Abstract: A gas analyser is provided to measure the concentration of formaldehyde within enclosed environments such as within buildings comprising an ultraviolet light source, a sample chamber, a detector. The detector measures the intensity of light received by photosensors within a measurement range of wavelengths, and at least one reference range of wavelengths. Advantageously, the concentration of formaldehyde is determined taking into account fluctuations in the intensity of light emitted by the light source, and in the presence of any interferents such as nitrogen dioxide. A method of measuring the concentration of formaldehyde in enclosed environments is also presented.

Abstract: A solution for evaluating a sample gas for a presence of a trace gas, such as ozone, is provided. The solution uses an ultraviolet source and an ultraviolet detector mounted in a chamber. The chamber can include reflecting walls and/or structures configured to guide ultraviolet light. A computer system can operate the ultraviolet source in a high power pulse mode and acquire data corresponding to an intensity of the ultraviolet radiation detected by the ultraviolet detector while a sample gas is present in the chamber. Using the data, the computer system can determine a presence and/or an amount of the trace gas in the sample gas.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, an ultraviolet irradiation system that sterilizes, disinfects, and inactivates raw water such as city water or underground water, includes a plurality of ultraviolet irradiation devices connected in series, and a controller configured to control output and non-output of the ultraviolet irradiation devices. The ultraviolet irradiation device includes a water processing vessel through which the raw water flows, an ultraviolet lamp configured to irradiate the raw water in the water processing vessel with ultraviolet rays, and an ultraviolet sensor configured to measure an amount of ultraviolet rays emitted from the ultraviolet lamp.

Abstract: The invention concerns a device (20) for UV-spectrometric analysis of gaseous Compounds, comprising: a measurement Channel (5) to accommodate a flow of sample gas, a window (16) transparent for ultraviolet radiation arranged at a first end (5a) of the measurement Channel (5), a radiation source (11) generating ultraviolet radiation arranged to emit radiation through the window (16) into the measurement Channel (5), and a spectrograph (3) for measuring ultraviolet radiation at a second, opposite, end (5b) of the measurement Channel (5). The invention is characterized in that the spectrograph (3) is provided with an opening (12) wherein the second end (5b) of the measurement Channel (5) is open towards the spectrograph (3) such that an inside of the spectrograph (3) and the measurement Channel (5) are in communication via said opening (12). The spectrograph (3) is filled with a protection gas which is allowed to flow through said opening (12) and into the measurement Channel (5).

Abstract: Devices and Methods for sensing UV dosage of a fluid stream are described. In a first aspect, a device 22 has a first sensor arrangement 44 for measuring a flow speed of the fluid and a second sensor arrangement 50 for measuring an intensity of UV light radiation. A dosage calculation unit 36 calculates a dosage value from measurements of the sensor arrangements 44, 50. The first sensor arrangement includes a resistive electrical component 32 in thermal contact with the fluid. The electrical component 32 may be heated by an electrical current and has a temperature dependent electrical resistance. Thus, the first sensor arrangement may be used to determine the flow speed of the fluid from a cooling rate of the resistive electrical component 32. According to a second aspect, a device 70 includes at least one UV sensor component 76 for measuring an intensity of UV light irradiation. A data storage 82 for storing intensity or dosage values and an electrical power storage 88 are provided.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a flow cell (10) comprising a fluid inlet (16) and a fluid outlet (18) separated by a sample flow-through chamber (12) comprising at least one UV-transparent window (22?), wherein the at least one UV-transparent window (22?) is made of a polymer material and has been subjected to Gamma radiation sterilisation. In one aspect, the flow cell is combustible.

