Abstract: A structured packing for a reactor is formed from a metal sheet to promote heat and mass transfer near the wall of the reactor. The structured packing causes lateral flow of fluids flowing through the packing such that jet impingement of at least one reactor wall is promoted. The packing may be used in a cylindrical, annular or plate-type reactor, e.g., a catalytic reactor, or a heat exchanger.

Abstract: A mass-exchange contact device is proposed, comprising an upper tray, contact element including a barbotage unit configured as an inner cap with strips tangently bent out, a lower tray, a casing including a ring-shaped descending limiter, windows circumferentially disposed on the casing's walls (lower row), orifices circumferentially disposed on the casing's walls (upper row) above the windows, a double-acting valve composed of an upper and lower plates fixedly attached to a distance rod, and a cover bushing disposed coaxially to and around the upper region of casing embracing the contact element. Embodiments comprise a number of rows of the proposed devices situated one above the other, and separated by multi-layer packing fittings. In catalytic distillation columns, the fittings can be filled with catalytic material. Alternatively, the fitting is substituted with a grating that supports a catalytic granular layer. The device allows improving operation, reliability, durability, reducing its weight and costs.

Abstract: A tank has a side wall bounded by a top and a bottom. An axis extends vertically through the tank. An inlet line for water of a first condition extends through the top with a lower end at a lower extent of the tank. An outlet line for water of a second condition has a lower end within an intermediate extent of the tank. A dispenser at the lower end of the water inlet line has apertured legs extending radially within the tank. An oscillator within the tank above the dispenser is operatively coupled to the inlet line for mixing all of the water of a first condition entering the tank through the inlet line while thereafter forwarding all of the mixed water of a first condition to the dispenser.

Abstract: A headless suspended mass transfer and reaction tower system used for the scrubbing, stripping or chemical reaction between gases and liquids. The system comprises an elongated shell having a closed top end and a suspension member configured to suspend the tower from an external suspension support. Various embodiments of the system can be adapted for the purposes of chemical vent scrubbing, absorption, odor abatement, gas-liquid chemical reactions, or similar processes. The tower can be operated in the classical counter current or concurrent flow modes, under pressure, or in a partial vacuum.

Abstract: A device for the injection and mixing of steam into a fluid stream. The device is intended to be used in a substantially cylindrically-shaped primary conduit having a longitudinal axis and circular cross-section for carrying the fluid stream. The primary conduit is provided with an inlet for accepting the fluid stream and an outlet for discharging the fluid stream along the longitudinal axis. A secondary conduit is joined to the primary conduit for discharging steam within the fluid stream along the longitudinal axis. A biscuit element is provided of sintered tungsten having upstream and downstream circular faces sized to fit within the primary conduit along its interior wall having a geometric center coincident with the longitudinal axis and having a plurality of openings, each having a longitudinal axis parallel to the longitudinal axis of the primary conduit. Each opening is provided with a mixing element that induces a rotational angular velocity to the fluid stream passing therethrough.

Abstract: The present invention provides a packing element comprising at least one sheet having a plurality of deformations, the sheet being operable to form a folded or helical configuration wherein adjacent portions of the at least one sheet are spaced to allow for flow of at least one of fluid, air and gas therebetween.

Abstract: A packed column includes a regular packing (8) and a liquid distribution plate (5). The regular packing (8) is constructed by combining two or more hollow columns, and the hollow columns each have a cross section of circular shape, hexagonal shape or other shapes. The liquid distribution plate (5) has small holes under which liquid guide tubes (4) are connected. The liquid guide tubes (4) lead to all hollow columns of the packing (8). The liquid distribution plate (5) is horizontally installed above the regular packing (8) in a column body (2). Each gas guide plate (11) is made by rotating and twisting a rectangular plate and has several protrusions (12) on its side. The gas guide plates (11) are installed in the hollow columns of the regular packing (8) with the height slightly smaller than that of the hollow columns. A gas outlet (3) is located between the regular packing (8) and the liquid distribution plate (5).

