Abstract: A method which can control crystallization of a biopolymer such as protein is provided. A silicon crystal (15) whose valence electrons are controlled to be capable of controlling the concentration of holes or electrons of the surface part in response to the environment of a buffer solution (14) containing the biopolymer such as protein is brought into contact with the solution (14), for getting a crystal of the biopolymer deposited on the surface of the silicon crystal (15). Crystallization is controlled by an electrical state which is generated by the controlled valence electrons on the surface of the silicon crystal (15).

Abstract: Process for depositing and crystallizing a thin layer of organic material by means of a beam of energy.A compact block formed of organic material is disposed adjacent one of the faces of the substrate, the block is subjected through the substrate to the action of a laser beam, so as to desorb the organic material forming the block, the substrate being optically transparent to the beam, and a relative displacement is performed between the substrate and the beam in order to sweep such faces over a given path, to enable the desorbed material to be deposited on the face of the substrate opposite the block, and the material thus deposited to be crystallized in a quasi-crystalline form.Application to the manufacture of integrated optical products, such as lenses, mirrors, networks and the manufacture of opto-electronic components.

Abstract: Process for continuous crystallization of a liquid mixture in which the mixture is led through a cascade of cooling sections. The temperature in the first section is such that a part of the mixture crystallizes, the temperature in each succeeding section is lower than in the preceding section. The temperature in the last section is such that not the whole of the liquid mixture solidifies. The crystals kept suspended in the liquid are led through the cascade. In one section, not being the last one, the crystal and liquid flow is divided in two flows. One flow mainly formed by the crystals, the other by the liquid. A portion of the divided flow is recycled to the dividing section to keep the crystal volume fraction at a desired value.

Abstract: A method for treating in counter current of suspended particles with a liquid, whereby the particles and the liquid are transferred in opposite directions through a contact zone which, at some places, spaced in axial direction, is stirred in planes perpendicular to the center line of the contact zone, in which the contact zone is one continuous space and that the volume fraction of the solid matter in the contact zone is maintained at a value between 0.20 and 0.55.

Abstract: Fast crystallizing polyester molding composition comprising (a) a PET or PET/PBT matrix resin having an inherent viscosity of at least 0.4, (b) polyalkylene oxide soft segments incorporated into the matrix resin, (c) a plasticizer of the formula ##STR1## (d) a crystallization promoter, and (e) a reinforcing or filling material.

Abstract: A moulding composition comprises a polyethylene terephthalate with a nucleant, polycaprolactone of molecular weight above 10,000 and an epoxidized unsaturated triglyceride. The amount of epoxidized triglyceride is preferably not more than 10 parts per 100 parts total polymer and the amount of polycaprolactone is preferably 2.5 to 25 parts per 100 parts total polymer.

Abstract: Improved injection moldability of polyethylene terephthalates is achieved by the addition of an epoxidized plasticizer and a nucleating agent cooperative with the epoxidized plasticizer to achieve the improved moldability even when the composition is injection molded using mold temperatures of at least as low as 93.degree. C.

Abstract: A moulding composition is based on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and contains as additives polycaprolactone with a number average molecular weight greater than 10,000 and a nucleant for crystallization of the PET.The composition can also contain a reinforcing fibre, such as glass, and a plasticizing additive, which may be, for example, a lower molecular weight polycaprolactone, or a plasticizer such as dibenzyl adipate.

Abstract: Improved injection moldability of polyethylene terephthalates is achieved by the addition of an epoxidized plasticizer and a nucleating agent cooperative with the epoxidized plasticizer to achieve the improved moldability even when the composition is injection molded using mold temperatures of at least as low as 93.degree. C.

Abstract: Thermoplastic compositions comprising, in intimate admixture, polyethylene terephthalate, a rubber-free copolymer of or a rubber-modified graft copolymer of a vinyl aromatic compound and an .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated cyclic anhydride, a fibrous modifier, and a nucleating agent are disclosed. These compositions display desirable properties, particularly elevated heat deflection temperatures and good surface appearance.Also disclosed is a process for producing articles by injection molding the compositions at a hold pressure of about 5,000 to about 10,000 psi.

Abstract: Novel nucleating agents have been discovered which are effective in polyesters, especially poly(ethylene terephthalate). The novel nucleating agents are copolymers derived from a poly(alkylene terephthalate) and a sulfonate salt.Also provided by this invention are a process for nucleating polyesters, particularly poly(alkylene terephthalates), especially poly(ethylene terephthalate) and the compositions so produced.

Abstract: Polyethylene terephthalate molding compositions characterized by rapid crystallization are provided by combining polyethylene terephthalate and a filler or reinforcing agent with a crystallization-rate promoter comprising sodium benzoate and a poly-alpha-olefin such as low density polyethylene. A flame retardant material is provided by the addition of flame retardant additives.