Abstract: The present invention comprises a method and a system of collection and analysis for in situ determination of concentrations of minerals in granular material originating from a shaft under excavation, in a continuous, non-intrusive manner in real time. According to the present invention granular material collected passes to a granular material collector, subsequently entering a reading module which determines the concentration of different materials by spectroscopic methods. The granular material collected comes from drilling dust which rises along a boring tool of an excavating bit. The concentration data of different minerals in the granular material being analysed at a given moment may be processed and transmitted to establish and/or correct logistic and operational procedures such as, for example, in an excavation or in an overall process wherein it is set.

Abstract: Some embodiments relate to an absorption probe for measuring an amount of dissolved organic carbon in an aqueous sample, the absorption probe comprising: a housing defining an analysis zone for the containment or passage of an aqueous sample; a light reflector disposed within said housing; an ultraviolet light emitting device disposed within said housing and operable to radiate ultraviolet light along an optical path that passes through the aqueous sample to impinge on said reflector; and a light detector disposed within said housing and operable to detect radiated light reflected from said reflector and to output a received signal from said detected reflected light, said received signal indicative of a measure of an amount of dissolved organic carbon in the aqueous sample.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device and also a method for determining the degree of disinfection, and for determining the time point when a defined degree of disinfection is reached by a liquid, in particular drinking water, that is situated in a container which is light-permeable at least in a UV range.

Abstract: Fluid analyte sensors include a photoelectrocatalytic element that is configured to be exposed to the fluid, if present, and to respond to photoelectrocatalysis of at least one analyte in the fluid that occurs in response to impingement of optical radiation upon the photoelectrocatalytic element. A semiconductor light emitting source is also provided that is configured to impinge the optical radiation upon the photoelectrocatalytic element. Related solid state devices and sensing methods are also described.

Abstract: An ultraviolet irradiation system includes: an ultraviolet irradiation apparatus including a plurality of ultraviolet lamps; a flowmeter configured to measure a flow rate of the water to be treated that passes through the ultraviolet irradiation apparatus; and an ultraviolet-dose monitoring and controlling apparatus configured to monitor an ultraviolet dose of the ultraviolet irradiation apparatus and to control outputs of the ultraviolet lamps. The plurality of ultraviolet lamps include a first ultraviolet lamp and a plurality of second ultraviolet lamps. The ultraviolet irradiation apparatus includes: a first measurement head configured to measure an ultraviolet intensity of the first ultraviolet lamp; and a plurality of second measurement heads configured to respectively measure ultraviolet intensities of the plurality of the ultraviolet lamps. A distance between the first ultraviolet lamp and the first measurement head is set to a determined value.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for making quantitative measurements of the amounts of optical brighteners in water samples using fluorescence measurements at multiple wavelengths. First and second emission wavelength raw measurements are corrected for sample absorption to provide absorption-corrected first emission wavelength and second emission wavelength fluorescence emission values. The absorption-corrected first emission wavelength value is compared to the absorption-corrected second emission wavelength value and to similarly-determined and similarly absorption-corrected emission wavelength values or a ratio thereof obtained from a comparison water sample in which optical brighteners are not present or are only minimally present, to provide a quantitative optical brightener measurement. The apparatus and method may be field-based or laboratory-based, and may operate on a flow-through basis or on discrete samples.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for the measurement of total organic carbon content in an aqueous stream is disclosed. Absorbance of electromagnetic energy by the aqueous stream is measured in an optical sample cell with pulsed light at a wavelength of 190 nm±10 nm. A value of total organic carbon from the measured absorbance is calculated without absorbance or fluorescence measurement at any other wavelength.

Abstract: A method of measuring chlorine concentration of a solution comprising making a first measurement of transmission of ultraviolet light at a selected wavelength through a first sample of said solution at a first temperature; making a second measurement of the transmission of ultraviolet light at said selected wavelength through a second sample of said solution at a second temperature, said second temperature being different than said first temperature; and determining the chlorine concentration in said solution using the results of said first and second measurements.

