Abstract: A process, in particular a 3D printing process, for producing a spectacle lens is disclosed. The process includes providing a coated substrate, providing a three-dimensional model of the spectacle lens, digitally cutting the three-dimensional model into individual two-dimensional layers, providing at least one printing ink, typically a 3D printing ink, building up the spectacle lens from the sum of the individual two-dimensional layers with a printing operation on the substrate, and hardening of the spectacle lens. The hardening can take place completely or partially after application of individual volume elements or after application of a layer, and the partial hardening can be completed after conclusion of the printing process.

Abstract: An electro-optical device includes an electro-optical panel in which a frame-shaped sealing member is provided between a first substrate and a second substrate, a third substrate facing the second substrate on a side opposite from the first substrate, and a bonding member that adheres the second substrate and the third substrate to each other. The bonding member is frame-shaped and a width thereof is narrower than a width of the sealing member. In plan view, the bonding member extends at a position closer to a pixel region than a center, in the width direction, of the sealing member. Therefore, an extending length of the bonding member can be shortened and a fixing area between the second substrate and the third substrate can be reduced, and thus, stress acting on the second substrate from the third substrate can be reduced.

Abstract: A method produces a three-dimensional body (3) in a stereolithographic process. According to the method, a photosensitive material (9) is cured by radiation, measuring radiation is coupled into a reference layer (80) and, as a result of internal reflection, remains predominantly within the reference layer (80), and the measuring radiation is detected space-resolved and time-resolved by a sensor (5).

Abstract: A method for transferring a decorative section of a stamping foil onto a substrate by means of an embossing die, wherein the stamping foil includes a carrier film and a transfer ply arranged on the carrier film. The method includes: a) Provision of the stamping foil; b) Embossing or pressing of at least one compression section spaced apart from the edge of the decorative section, into the transfer ply; c) Stamping of the decorative section onto the substrate; d) Detachment of the residual stamping film from the substrate embossed with the decorative section.

Abstract: A computer-controlled method for forming a composition-controlled product using 3D printing includes disposing two or more liquid reactant compositions in respective two or more reservoirs; and mixing the two or more liquid reactant compositions, which in turn includes controlling by the computer a mass ratio of the mixed two or more liquid reactant compositions. The computer-controlled method further includes scanning, under control of the computer, a mixed liquid reactants nozzle over a substrate; depositing the mixed liquid reactant compositions onto the substrate; and operating, under control of the computer, a light source to polymerize the deposited mixed liquid reactant compositions.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide a light diffusing lens production apparatus which makes it possible to efficiently produce a high-quality light diffusing lens having enhanced optical properties.

Abstract: Disclosed herein, amongst other things, is a control structure for a molding system (900). The control structure includes a controller (106, 934) and a valve actuator (104) for positioning a valve member (102) of a valve (101) for regulating flow of molding material in the molding system (900), wherein the controller (106, 934) is configured to monitor an operating parameter of the valve actuator (104) for indirectly appreciating an indication of a molding parameter of the molding system (900).

Abstract: A method of producing an optical component includes a transfer step of sandwiching a molding material layer of a molding material between a thin glass plate and a mold and transferring an indented pattern on the mold to the molding material layer to form a patterned indented layer on the thin glass plate, and a separation step of separating the mold from the patterned indented layer. During the transfer step, a reinforcing plate is removably attached to the thin glass plate.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a waveguide for a display apparatus comprising providing a planar optical waveguide part (20), depositing upon the optical waveguide part a fluid material (11) curable to form an optically transparent solid, impressing (30) upon the fluid material an impression defining an input diffraction grating region, an intermediate diffraction grating region and an output diffraction grating region wherein the fluid material of the intermediate diffraction grating region is continuous with the fluid material of at least the input diffraction grating region, curing (45) the impressed fluid material to solidify said impression. The physical location of the input diffraction grating is located wholly within the geographical area of the intermediate grating, and the grating vectors of the input diffraction grating and the intermediate diffraction grating are oriented in different respective directions.

Abstract: Provided are a polarizing plate including a polarizing film and protective films provided on both sides of the polarizing film and a display device including the same.