Abstract: Vapor-liquid contacting apparatuses comprising a primary contacting zone and a secondary contacting zone are disclosed. A representative secondary contacting zone is a secondary absorption zone, such as a finishing zone for subsequent contacting of the vapor effluent from the primary contacting zone to further remove impurities and achieve a desired purity of purified gas exiting the secondary absorption zone. The secondary contacting zone is disposed below the primary contacting zone, such that the secondary contacting zone, which must operate efficiently in removing generally trace amounts of remaining impurities, is more protected from movement than the more elevated, primary or initial contacting stages for bulk impurity removal. The apparatuses are therefore especially beneficial in offshore applications where they are subjected to rocking.

Abstract: The object of the present invention is to provide a method for manufacturing hydrogen-added water containing a large amount of microscopic bubbles and manufacturing equipment for the same so as to expand the industrial applicability of hydrogen-added water by injecting a large amount of microscopic bubbles. More specifically, a plurality of tubular structures, in which the diffusion chamber (5), having double tubes, is provided, and a porous element (6) having predetermined pore diameters, in the diffusion chamber (5) is provided and are substantially linearly arranged in a longitudinal direction. The raw water and hydrogen are supplied with one of the tubular structures, so as to form the mixture of raw water and hydrogen by mixing supplied raw water and hydrogen in the diffusion chamber (5). The mixture is passed through the porous element (6) and diffused therein. The mixture fluid of raw water and hydrogen is then supplied to an adjacent tubular structure under high pressure.

Abstract: A device for infusion of gas into fluid, off gassing said fluid and returning said off gassed fluid to a body of fluid, comprises an intake tube having a bottom opening submergable below a body of fluid, gas diffusion means positioned within a bottom portion of said intake tube for infusing gas into fluid within said intake tube, whereby the rising bubbles of infused gas drives the liquid in the intake tube upwardly to a top portion of the intake tube and through a cross tube section in communication with said intake tube portion, said cross tube section extending substantially perpendicularly to said intake tube and above said body of fluid to an off gassing section, said off gassing section extending above the cross tube section and allowing said liquid to have surface exchange with the air and thus removal of gasses from the liquid and being positioned above the body of water, thereby creating a head differential.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a treatment or hydrotreatment reactor comprising at least one granular bed (12), an essentially liquid phase (L) and an essentially gaseous phase (G) present in the bottom of the reactor and separated by an interface (38), and a distribution plate (20) with at least one main chimney (32) allowing circulation of liquid phase (L) towards the bed and at least one passage (30) for feeding gas phase (G) into said bed. According to the invention, plate (20) also comprises at least one mixed chimney (34) for circulation of the liquid phase towards the bed or for feeding the gas phase into said bed.

Abstract: A fabric packing has a plurality of layers made of a filament of metal or plastic and includes bulges for maintaining the fabric layers at a distance. The bulges have first protuberances of generally trough-shaped configuration and second protuberances formed on the first protuberances, thereby defining respective apexes. The second protuberances are sized smaller than the first protuberances, wherein neighboring fabric layers are supported on one another via the second protuberances.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a gas-liquid dispersion device which is used in a column wherein a gas-liquid mixed fluid flows upward which comprises a liquid as a continuous phase and a gas as a dispersed phase, characterized in that the gas is dispersed effectively into the liquid, so that a sufficient contact between the gas and the liquid can be attained. The device is characterized in that (A) the plate has at least one hole through which the gas and the liquid pass, (B) one end of the conduit is connected to the hole at a lower surface of the plate so that the conduit extends downward from the plate, (C) at least one passage for the gas is provided through a side surface of the conduit, and (D) at least one passage for the liquid is provided in a lower part of the conduit.

Abstract: A chemical processing apparatus that utilizes randomly oriented ceramic packing elements having at least three openings therethrough that accommodate feedstock with combustible and/or noncombustible matter that accumulates in the openings is described. The openings occupy at least 10% of the surface area on one side of the packing element.

Abstract: Dispensers and refills for volatile liquids, such as fragrances, are disclosed. Dispensers and refills in combination with dispensers according to the present invention may comprise a volatile liquid and a housing. In certain embodiments, the volatile liquid of the present invention has a predetermined evaporation rate, measured and calculated by the method described herein. In other embodiments, the volatile liquid exhibits a predefined relative evaporation rate. In addition to the housing, the present invention includes optional components, such as a motorized fan and/or a wick, to facilitate release of the volatile liquid into the atmosphere.