Abstract: A device for subjecting air to UV(C) radiation comprises a UV(C) treatment chamber comprising a UV(C) source, a measuring device comprising one or more of a temperature sensor which measures the temperature on the wall of the UV(C) source; two temperature sensors downstream and upstream of the UV(C) source; and a UV(C) sensor for determining the intensity of the UV(C) radiation. The UV(C) source comprises at least one UV(C) lamp which is held by a lamp holder. The lamp holder comprises positioning elements for holding the measuring device and the lamp(s) in a fixed position. Electrical supply wires and signal wires are arranged such that they are shielded from the radiation from the UV(C) lamp(s).

Abstract: An optical sensor is provided utilizing a disposable flow cell with a cell body, an inlet tube and an outlet tube providing a flow passageway extending between the inlet tube and the outlet tube through the cell body. The sensor comprises a first housing component comprising an open front end and a back end to which a removable light source is mounted and a second housing component comprising an open front end and a back end to which a light detector for detecting light emitted by the removable light source is mounted. The first and second housing components are detachably connected to one another, the open front ends of first and second housing components being tightly engaged to provide a sensor housing which accommodates and encloses the disposable flow cell. The light source and the detector are positioned at opposing sides of the cell body, an optical pathway extending along an axis between the light source and the detector through the cell body perpendicular to the flow passageway.

Abstract: Methods, devices and systems for on-line UV monitoring of automated synthesizer reactions. The device includes a UV source, detector, electronics, and housing that are integrated with a line or tube through which liquid reactants flow for periodic measurements in a synthesizer system. The methods include the measurements and methods for determining the progression of the reaction, completion point of the reaction, and the modification of the reaction times and repetitions in real time.

Abstract: A flow cell (200) for a sample separation apparatus (10) for separating components of a sample fluid in a mobile phase, the flow cell (200) being configured for detecting the separated components and comprising a tubing (202) having an inner wall (204) and an outer wall (206), the inner wall (204) defining a lumen (208) for conducting the sample fluid, the tubing (202) further having at one end an end face (210), and a detection unit (212) configured for detecting electromagnetic radiation (214) exiting the end face (210) after propagation of the electromagnetic radiation (214) through the sample fluid in a portion of the lumen (208) and through a portion of the tubing (202) between the inner wall (204) and the outer wall (206).

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and apparatus for sanitizing consumable water using an ultraviolet light. The water is exposed to the ultraviolet light for a preselected duration of time and at a desired power level to achieve a desired level of sanitization.

Abstract: An oxygen concentration measuring device is provided for determining an oxygen concentration of a gas in a sample volume. The device includes an optical device configured for irradiating the sample volume containing oxygen with a first UV radiation intensity, at least one wavelength of which is close to a spectral absorption line of oxygen, a magnetic field generator configured for applying a magnetic field at the sample volume, and a UV light detector configured for measuring a second UV radiation intensity coming from the sample volume. The oxygen concentration in the sample volume is determined on the basis of the applied magnetic field and the measured second UV radiation intensity.

Abstract: A disinfecting device is proposed that is well suited for household and outdoor use. The device comprises a container housing 12 with an interior volume 24, which may contain an object or a liquid to be disinfected. The container housing 12 comprises a side wall 16 and an end cover 14. A dielectric barrier discharge lamp 32 is provided for emitting ultraviolet light into the volume 24. The lamp 32 comprises a lamp vessel 34 with gas filling and electrodes 42, 44 arranged electrically insulated from the gas filling. An alternating voltage applied to the electrodes 42, 44 causes a discharge in the gas filling. The lamp vessel 34 has a planar window from which during the discharge ultraviolet light 46 is emitted. The window is arranged in the end cover 14.

Abstract: An ultraviolet (UV) fluorometric sensor measures a chemical concentration in a sample based on the measured fluorescence of the sample. The sensor includes a controller, at least one UV light source, and at least one UV detector. The sensor emits UV light in a wavelength range of 245-265 nm from the light source through the sample in an analytical area. The UV detector measures the fluorescence emission from the sample. The controller transforms output signals from the UV detector into fluorescence values or optical densities for one or more wavelengths in the wavelength range of 265-340 nm. The controller calculates the chemical concentration of the chemical in the sample based on the measured fluorescence emissions.

