pair of metallic antennas deposited on a substrate, wherein the pair of metallic antennas are collinear. The length, width, and height of the metallic antenna determines an infrared absorption of the pair of metallic antennas. The device also includes a gap located between the pair of metallic antennas. A chemical moiety is disposed on at least a portion of the metallic antennas such that the infrared absorption of the chemical moiety is enhanced by the at least one pair of metallic antennas.

Abstract: A skin dose evaluation support apparatus is provided with a skin region contour creation unit that creates skin region information including the boundary coordinates of a skin region, based on image data to be inputted when a treatment plan for a radiation therapy for a patient is created; and a display calculation unit that extracts a skin dose in a skin region, based on dose distribution data calculated by a dose distribution calculation unit of a treatment planning apparatus and the skin region information, and creates display data for displaying the extracted skin dose in a predetermined display format.

Abstract: System and method for monitoring receipt and estimating flux value, in real time, of incident radiation, using two or more nanostructures (NSs) and associated terminals to provide closed electrical paths and to measure one or more electrical property change values ?EPV, associated with irradiated NSs, during a sequence of irradiation time intervals. Effects of irradiation, without healing and with healing, of the NSs, are separately modeled for first order and second order healing. Change values ?EPV are related to flux, to cumulative dose received by NSs, and to radiation and healing effectivity parameters and/or ?, associated with the NS material and to the flux. Flux and/or dose are estimated in real time, based on EPV change values, using measured ?EPV values. Threshold dose for specified changes of biological origin (usually undesired) can be estimated. Effects of time-dependent radiation flux are analyzed in pre-healing and healing regimes.

Abstract: An X-ray imaging system is provided. The X-ray imaging system includes an X-ray radiation source. The X-ray imaging system also includes a source controller coupled to the source and configured to command emission of X-rays for image exposures. The X-ray imaging system further includes a digital X-ray detector configured to acquire X-ray image data without communication from the source controller, wherein the digital X-ray detector includes a photovoltaic device, and the digital X-ray detector is configured to determine one or more of a beginning, end, or duration of an image exposure via the photovoltaic device.

Abstract: To provide a radiation image detecting device providing high responsivity and high precision of an emission start judgment, an electronic cassette has a panel unit and a control unit. The panel unit has a two-dimensional array of normal pixels for accumulating signal charge upon receiving X-rays and detection pixels for detecting the X-rays. A signal processing circuit periodically samples a dose signal, corresponding to an X-ray dose per unit of time, from the detection pixels. An emission start judgment unit performs based on the dose signals of the detection pixels a first judgment process for judging whether X-ray emission has been started, and a second judgment process for judging whether a result of the first judgment process is correct. The control unit sets a second sampling cycle SP2 used in the second judgment process longer than a first sampling cycle SP1 used in the first sampling process.

Abstract: The invention is related to an apparatus and method for charged hadron therapy verification by detecting and/or quantifying prompt gammas produced when irradiating a target (6) with a charged hadron beam. The apparatus comprises a collimator (1) provided with a slit-shaped portion (2) configured to be arranged perpendicularly to the beam line and facing the target, a detection means (3,4) suitable for detecting said prompt gammas and a calculation and representation means. In the apparatus and method of the invention, the slit is configured to allow the passage of prompt gammas emitted from a range of depths in said target (6), said depths being measured in the direction of the charged hadron beam.

Abstract: Garments and methods for monitoring radiation exposure and cumulative radiation exposure in individuals undergoing repeated exposure to ionizing radiation are disclosed.

Abstract: A radiographic apparatus including an X-ray generating means which irradiates an object with X-rays, the apparatus comprises a first housing which includes an X-ray reception unit formed by a member having a higher X-ray transmittance than a frame member, a buffer material which is placed on the first housing and reduces a load on the X-ray generating means, an X-ray detection sensor which is placed on the buffer material and detects X-rays transmitted through the object, a support member whose support surface to support the X-ray detection sensor is placed on the X-ray detection sensor, and a second housing which includes a concave portion engaging with the convex portion formed on the support member and constrains movement of the support member.