Abstract: The object of the present invention is to provide a touch panel member that is excellent in terms of suppression of visibility of a transparent electrode and has low total reflection for visible light, and a touch panel and a touch panel display device having the touch panel member. The touch panel member of the present invention comprises, in order, at least a transparent substrate, a transparent electrode, and a protective layer provided so as to cover the transparent electrode, the protective layer comprising three or more layers having different refractive indices, all of the different refractive index layers of the protective layer satisfying a specific expression, and the protective layer satisfying another specific expression.

Abstract: There are provided a fine concave-convex structure substrate which is hydrophobic and excellent in heat resistance, a solution used for producing the concave-convex structure substrate, and a method for producing the concave-convex structure substrate. The concave-convex structure substrate having the concave-convex structure includes a concave-convex structure layer made of a sol-gel material, and a contact angle of water on the sol-gel material in a flat and smooth film shape is not less than 80°. The concave-convex structure substrate according to the present invention has a hydrophobic surface, and thus, in the element in which the concave-convex structure substrate is incorporated, moisture adsorption onto the surface of the concave-convex structure substrate can be prevented, thereby making it possible to lengthen a service life of the element.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing an imprint mold which can prevent accumulation of the transferring resin onto the transferring roll is provided. A method for manufacturing an imprint mold, including: a resin coating step to coat a photo-curing resin composition or a thermosetting resin composition onto a pattern transferring mold having a fine concave-convex pattern; and a transferring step to transfer the resin composition throughout the entire circumference of a cylindrical transferring roll and cure the resin composition so that a reverse pattern of the concave-convex pattern is formed throughout the entire circumference of the cylindrical transferring roll, is provided.

Abstract: Various embodiments provide methods and apparatus for forming bulk metallic glass (BMG) articles using a mold having a stationary mold part and a movable mold part paired to form a mold cavity. A molten material can be injected to fill the mold cavity. The molten material can then be cooled into a BMG article at a desired cooling rate. While injecting and/or cooling the molten material, the movement of the movable mold part can be controlled, such that a thermal contact between the molten material and the mold can be maintained. BMG articles can be formed without forming an underfilled part. Additional structural features can be imparted in the BMG article during formation. At least a portion of the formed BMG article can have an aspect ratio (first dimension/second dimension) of at least 10 or less than 0.1.

Abstract: The subject matter described herein includes a curved VPH grating with tilted fringes and spectrographs, both retroreflective and transmissive, that use such gratings. A VPH grating according to the subject matter described herein includes a first curved surface for receiving light to be diffracted. The grating includes an interior region having tilted fringes to diffract light that passes through the first surface. The grating further includes a second curved surface bounding the interior region on a side opposite the first surface and for passing light diffracted by the fringes.

Abstract: Exemplary method and system can be implemented and/or used for providing a diffractive configuration in an optical arrangement can be provided. For example, an elastomeric material can be provided with at least one patterned surface. The elastomeric material can be connected with at least one portion of a waveguide arrangement using a pre-polymer adhesive composition. Further, the pre-polymer adhesive composition can be caused to polymerize so as to form the diffractive configuration which at least approximately replicate a structure or at least one feature of an elastomeric mold.

Abstract: A primary-side molded article includes a primary-side base part, a primary-side decorative raised part, an upright face, an intersecting face, a dead-end part on the primary-side base part at least surrounded by the upright face and intersecting face and positioned outside the primary-side decorative part, a secondary-side resin flow path formed in the dead-end part and running through the primary-side base part from a design face side to a bottom face side, and a protective wall projecting from the bottom face side of the primary-side base and surrounding a perimeter of the secondary-side resin flow path. A secondary-side molded article has a design face-side molded part, a bottom face-side molded part, and an interspersed molded part flowing through the secondary-side resin flow path from the design face side to the bottom face side and interspersed at a distance from the bottom face-side molded part with the protective wall in between.