Abstract: The present invention comprises a method and a system of collection and analysis for in situ determination of concentrations of minerals in granular material originating from a shaft under excavation, in a continuous, non-intrusive manner in real time. According to the present invention granular material collected passes to a granular material collector, subsequently entering a reading module which determines the concentration of different materials by spectroscopic methods. The granular material collected comes from drilling dust which rises along a boring tool of an excavating bit. The concentration data of different minerals in the granular material being analysed at a given moment may be processed and transmitted to establish and/or correct logistic and operational procedures such as, for example, in an excavation or in an overall process wherein it is set.

Abstract: An oxygen concentration measuring device is provided for determining an oxygen concentration of a gas in a sample volume. The device includes an optical device configured for irradiating the sample volume containing oxygen with a first UV radiation intensity, at least one wavelength of which is close to a spectral absorption line of oxygen, a magnetic field generator configured for applying a magnetic field at the sample volume, and a UV light detector configured for measuring a second UV radiation intensity coming from the sample volume. The oxygen concentration in the sample volume is determined on the basis of the applied magnetic field and the measured second UV radiation intensity.

Abstract: A method for determining simultaneously from an oxidized black liquor sample an amount of sulfide, an amount of total dissolved solids, and an amount of effective alkali present in the sample, wherein the sulfide amount, the total dissolved solids amount, and the effective alkali amount are determined by subjecting the sample to attenuated total reflection (ATR) ultraviolet/visible (UV/V) spectroscopy over a wavelength of from about 190 to about 500 nm. Data from analyzing oxidized black liquor samples, and from analyzing one or more black liquor samples which may be subjected to black oxidation, may be used in a black liquor oxidation (BLOX) system for monitoring and/or controlling sulfur emissions from a kraft process.

Abstract: A closed cell for use in spectrophotometers is adapted to receive a liquid to be subjected to analysis and an air space or bubble to absorb pressure differentials, wherein the cell includes means to retain the air space or bubble in a predetermined location in the cell.

Abstract: An imaging device includes a lens module and a printed circuit board. The lens module includes a substrate with a lens unit and an imaging sensor mounted on a same side thereof. The substrate defines a groove therein. The printed circuit board defines a recessed portion accommodating the substrate therein, and includes a locking member engaging in the groove to detachably secure the lens module thereto.

Abstract: An ultraviolet (UV) fluorometric sensor measures a chemical concentration in a sample based on the measured fluorescence of the sample. The sensor includes a controller, at least one UV light source, and at least one UV detector. The sensor emits UV light in a wavelength range of 245-265 nm from the light source through the sample in an analytical area. The UV detector measures the fluorescence emission from the sample. The controller transforms output signals from the UV detector into fluorescence values or optical densities for one or more wavelengths in the wavelength range of 265-340 nm. The controller calculates the chemical concentration of the chemical in the sample based on the measured fluorescence emissions.

Abstract: The invention provides methods and apparatus for characterizing complex polymeric mixture of interest. Candidate solutions are eliminated from a solution space using one or more experimental measurements of a polymeric mixture of interest. The elimination step can be repeated one or more times using different experimental measurements produced by various chemical and physical protocols, so that the remaining candidate solutions converge to describe the actual polymeric mixture under investigation. Once the composition of the complex polymeric mixture has been characterized, the information thus generated can be used to facilitate, for example, the manufacture of a bio-equivalent of the complex polymeric mixture.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for sterilizing a fluid and includes a container provided for receiving the fluid, at least one UV light source for the sterilization of the fluid, and at least one measuring device for determining absorption properties and/or cloudiness of the fluid. A light source is associated with the measuring device. The light from the light source to the measuring device in a first operating mode leads through the fluid at least on a partial section, and in a second operating mode on this partial section leads through a reference medium having known absorption properties and/or cloudiness.