Abstract: A static fluid mixer which can perform processing such as generation of ultrafine uniform bubbles and has small pressure loss. A static fluid mixer has mixing units having outflow openings for allowing fluid having passed through mixing flow paths to flow through the outflow openings. The mixing units are arranged in a tubular casing body at intervals in the axis direction of the casing body. Adjacent mixing units and the casing body forma flow path forming space. Each mixing unit has an annular outflow path communicating with the end of each mixing flow path. The annular outflow path is open in a ring-like form having a substantially constant width along the entire circumference. The opening at the end of the annular outflow path functions as an outflow opening connecting to the flow path forming space.

Abstract: A saddle-shaped random packing element is provided with laterally spaced, arcuate side members and a plurality of inner and outer rib elements that extend from and between the side members to form an interior volume. At least one lesser rib element extends from the side members and is at least partially positioned within the interior volume so that at least about 20 percent of the surface area of the packing element is positioned within the interior volume.

Abstract: A mass-exchange contact device is proposed, comprising an upper tray, contact element including a barbotage unit configured as an inner cap with strips tangently bent out, a lower tray, a casing including a ring-shaped descending limiter, windows circumferentially disposed on the casing's walls (lower row), orifices circumferentially disposed on the casing's walls (upper row) above the windows, a double-acting valve composed of an upper and lower plates fixedly attached to a distance rod, and a cover bushing disposed coaxially to and around the upper region of casing embracing the contact element. Embodiments comprise a number of rows of the proposed devices situated one above the other, and separated by multi-layer packing fittings. In catalytic distillation columns, the fittings can be filled with catalytic material. Alternatively, the fitting is substituted with a grating that supports a catalytic granular layer. The device allows improving operation, reliability, durability, reducing its weight and costs.

Abstract: The invention provides novel ceramic mass transfer packing elements with physical characteristics that maximize efficiency of mass transfer and minimize pressure drop when randomly dumped in a chemical reactor. In some embodiments, the elements may have: a ratio of surface area of the interaction zone to surface area of the flow through zone between 1:0.5 and 1:3; and the interaction zone surface area occupies between 45% and 70% of the open face surface area.

Abstract: The invention relates to a packing structure (1) for a fluid exchange column, the packing structure defining an exchange surface for at least one down-flowing liquid phase that is to be put into intimate contact with at least one up-flowing gas phase, the structure including a volume formed by a plurality of rows of bundles of tubes (10), each bundle having four tubes (10a-10d) respectively oriented along four directions (D10a-D10d) forming an angle relative to the axis of the structure, the plurality of tubes forming a plurality of passages opening out to the outside surface of the structure (1).

Abstract: Improved contacting modules and apparatuses containing the modules, for carrying out vapor-liquid contacting, are described. In representative contacting modules, liquid (and possibly vapor) are discharged into co-current flow channels in a non-uniform manner (e.g., from only one side of the channels). Particular contacting modules comprise at least one liquid downcomer and a demister, wherein the liquid downcomer and an inlet surface of the demister define a co-current flow channel and wherein liquid is discharged from an outlet of the downcomer. The use of one or more added liquid distribution devices to more uniformly distribute the discharged liquid improves vapor-liquid contacting efficiency in the co-current flow channel and consequently vapor-liquid mass transfer and approach to equilibrium for the contacting stage.

Abstract: Dispensers and refills for volatile liquids, such as fragrances, are disclosed. Dispensers and refills in combination with dispensers according to the present invention may comprise a volatile liquid and a housing. In certain embodiments, the volatile liquid of the present invention has a predetermined evaporation rate, measured and calculated by the method described herein. In other embodiments, the volatile liquid exhibits a predefined relative evaporation rate. In addition to the housing, the present invention includes optional components, such as a motorized fan and/or a wick, to facilitate release of the volatile liquid into the atmosphere.