Abstract: Disclosed are injection moldings, an injection-molding apparatus and a method thereof. The injection-molding apparatus comprises: a cavity mold having a cavity; a core mold having a core surface to form a molding space for injection moldings when being joined to the cavity mold; a heating unit for heating the cavity mold or the core mold; a cooling unit for cooling the cavity mold or the core mold; and a patterning stamp having a micrometer or nanometer sized pattern and provided on an inner surface of the molding space. According to the injection-molding apparatus, a micrometer or nanometer sized pattern is formed on a surface of injection moldings so as to have a super-hydrophobic characteristic and an optical characteristic, and a micrometer or nanometer sized pattern of a complex structure can be implemented.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for applying a mid-IR graded microstructure to the end of an As2S3 optical fiber are presented herein. The method and apparatus transfer a microstructure from a negative imprint on a nickel shim to an As2S3 fiber tip with minimal shape distortion and minimal damage-threshold impact resulting in large gains in anti-reflective properties.

Abstract: It is difficult to handle a right eye region and a left eye region that are formed separately. Therefore, provided is an eyeglass component comprising a polarization plate that has one absorption axis and a right eye region and left eye region arranged such that, when the eyeglass component is worn by a user, the right eye region is positioned in front of a right eye of the user and the left eye region is positioned in front of a left eye of the user; and a polarized light modulating layer that is layered on the polarization plate, has a first optical axis that modulates polarized light in the right eye region, includes a second optical axis that is in a different direction than the first optical axis and modulates polarized light in the left eye region, and has the right eye region and the left eye region formed integrally.

Abstract: The invention provide a method for cast-molding hydrogel contact lenses, especially silicone hydrogel contact lenses by using plastic molds of a poly(cycloalkylene-dialkylene terephthalate) copolymer. These plastic molds do not need to be degassed and stored in an oxygen-free atmosphere (e.g., N2 or Ar) before being used for cast-molding silicone hydrogel contact lenses in the absence of oxygen and resultant silicone hydrogel lenses can still have relatively high ion permeability and relatively low variation in targeted optical power, compared with silicone hydrogel lenses made from a conventional mold material, such as polypropylene. The invention also provides plastic molds for cast-molding silicone hydrogel contact lenses.

Abstract: A waveguide polarization rotator is provided as unitary body with a first bore; a diametral first septum of the unitary body extending between sidewalls of the first bore. The first septum is twisted between a first end of the first septum and a second end of the first septum. The waveguide polarization rotator may be further provided in a matrix configuration with a plurality of second bores each with a diametral second septum of the unitary body extending between sidewalls of the second bores; a longitudinal axis of the first bore and each of the second bores parallel to one another. The waveguide polarization rotator may be manufactured via injection molding, casting or the like.

Abstract: The present invention provides a polyvinyl alcohol-based film for optical uses, which is excellent in stretching property and is used for producing a polarizing film excellent in polarization performance throughout the visible light wavelength range, particularly in the vicinity of the wavelength of 460 nm. The invention relates to a polyvinyl alcohol-based film for optical uses comprising a polyvinyl alcohol-based resin, wherein the polyvinyl alcohol-based resin is composed of only a polyvinyl alcohol-based resin (A) containing a 1,2-glycol bond at a side chain and the amount of the 1,2-glycol bond at a side chain is from 0.01 to 6% by mol, or a polyvinyl alcohol-based film for optical uses comprising a polyvinyl alcohol-based resin, wherein the polyvinyl alcohol-based resin includes a polyvinyl alcohol-based resin (A) containing a 1,2-glycol bond at a side chain and a polyvinyl alcohol-based resin (B) other than the polyvinyl alcohol-based resin (A) and satisfies the following expression (1): 0.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to devices and processes for fabricating a multi-component optical system. A device is an integral mold comprising an attachment portion and a cup portion having a cavity, and the mold further comprises a first optical component. The cavity of the mold contains additional optical components to form a multi-component optical system blank. Another device is a multi-component optical system blank. A process for fabricating a multi-component optical system blank comprises providing an integral mold comprising a first optical component, adding at least a second optical component, shaping the mold after addition of an optical component, and shaping the resultant blank into an optical system. A further device is a multi-component optical system produced in a process disclosed herein.

Abstract: The present application relates to a reflective polarizer, a method of manufacturing a reflective polarizer, an optical element, and a display device. The reflective polarizer may have excellent thermal and physical durability even when exposed to a light source and external friction. In addition, the method for manufacturing a reflective polarizer according to the present application may provide a large-sized reflective polarizer without using expensive equipment.