Abstract: Methods of detecting the discharge and uptake rates of ophthalmic lenses containing pharmaceutical agents are disclosed herein.

Abstract: A method for quantifying the permanganate-reducing compounds (PRCs) in an acetic acid sample is disclosed. The method comprises establishing a correlation between permanganate absorbances of standard samples and their PRC contents and determining the PRC content of the acetic acid sample by measuring its permanganate absorbance of a reaction mixture containing a standard permanganate solution and the acetic acid sample. The permanganate absorbance is obtained by subtracting the manganese dioxide absorbance from the absorbance of the mixture.

Abstract: A UV flame sensor for detecting a run-on condition in a flame detector tube is disclosed. The UV flame sensor comprises a pair of secondary electrodes that are enclosed in a mesotube to form a breakdown chamber in order to detect the run-on condition. These secondary electrodes are exposed to UV through an aperture in a cathode plate and are energized continuously by a lower voltage. The mesotube is expected to break down when the run-on condition occurs. The secondary electrodes can be placed in the same gas environment as the main electrodes that may take different forms, shapes and locations.

Abstract: The invention relates to a radiation sensor device comprising a housing and a plurality of radiation sensor modules secured to the housing. Each radiation sensor module comprises a radiation sensor arranged to detect radiation incident on the radiation source module. Preferably, each radiation sensor module contains an entire so-called optical train to allow for calibration of the detector (e.g., photodiodes, photoresistors and the like) without disassembling all the components of the module.

Abstract: Detection sensitivity is improved by increasing the amount of light of beams that irradiate a sample cell without causing saturation of a detector with ultraviolet beams or visible beams. This spectrophotometer includes a sample cell, which stores a sample to be measured, a visible light source and an ultraviolet light source each for supplying an incident beam that enters the sample, a spectroscope, which disperses a beam that has passed through the sample, an optical detector, which detects beams dispersed from such beam (spectrum), and a dichroic element which reflects or transmits ultraviolet beams from the ultraviolet light source and which transmits or reflects visible beams from the visible light source. Optics are configured such that ultraviolet beams and visible beams that have passed through or have been reflected by the dichroic element enter the sample cell.

Abstract: An excitation component or arrangement can provide excitation to a moving object so that information is encoded in time variation of light emanating from the object. For example, in each of a sequence of segments, it can provide a respective non-binary excitation spectrum, and the spectra can be different with a non-interference-like transition between them; because the object emanates light differently in response to the different spectra, photosensing results can be obtained that include encoded information about the object. The non-binary spectra could be different intermediate intensities, such as different gray levels or different intensities of one color or could be different colors. The excitation can be provided in a pattern with non-interference-like transitions between regions, and object motion can also be controlled.

Abstract: A process for measuring transmittance of a fluid with first and second radiation wavelengths includes (i) positioning a polychromatic radiation source and a polychromatic radiation sensor in a spaced relationship to define a first thickness of fluid; (ii) detecting a first radiation intensity corresponding to the first wavelength at the first thickness; (iii) detecting a second radiation intensity corresponding to the second wavelength at the first thickness; (iv) altering the first thickness to define a second thickness; (v) detecting a third radiation intensity corresponding to the first wavelength at the second thickness; (vi) detecting a fourth radiation intensity corresponding to the second wavelength at the second thickness; and (vii) calculating radiation transmittance of the fluid in the radiation field from the first radiation intensity, the second radiation intensity, the third radiation intensity and the fourth radiation intensity.