Abstract: A UV dosimetry system comprises a wearable unit and a mobile computing device. The wearable unit measures the UV irradiance intensity and wirelessly communicates with the mobile computing device. The UV dosimetry system supports multi-user control and can link one mobile computing device with multiple wearable units. The UV dosimetry system processes the measured UV irradiance intensity to calculate the UV index (UVI) and the sensor site specific UV dose. It can also calculate the total absorbed UV dose and vitamin D production by taking into account user specific factors. The UVI data measured by a plurality of UV meters such as the disclosed UV dosimetry system are crowd sourced to a remote server together with the location and time data of the measurement. The remote server excludes invalid UVI measurement and generates UVI maps showing time-varying distribution of UVI data at different locations.

Abstract: Radiotherapy is one of the most effective treatments for cancer and its success depends critically on accurate targeting and delivery of the correct radiation dose. Accurate dosimetry is therefore essential to maintain and improve patient survival rates. However, size and long wait times currently limit water and graphite based calorimeters to standards laboratories leaving field-based dosimetry to ionization chamber measurements which depend upon a reference field-specified calibration factor. It would therefore be beneficial to provide radiotherapy equipment operators a direct approach of clinical reference dosimetry wherein the dosimeter provides increased independence on dose, dose rate, radiation energy, and energy type, etc. It would be further beneficial for such novel clinical dosimeters to be compact, function as secondary standards used routinely for measurements and allow radiotherapy doses to be measured directly and in an absolute manner.

Abstract: Described is a method and system that facilitates triage of thousands to millions of potential patients within a relatively short period of time by scanning of a substrate of a designated card issued to a victim. The method and the system comprise a plurality of noninvasive self-testing test devices located at a plurality of remote peripheral self-testing sites, and each one of the plurality of noninvasive self-testing test devices facilitates self-testing of the substrate of the designated card. Each of the plurality of noninvasive self-testing test devices provides test results of the scan of the substrate of the designated card, and the potential patients are identified, then subsequently screened and triaged based upon the test results of the scan of the substrate of the designated card.

Abstract: A flat panel detector has pixels for obtaining image signals and detective pixels for detecting the amount of incident x-rays. A signal processing circuit is of a pipeline-type, wherein first and second buffer memories are connected to the output of an A/D converter. In a dose detecting operation, the signal processing circuit repeats primary cycles alternately with secondary cycles of a shorter length than the primary cycles. In the primary cycle, a dose detection signal based on electric charges from the detective pixels is input in the first buffer memory and, simultaneously, a dummy signal is output from the second buffer memory. In secondary cycle, the dose detection signal is output from the first buffer memory and, simultaneously, a second dummy signal is input in the second buffer memory. On the basis of the dose detection signals, a start-of-radiation detector detects the start of x-ray radiation.

Abstract: A method for measuring a dose related to the non-ionizing effects of a radiation of particles comprises the irradiation of a capacitive element provided with an electrode made from a semiconductor material, the measurement of the capacitance of the capacitive element in an accumulation regime and the determination of the dose related to the non-ionizing effects from the measurement of capacitance of the capacitive element in the accumulation regime.

Abstract: The purpose of the present invention is to improve energy resolving power and prevent energy resolving power from deteriorating when a thick semiconductor detection element with a wide energy range is used, in a radiation measuring device using a semiconductor detector and a nuclear medicine diagnostic device. With the present invention, the purpose is achieved by pulsed wave value correction employing the difference of (Hs?Hf) between the pulsed wave height value Hs obtained from the slow speed shaping circuit, and the pulsed wave height value Hf obtained from the fast speed shaping circuit and normalized with respect to Hs. An even more desirable result may be obtained by employing either (Hs?Hf)/Hf or exp(k(Hs?Hf)/Hf), wherein k is a coefficient to be optimized, said optimization being dependent on the measurement assembly.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an X-ray parameter measuring arrangement comprising a detector for measuring said parameter configured to be positioned in a position adjacent to an x-ray source arranged to generate a ray formation having a primary ray portion for radiating an object. The position is chosen in such a way that the interference with a reproduced image is reduced or eliminated.

Abstract: A device is described that includes sensors that are sensitive to displacement damage, and can be configured to display a characteristic damage curve. The sensors, or diodes, can be made of one or more semiconductor materials that are sensitive to displacement damage, and can be operated in dark illumination conditions. The sensors can have multiple shields of a specific or varied thickness. The shields can be formed in different configurations, though the shielding thickness can be designed to change the level of displacement damage absorbed by the sensors. The characteristic damage curve can provide a sensor response variable that displays a functional dependence on displacement damage. For example, the characteristic damage curve can provide a sensor response variable that is one or more currents measured at one or more fixed voltages, or one or more voltages measured at one or more fixed currents.