Abstract: Provided are a polarized light splitting element, a method of manufacturing the same, a light radiating device, a method of radiating light, and a method of manufacturing an ordered photo-alignment film. The polarized light splitting element has excellent durability with respect to UV rays and heat, and low pitch dependence of polarization characteristics, so that it is easily manufactured. In addition, the polarized light splitting element may realize a high polarization degree and extinction ratio even in a short wavelength region.

Abstract: There is provided a method of producing a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) film polarizer having an excellent durability, the method comprising dyeing, cross-linking, stretching, and drying, wherein additives containing phosphorus is inputted into one or more of the dyeing, the cross-linking, and the stretching. In this case, the additives containing phosphorus may be selected from a group consisting of a phosphoric acid, potassium phosphate monobasic, potassium phosphate dibasic, magnesium phosphate dibasic, sodium phosphate monobasic, and ammonium phosphate monobasic. An amount of the additives containing phosphorus in an added solution may be 0.01 to 15 wt %. As described above, when inputting the additives containing phosphorus while producing a polarizer, cross-linking between iodine and a polymer matrix becomes strong due to the phosphorus contained in the additives, thereby producing a polarizer having an excellent durability, and particularly, an excellent thermal stability.

Abstract: This invention relates to an improvement for applying a layered structure onto a convex surface of a lens. After thermoforming the layered structure, a curvature direction of the layered structure is inverted. The structure is then applied on the lens surface by continuously pushing the structure against the lens surface, starting from a contact point between a convex surface of the structure and the convex surface of the lens. The curvature direction of the layered structure is then inverted again, so that it recovers the curvature direction that resulted from thermoforming. Stresses within the layered structure are then reduced, and the structure can be assembled with the lens without defects.

Abstract: An optically variable device and method of manufacturing the device is disclosed, the device including a plurality of zero-order diffraction grating elements some of which are modulated such that a coloured at least partially polarised image is visible to a person viewing the device, observing a first optically variable effect when the device is rotated about an axis substantially perpendicular to the plane, and a second optically variable effect when the device is viewed under polarised light and rotated about an axis substantially perpendicular to or parallel with the plane. The device is particularly suitable for security documents such as bank notes. Preferably, the first optically variable effect is produced by a change in brightness and/or colour of the grating elements and the second optically variable effect may likewise be produced by a change in brightness and/or colour of the grating elements.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of manufacturing a polarizing plate having sufficient heat resistance, without deteriorating the dye-affinity and the like of the polarizing film and without the necessity of transferring or detaching the polarizing film. Provided is a method of manufacturing a polarizing plate (10) that includes a polyester resin base (11) and a polarizing film including a polyvinyl alcohol resin laminated on the polyester resin base. The method includes the steps of; stretching a laminate that includes a polyvinyl alcohol resin layer (12) laminated on the polyester resin base (11); dyeing the polyvinyl alcohol resin layer (12); and crystallizing the polyester resin base (11). The crystallization step is performed after the dyeing step.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for making silicone hydrogel contact lenses. The method of the invention is characterized by using a solvent mixture including at least one organic solvent which dissolves the polymerizable material in a lens-forming composition and a small amount of water. By having a small amount of water in the lens-forming composition, the mechanical strength of lenses cast-molded from the lens-forming composition can be sufficiently high so that the lenses can survives during mold opening and demolding process, thereby increasing the production yield.

Abstract: A method for producing a film comprising feeding a composition comprising a crystalline thermoplastic resin having a temperature of higher than the crystallization temperature Tc of the resin to between a first nip-pressing surface and a second nip-pressing surface of a nip-pressing unit, and leading the composition to pass through the nip-pressing surfaces while the nip-pressing unit gives a pressure of from 5 to 1000 MPa to the composition, to thereby form the composition into a film continuously.

Abstract: Electronic devices may be provided with display structures such as glass and polymer layers in a liquid crystal display. The glass layers may serve as substrates for components such as a color filter layer and thin-film transistor layer. The polymer layers may include films such as a polarizer film and other optical films. During fabrication of a display, the polymer layers and glass layers may be laminated to one another. Portions of the polymer layers may extend past the edges of the glass layers. Laser cutting techniques may be used to trim away excess portions of the polymer layer that do not overlap underlying portions of the glass layers. Laser cutting may involve application of an adjustable infrared laser beam.