Abstract: An optical method and system for measuring characteristics of a sample using a broadband metrology tool in a purge gas flow environment are disclosed. In the method a beam path for the metrology tool is purged with purge gas at a first flow rate. A surface of the sample is illuminated by a beam of source radiation having at least one wavelength component in a vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) range and/or at least one wavelength component in an ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) range. A flow rate of a purge gas is adjusted between the first flow rate for metrology measurements made when the source radiation is in the VUV spectral region and a second flow rate for metrology measurements made when the source radiation is in the UV-Vis spectral region. The system includes a light source, illumination optics, collection optics, detector, a purge gas source and a controller.

Abstract: A device for the UV treatment of fluids flowing in a flow channel, including a plurality of cylindrical low-pressure mercury UV emitters arranged in groups in the flow channel. The longitudinal axes of the UV emitters are disposed substantially parallel to one another such that the emitters of a given group are disposed in a plane. At least one elongated sensor arrangement monitors the operating state of the emitters, and is spaced from and parallel to one of the groups of the emitters. The sensor arrangement extends essentially transverse to the longitudinal axes of the emitters of the adjacent group, and is provided with a separate UV sensor for each emitter. At least one unit connected with the sensor arrangement controls and/or regulates the emitters.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for amplifying the detected signal in a gas sensor. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method for increasing the concentration of the gas which is being detected in a sample or increasing the concentration of a gas which is directly obtained from the gas in the sample by chemical reaction. The gas which is to be detected is nitric oxide (NO). In particular, the method concerns the selective conversion of NO to NO2 which allows a threefold amplification of the number of analyte molecules in NO trace gas analysis in a single amplification cycle. Subsequent reduction or thermal decomposition of the obtained NO2 can provide NO again, which can again be introduced in a new amplification cycle. Multiple (n) amplification cycles can provide a sensitivity amplification by a factor 3n. The method can be combined with a multitude of detection methods and tolerates a high humidity.

Abstract: Threshold Cerenkov Detector With Radial Segmentation permits correlation between number of photons produced in concentrically arranged radiator tubes and particle momentum that yields a 90% confidence level for e, ?, ?, and p identification up to 4-5 GeV/c or four to five times greater than the momentum limit for particle identification in Threshold Cerenkov Detectors, wherein detector has three concentric cylinders with a total of 25 radiator tubes, each cylinder of tubes has different medium; and four scintillators are employed which trigger cosmic particles within a window of 5ns. Radiator designs produce more photons as particles enter improved TCDRS design and fewer photons as they leave. Correlation between the number of photons produced in the tubes and the particle momentum yields about a 90% confidence level for e, ?, ?, and p identification up to 4-5 GeV/c times greater than the momentum limit for particle identification using existing Threshold Cerenkov Detectors.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a means of greatly reducing the interference of mercury vapor in the UV absorbance measurement of ozone. Currently, commercial ozone monitors make use of a low pressure Hg lamp as the radiation source. Because the lamp spectral lines are extremely narrow and resonant with the Hg vapor absorption spectrum, ozone monitors typically detect Hg with approximately three orders of magnitude greater sensitivity than ozone itself. The replacement of the low pressure mercury lamp with a broad band UV source centered near 254 nm greatly reduces the Hg interference. The optimal band width (FWHM) for the radiation source is approximately 1-10 nm. For band widths in this range, the Hg interference is reduced by a factor of 140 (for 1 nm) to 1,400 (for 10 nm) with minimal effect on the sensitivity toward ozone and linear dynamic range.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device (1) for sterilizing a fluid (7), comprising a container (2) provided for receiving the fluid (7), at least one UV light source (3) for the sterilization of the fluid (7), and at least one measuring device (11) for determining absorption properties and/or cloudiness of the fluid (7), wherein a light source (3) is associated with the measuring device (11), and wherein the light from the light source (3) to the measuring device (11) in a first operating mode leads through the fluid (7) at least on a partial section (13), and in a second operating mode on this partial section (13) leads through a reference medium having known absorption properties and/or cloudiness.