Abstract: Injection moldable homopolymers, copolymers, and terpolymers are prepared from fully or partially acylated aromatic diamines, aliphatic diamines or a mixture of these and aromatic tricarboxylic anhydride compounds or mixtures of tricarboxylic anhydrides and dicarboxylic acids. These polymers are improved by the addition of calcium moieties such as oxide, calcium acetate and calcium hydroxide. These polymers are useful for the preparation of injection molded articles.

Abstract: A textile hot-melt adhesive comprises a mixture ofA. a linear, saturated, high-molecular weight copolyester (75-95 mole % of terephthalic acid, 5-25 mole % of (iso-)phthalic acid; 40-70 mole % of butanediol and 30-60 mole % of other aliphatic diols;B. 0.05-0.5% by weight of an inorganic powder (particle diameter: 0.5-3 .mu.m);C. 0.01-0.2% by weight of an alkaline earth metal salt of a fatty acid (particle diameter: 40-60 .mu.m; andD. optionally, customary auxiliary agents and additives.

Abstract: Nucleating agents have been discovered which enable molded articles to be prepared with smooth glossy surfaces from blends of polyethylene terephthalate and polybutylene terephthalate in the "wet state", i.e., without the resin having been subjected to a predrying stage.The present invention is directed to polyalkylene terephthalate resin compositions. Specifically, it is directed to undried blends of polyethylene terephthalate and polybutylene terephthalate resins with nucleating agents which enable these resin blends to be molded into articles with smooth glossy surfaces. In a preferred embodiment fillers and/or reinforcing materials are added without subjecting the resin to a predrying treatment which has been heretofore necessary in the prior art.

Abstract: Use of a selected benzoate oligomer has been found to reduce mold deposits and to lower volatility without impairing crystallization rates of polyethylene terephthalate molding blends which contain an ionic hydrocarbon copolymer or ionic salt of a hydrocarbon acid, over polyethylene terephthalate blends which contained the ionic component and other additives.

Abstract: Purified aromatic dicyanates are cured with a catalyst which is an Mn(II), Ag(II), Fe(III), Bi(III), In(III) or Hf(IV) salt at 150.degree.-200.degree. C. and then at 200.degree.-300.degree. C. for a time sufficient to cure the dicyanate without causing color formations to the extent of a Yellowness Index over 30. In some forms the dicyanate is combined with the catalyst and a thermoplastic.

Abstract: A molding composition of a terephthalate polyester such as PET, a plasticizing material and a crystal nucleating agent. The nucleating agent is a powdered metal hydroxide such as aluminum hydroxide, which raises the T.sub.cc of the composition and permits reduced cycling time and enables higher molecular weight polymer to be used in the molding process.

Abstract: Use of a selected sulfonamide has been found to reduce mold deposits and to lower volatility without impairing crystallization rates of polyethylene terephthalate molding blend which contains an ionic hydrocarbon copolymer or ionic salt of a hydrocarbon acid, over polyethylene terephthalate blends which contained the ionic component and other additives.

Abstract: Nucleating agents have been discovered which enable molded articles to be prepared with smooth glossy surfaces from blends of polyethylene terephthalate and polybutylene terephthalate in the "wet state", i.e., without the resin having been subjected to a predrying stage.The present invention is directed to polyalkylene terephthalate resin compositions. Specifically, it is directed to undried blends of polyethylene terephthalate and polybutylene terephthalate resins with nucleating agents which enable these resin blends to be molded into articles with smooth glossy surfaces. In a preferred embodiment, fillers and/or reinforcing materials are added without subjecting the resin to a predrying treatment which has been heretofore necessary in the prior art.

Abstract: A monomeric aromatic dicyanate is purified to remove color forming impurities, combined with a zinc salt catalyst and cured first below 200.degree. C. and then for a limited time at or above 200.degree. C., either alone or in admixture with or on a thermoplastic polymer. For example, purified 2,2-bis(4-cyanatophenyl)propane is purified, combined with a poly(ester carbonate) and zinc chloride, and then cured at increasing temperatures from 150.degree. C. to 250.degree. C.

Abstract: Aqueous crystallization of polyester, particularly copolymeric polyethylene terephthalate in the presence of surface active agents.

Abstract: A scale deposition from an aqueous slurry of naphthoquinone and phthalic acid can be prevented by adding fine crystals of phthalic acid to the aqueous slurry of naphthoquinone and phthalic acid collected, which slurry is obtained by contacting a gas resulting from a catalytic gas phase oxidation of naphthalene with water or a mother liquor recycled. The fine crystals of phthalic acid have diameters of less than 100.mu., preferably 10 to 40.mu., and can be in an aqueous slurry of phthalic acid pulverized by a pulverizer.

Abstract: Pure acrylic acid may be obtained from an aqueous solution containing acrylic acid by fractional crystallization wherein a salt is added to the aqueous solution that eliminates the eutectic point between acrylic acid and water.