Abstract: An impregnator for mixing a nonaerated or only slightly aerated liquid (F) with gas (G), in particular for mixing a noneffervescent or only slightly effervescent beer precursor product, or a beer precursor product containing CO2, with CO2, includes a mixing cell, in particular tubular, which except for an incoming liquid inlet, an incoming gas inlet, and an outlet, is partitioned off from the surrounding, and at least one Impregnator body is disposed in the mixing cell in such a way that the flow through the mixing cell of the liquid (F) and gas (G) must necessarily take place through the impregnator body. Disposed in the mixing cell is at least one impregnator body, which includes a porous solid body, namely of a foam material, a sponge, a follow fiber module, or a sintered material.

Abstract: A saddle-shaped random packing element is provided with laterally spaced, arcuate side members and a plurality of inner and outer rib elements that extend from and between the side members to form an interior volume. At least one lesser rib element extends from the side members and is at least partially positioned within the interior volume so that at least about 20 percent of the surface area of the packing element is positioned within the interior volume.

Abstract: Apparatus and processes for quenching a pyrolysis furnace effluent are provided. In one embodiment, a hydrocarbon stream comprising gas and oil vapor can be quenched with a first quench water stream to form a mixed vapor-liquid stream. The mixed vapor-liquid stream can be fed to a water quench tower to separate the vapor and liquid. The separated vapor can be further quenched with a second quench water stream in the quench tower to form an overhead vapor product comprising light hydrocarbons. Water and liquid hydrocarbons can be collected from the quench tower in an oil-water separator. The liquid hydrocarbons can be recovered from the oil-water separator. Water can be recovered from the oil-water separator. A portion of the recovered water can be cooled. The cooled water can be recycled to the first and second quench water streams.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for treating a flowing fluid, in particular water, including a housing with an inlet for supplying the fluid and an outlet for discharging the fluid, an element for generating radiation, in particular UV radiation, the radiation at least acting on a part of the flowing fluid, and a means for influencing the fluid flow within the housing wherein the means for influencing the fluid flow is configured as a module with a large number of structured metal sheets.

Abstract: A system for treatment of one or more flowing materials includes a support bed (32) comprising a plurality of support elements (34). The support bed may have a void fraction of at least 45%. An active bed (36), such as a bed of catalytic elements, may be supported by the support bed. The void fraction of the support bed may be larger than that of an equivalent bed of conventional, spherical elements, enabling significant improvements in the flow rate of reactants through the bed and/or a reduced pressure drop across the support bed.

Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus for heating a viscuous liquid slurry by direct steam injection in small scale installations. A process tube, through which the slurry flows, is surrounded by a pressure vessel. The pressure vessel acts as a high pressure steam boiler tank, heating the process tube. The process tube, having a length to accommodate mixing of the slurry within, act as a reaction chamber, into which steam is injected via a direct steam injection assembly. The integration of the injector, reactor, and boiler avoids the need for an external boiler and associated plumbing.

Abstract: A filter sphere for preventing debris from entering a downspout of a rain gutter. The filter sphere is a hollow, perforated sphere with a diameter slightly less than the width of a normal rain gutter.

Abstract: The invention provides novel ceramic mass transfer packing elements with physical characteristics that maximize efficiency of mass transfer and minimize pressure drop when randomly dumped in a chemical reactor. In some embodiments, the elements may have: a ratio of surface area of the interaction zone to surface area of the flow through zone between 1:0.5 and 1:3; and the interaction zone surface area occupies between 45% and 70% of the open face surface area.

Abstract: A humidifier pad made of a plurality of laminated sheets connected together in a stack. Each of the sheets is made of a two layer laminate material made of a first layer of a rigidifying material, such as aluminum, and a second layer made of an absorbent layer, such as paper. The layers of each of the sheets are first laminated together, and then each sheet is slit and expanded in a conventional manner. Subsequently, each sheet is bonded to a next adjacent sheet to form a pad.