Abstract: A photometric apparatus which includes a cover that houses a UV light source and a photodetector, the cover hermetically sealing an entire light path extending from the light source to the photodetector therewithin; device for replacing an internal atmosphere of the cover with nitrogen gas; and a window plate unit which is adapted to be readily attached to and detached from a partition wall between a light source chamber and a spectral chamber located in a subsequent stage thereof. The window plate unit blocks gaseous communication between the light source chamber and the spectral chamber while allowing measurement light to be transmitted therethrough.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for detecting carbonate scale. An energy emitting device transmits energy through one optical window, through a fluid stream, and out through a second optical window where the energy is detected by an energy receiving device. As scale, such as that due to carbonate present in the fluid, accumulates on the wetted surface of the optical windows, the transmission of the energy through the optical windows is obscured. The optical windows may optionally be coated and electrically charged to promote the formation of carbonate scale on the wetted surface of the window. The optical windows can be cleaned by reversing their polarity. By correlating the rate of energy intensity reduction to carbonate scale formation, the concentration of carbonate in the fluid stream can be determined. The carbonate detector can be used to alarm, shutdown, or control operation of equipment that may be adversely affected by the presence of carbonate in the fluid stream.

Abstract: A device to measure the amount of ultraviolet (UV) light transmitted through a water sample, relative to the amount of UV light transmitted through a sample of known UV transmittance, known as UV percent transmittance (UVT). A single UV sensor is used to measure the amount of UV light transmitted through the blank sample and through the water sample under test. In order to maintain accuracy, compensation must be made for fluctuations or drift in the UV lamp output which is common in UV lamps and due primarily to changes in temperature and imperfections in the lamp. The UV sensor measures the amount of light being emitted by the lamp at the times before and/or after the UV sensor measures the amount of UV light transmitted through the blank and water samples. A microprocessor computes the UVT while using the detector readings to compensate the calculated UVT for any drift and fluctuations in the UV lamp output.

Abstract: Provided herein are methods for detecting vapor-phase materials and/or photofragments thereof including energetic materials and decomposition products thereof, molecules or analytes at a stand-off distance. The methods provide for the stimulation of the ground state vapor phase to an excited state using a high fluence temporally and spatially focused ultraviolet laser pulse. The detection of back-scattered amplified spontaneous emission from the excited state vapor-phase material indicates the presence of the vapor phase materials.

Abstract: A chemical reactor includes two substrates that are joined along a surface and a chemical reaction chamber formed between the substrates. The chemical reaction chamber has a hollow interior and one or more light reflectors located along walls of the hollow interior. The chemical reaction chamber has one or more inputs to transport fluid into the hollow interior and an output to transport fluid out of the hollow interior. The one or more light reflectors cause light rays to make multiple crossings of the hollow interior as a result of reflections off the one or more reflectors.

Abstract: A method of operating a UV disinfection device provided with at least one UV emitter, including supplying the emitter with an operating voltage for a firing and continuous operation thereof, modulating the operating voltage, an operating current, or an electrical power of the UV emitter, detecting the UV radiation emitted by the emitter with a UV sensor that is adapted to temporally resolve the modulation, evaluating the signal recorded by the UV sensor, and checking whether the modulation in the signal given off by the sensor corresponds to a desired value.

Abstract: A method of estimating strength of forming photochemical ozone utilizing a pump and probe technique is disclosed along with an apparatus for estimating strength of forming photochemical ozone utilizing a pump and probe means whereby strength of forming photochemical ozone can be estimated without measuring a concentration of each type of various reactive hydrocarbons in order to predict strength of forming photochemical ozone from rates of their reaction with OH radicals. Atmosphere (11) is irradiated with a pumping laser light (2c) to photolyze ozone therein, thereby forming excited oxygen atoms O(1D) which are then caused to react with water vapor to form OH radicals. The OH radicals are irradiated with a probing laser light (3e) to excite electrons therein. A fluorescent light emitted when the excited electrons are relaxed to transition is measured in a time sequence.