Abstract: Thermoplastic polyester composition containing 2-70% by weight of inorganic fillers and calcium oxide or strontium oxide for improving the melt viscosity stability of the polyester composition under melt conditions.

Abstract: An inexpensive yet reliable method for incorporating a minor fraction of a percent by weight of nucleating agent in a propylene polymer is provided in which the nucleating agent is dissolved at a concentration of less than 10% in a homogeneous, alcohol-based, carrier liquid having a normal boiling point of not over about 120.degree. C. The resultant solution is atomized into a full jet spray of fine droplets which is directed with full and even coverage onto a loose pulverulent bed of propylene polymer powder over a period of time and with sufficient agitation of said bed to expose essentially all segments of the bed to direct contact with said spray.

Abstract: Disclosed is a composition, comprising a calcium-containing polyethylene terephthalate polymer and from about 0.01 to 1% by weight of silica obtained by a pyrogenic process, as well as a method of producing same and improved shaped articles made from said composition.

Abstract: Polyester film for magnetic tape including discrete polyester particles containing lithium, calcium and phosphorus, said particles having an average size in the range from 0.1 to 3.0 .mu.m and inert pigments having an average size of 1.0 to 10.0 .mu.m.Magnetic tape from this film has improved abrasion resistance and reduced the occurrence of "drop out".

Abstract: A polyester film is disclosed which comprises (a) a polyester mainly consisting of polyethylene terephthalate which includes first inert particles being precipitated in the polyester-forming reaction system and having an average particle diameter of 1 to 3 microns and which shows a solution haze of 25 to 75% and (b) an additive amount of second inert substance particles which are added to said polyester (a) insoluble in said polyester (a), inert to the polyester-forming reaction and have an average particle diameter of 1 to 5 microns. The film is useful as a base of a magnetic tape.

Abstract: Polyester compositions suitable for the production of oriented films contain filler agglomerates of mixtures of primary inert particles having opposite electrical charges in polar media, preferably pyrogenic alumina and pyrogenic silica. The preferred particles give optically clear films and the presence of alumina aids filtration.

Abstract: A process for preparing 2-amino-1-butanol by reacting L-tartarate of 2-amino-1-butanol with an aqueous slurry alkaline earth metal compound in such a way that some L-tartarate of 2-amino-1-butanol remains in the reaction system throughout the entire time of reaction to produce a precipitate of L-tartarate of the alkaline earth metal which comprises crystals which are sufficiently large so that they have excellent filterability and give a high yield of 2-amino-1-butanol. Highly purified 2-amino-1-butanol can be obtained by subjecting the thus obtained filtrate to rectification.

Abstract: A moulding composition which comprises a polycarbonate polymer, a plasticizer for said polymer, and a finely divided nucleating agent selected from the group consisting of metal salts of polymers carrying lateral carboxylic groups.

Abstract: Polyolefins which have been modified by being graft polymerized with from about 1 to 15 weight percent of an acrylic acid or derivative thereof are outstanding nucleating agents when added to unmodified polyolefins in concentrations of about 0.1 to 15 weight percent.

Abstract: Glass-filled compositions containing saturated thermoplastic polyesters and aliphatic carboxyl-containing materials of low molecular weight having shear-dependent melt viscosity characteristics.

Abstract: The invention concerns a process for crystallizing a polycarbonate polymer which consists in incorporating to said polycarbonate polymer a finely divided nucleating agent and/or a plasticizer for said polycarbonate polymer, and crystallizing the mixture thus obtained at a temperature higher than the vitreous transition temperature.The semi-crystalline polymer material obtained can be reinforced by adding inorganic fibers.

Abstract: This invention provides a film or sheet capable of being thermoformed into a shaped article and being formed from a blend of about 60 to 85 parts by weight of a polyethylene terephthalate polymer having an intrinsic viscosity of at least about 0.90 and correspondingly about 40 to 15 parts by weight of a polycarbonate polymer, the polyethylene terephthalate portion of the film or sheet having a degree of crystallinity in the range of about 20 to 40%. The film is essentially non-oriented. The present invention also provides shaped articles thermoformed from such film or sheet, such as cook-in-trays. Moreover, this invention provides a process of forming such film or sheet which comprises the steps of blending about 60 to 85 parts by weight of a polyethylene terephthalate polymer having an intrinsic viscosity of at least about 0.90 with correspondingly about 40 to 15 parts by weight of a polycarbonate resin, extruding the resultant blend at a temperature of above about 500.degree.

Abstract: Thermoplastic, stable, blended compositions comprising a combination of (a) a poly(ethylene terephthalate) resin and (b) a poly(1,4-butylene terephthalate) resin. The alloyed combination of resins can be reinforced with fillers and also rendered flame retardant.

Abstract: Fiber- and film-forming composition comprising a linear synthetic polyester together with antimony-containing particles, present in an amount of from 0.02 to 1.0% by weight of the composition. The content of elemental antimony in the antimony-containing particles is from 15 to 70% of the weight of the particles.