Abstract: An improved random packing is the subject of the present invention. The packing element comprises a generally spherically shaped member which can be a perfect sphere, an ellipse, or some variation on either of the foregoing. The sphere is a hollow body having inner and outer surfaces with a plurality of openings passing through the body. A hypothetical axis passing through the sphere defines circular openings at both ends and the openings in between these two ends are generally elongated. The solid walls which form the sphere are of sufficient thickness so as to accommodate a plurality of indentations, some of which are formed in the solid walls and other indentations being formed coincidentally with the elongated openings between the solid wall sections. The indentations are characterized by curvilinear surfaces so that the total surface area presented by the inner surface (S1) and all of the remaining surfaces (S2) are at least twice the area of solid sphere of the same diameter with no indentations.

Abstract: A divided wall exchange column includes a dividing wall strengthened by stiffening members and/or a double wall design to better withstand pressure differentials and minimize temperature differentials. When a double wall is used, cost of manufacture and installation is minimized by reducing the manufacturing tolerances required while providing a design robust in construction, installation, and operation. When structured packing is used, the stiffening members, combined with positioning the layers of packing at preferred angles relative to the dividing wall, result in minimal interference with the heat and/or mass transfer process while minimizing the complexity of manufacture and construction of the packing. Further, by positioning the top layer of structured packing at other preferred angles relative to the dividing wall, a simplified liquid distributor design may be used in the divided wall exchange column while the layers below may still be orientated as described above with all the associated benefits.

Abstract: This invention provides a packing element for use in a chemical processing apparatus housing a mass transfer reaction. The packing element has lobes and channels radially disposed around a common axis and alternately spaced from one another. The lobes abut at least 60% of the circumference of the smallest circle that circumscribes the element and the channels form openings that abut no more than 40% of the circumference.

Abstract: A packing element for use in a fluidised bed includes a continuous surface with at least one recessed portion. The recessed portion has a volume in the range of 0.2 to 30% of the volume of the packing element itself.

Abstract: A chemical processing apparatus that utilizes randomly oriented ceramic packing elements having at least three openings therethrough that accommodate feedstock with combustible and/or noncombustible matter that accumulates in the openings is described. The openings occupy at least 10% of the surface area on one side of the packing element.

Abstract: A divided wall exchange column includes a dividing wall strengthened by stiffening members and/or a double wall design to better withstand pressure differentials and minimize temperature differentials. When a double wall is used, cost of manufacture and installation is minimized by reducing the manufacturing tolerances required while providing a design robust in construction, installation, and operation. When structured packing is used, the stiffening members, combined with positioning the layers of packing at preferred angles relative to the dividing wall, result in minimal interference with the heat and/or mass transfer process while minimizing the complexity of manufacture and construction of the packing. Further, by positioning the top layer of structured packing at other preferred angles relative to the dividing wall, a simplified liquid distributor design may be used in the divided wall exchange column while the layers below may still be orientated as described above with all the associated benefits.

Abstract: An evaporative pad comprising a plurality of layers of highly absorbent slit and expanded wicking papers and at least one layer of slit and expanded non-absorbent material carrying a coating of adsorbent particles bonded to exposed surfaces of the layer of non-absorbent material disposed between a pair of adjacent wicking layers in the pad. The wicking layers and non-absorbent layer coated with adsorbent particles are disposed in parallel overlying relationship to one another and bonded together to form the evaporative pad.

Abstract: A filtering device includes a hollow casing and a plurality of tubes. The casing includes an interior defined by a surrounding wall. The casing further includes a plurality of through-holes defined in the surrounding wall and in communication with the interior of the casing. Each tube extends through an associated one of the through-holes of the casing into the interior of the casing. In another embodiment, a filtering device includes a first hollow casing and a second hollow casing received in the first hollow casing. Each of the first hollow casing and the second hollow casing includes an interior delimited by a surrounding wall. A plurality of through-holes are defined in each of the surrounding walls of the first hollow casing and the second hollow casing.

Abstract: A fixed-bed reactor is described for carrying out reactions of fluid reaction mixtures in the presence of a particulate heterogeneous catalyst having a structured packing which forms interstices in the reactor interior, in which the quotient of the hydraulic diameter for the fluid flow through the structured packing and the equivalent diameter of the catalyst particles is in the range from 2 to 20, preferably in the range from 5 to 10, to such an extent that the catalyst particles are introduced into the interstices, loosely distributed and discharged under the action of gravity.

Abstract: There is provided a liquid-to-gas contact device comprising: a liquid-to-gas contact medium which is a honeycomb structural body formed of a porous material including a plurality of through channels defined by a plurality of partition walls and extending through the structural body in an axial direction, and including a plurality of flow passages extending through the honeycomb structural body from an outer peripheral surface side and formed isolatedly from the through channels; and a container which includes a gas inlet, a gas outlet, a liquid supply port, a storage tank for liquid, and, if desired, a liquid discharge port and in which the liquid-to-gas contact medium is to be stored. A capillarity phenomenon function possessed by the liquid-to-gas contact medium is used to provide the device which has a superior thermal efficiency and which can be constituted to be simple and compact.

Abstract: A fabric packing has a plurality of layers made of a filament of metal or plastic and includes bulges for maintaining the fabric layers at a distance. The bulges have first protuberances of generally trough-shaped configuration and second protuberances formed on the first protuberances, thereby defining respective apexes. The second protuberances are sized smaller than the first protuberances, wherein neighboring fabric layers are supported on one another via the second protuberances.

Abstract: The invention relates to a static mixer for an exhaust system of an internal combustion engine. The mixer has a wall structure that is arranged across the directional of flow in a pipe and has several layers of a corrugated sheeting material laying across one another in the direction of flow. The cells through which the flow can pass in the direction of flow are provided between the sheeting material of neighboring layers. The sheeting material has baffles for all or several of the cells. The baffles are arranged on the sheeting material so that they are arranged on their outgoing flow side in the case of said cells and extend in the direction of flow and across it.

Abstract: A process for effecting mass transfer between a liquid phase and a gaseous phase in a filled-type column comprising an external shell which accommodates at least one filler-containing basket wherethrough the phases are caused to flow in countercurrent relationship, advantageously comprises the step of feeding the gaseous phase to the at least one basket through a gas-permeable surface thereof which is larger than the basket cross-section, preferably in a prevailing radial flow direction.

Abstract: The invention provides an improved ceramic packing element (1, 6, 8) suited to use as a bed limiter having a generally uniform cross-section in the length (l) direction with the basic shape of a bow-tie and having a plurality of through passages (5) parallel to the length dimension (L).

Abstract: A nitrate reduction device has a cadmium structure forming a plurality of longitudinal channels within a flow chamber, which may be formed by a plurality of wires. The device is used to reduce nitrate to a final nitrite product for analysis.

Abstract: The method involves contacting the air with an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid in a stand-alone system. The air may be brought into contact with the liquid using a number of different types of apparatus, including a packed column scrubber. The liquid may be non-evaporative.

Abstract: A device or apparatus for contacting a liquid with a gas is provided. The device or apparatus has at least one gas inlet for introducing the gas into the liquid and a fiber housing with at least one liquid inlet and at least one liquid outlet. The fiber housing is surrounding and defining an outer bound for a plurality of fibers extending longitudinally in the fiber housing, whereby longitudinally extending interspaces are provided between the fibers. These interspaces thereby define flow passages for the liquid and gas. There is also provided a system and a method for contacting a liquid with a gas.

Abstract: A structured packing element has at least one edge adapted to intermesh with an edge of at least one other structured packing element. The structured packing elements may be used in a packed section in an exchange column which includes: a first layer of structured packing including a first structured packing element having an upper edge adapted to intermesh with a generally vertically adjacent lower edge of a second structured packing element; and a second layer of structured packing located above the first layer of structured packing, the second layer including the second structured packing element having the lower edge adapted to intermesh with the generally vertically adjacent upper edge of the first structured packing element. The upper edge of the first structured packing element intermeshes with the lower edge of the second structured packing element.

Abstract: A process for effecting mass transfer between a liquid phase and a gaseous phase in a filled-type column having an external shell which accommodates at least one filler-containing basket wherethrough the phases are caused to flow in countercurrent relationship. The process includes the step of feeding the gaseous phase to the at least one basket through a gas-permeable surface thereof which is larger than the basket cross-section, preferably in a prevailing radial flow direction.