Abstract: The invention provides for both a composite image field for verification and/or security applications and including a plurality of sets of image elements, wherein members of each set are from the same one of a respective plurality of images and are spaced and located within the composite image in a manner seeking to avoid those of another set, the composite image being formed by the adjacent location of the spaced elements and wherein the spacing and location is in a defined manner serving to create a security key; and also a related composite optical element for verification and/or security applications and including a plurality of sets of optical elements, the members of each set sharing die same optical properties and spaced and located within the composite element in a manner seeking to avoid those of another set, the composite optical element being formed by the adjacent location of the spaced elements and wherein the spacing and location is in a manner defined for providing a security key.

Abstract: A method for interlaminating a transparent embossed hologram, the transparent embossed hologram comprising a support having two sides, at least one of the two sides either itself being embossed or having a layer thereon which is embossed and a layer of a HRI-material contiguous with the embossed side or embossed layer, comprising the steps of: a) conditioning the outermost surface of the layer of inorganic HRI-material with at least one organic liquid; b) drying the outermost surface of the layer of the inorganic HRI-material thereby providing a conditioned outermost surface of the layer of inorganic HRI-material; c) applying an adhesive layer to the conditioned outermost surface; and d) laminating the outermost surface of inorganic HRI-material to an optionally transparent film, wherein the at least one organic liquid is selected from the group consisting of ketones, ethers, heterocyclic ethers, lactams, amides, halo-aliphatic compounds, nitriles and esters; wherein at least one of the support and the film i

Abstract: A method for manufacturing an optical waveguide includes: step A of forming a first resin layer 23 by allowing a first liquid-state resin to flow to be extended in a manner so as to bury and enclose cores 22; step B of forming a second resin layer 25 by allowing a second liquid-state resin having a viscosity higher than that of the first liquid-state resin to flow to be extended on the first resin layer 23, after or while the first resin layer 23 is heated; and step C of forming an over-cladding layer 26 by curing the first resin layer 23 and the second resin layer 25.

Abstract: For increasing the laser damage threshold (LDT) of diffraction gratings, particularly of multi-layer dielectric diffraction (MLD) gratings, the invention proposes a method for treating a diffraction grating to be used in a high energy laser apparatus having a first laser with the steps of providing the diffraction grating, providing a second treatment laser and irradiating the diffraction grating with laser light from the second treatment laser until the laser damage threshold of the diffraction grating has increased. Furthermore, the invention proposes a diffraction grating treated according to the method, as well as a laser system, which comprises such a diffraction grating.

Abstract: A method for producing a polarizer of the present invention comprises: subjecting a polyvinyl alcohol film to at least a dyeing process, a crosslinking process and a stretching process; and then subjecting the polyvinyl alcohol film to a washing process with an aqueous solution containing 1 to 50% by weight of an alcohol and 0.5 to 10% by weight of an iodide compound. A polarizer produced by the production method has high transmittance and high degree of polarization.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a resin composition for optical components, which is an ultraviolet-curable transparent resin composition used as a material for an optical component, in which the resin composition includes (A) an epoxy resin having two or more epoxy groups in one molecule thereof, (B) an oxetane compound having one or more oxetanyl groups in one molecule thereof and (C) a photo-acid generator, and in which the component (C) is contained in an amount of 0.01 to 2.0 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of a total amount of the components (A) and (B). The present invention also relates to an optical component obtained by using the resin composition for optical components, and a production method thereof.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of producing a movable lens structure that comprises the steps of: forming a lens from a lens material disposed on a carrier of another material (step 58), and forming a micromechanical structure from the carrier (step 60), wherein the forming of the lens takes place before the forming of the micromechanical structure. With this method a simplified production method is obtained that simplifies difficult compatibility requirements between micromechanics and lens that can otherwise be hard to meet.

Abstract: An optimal recording exposure is determined by varying in the first to nth stages the recording exposure with a write laser beam to record a bright pattern image and a dark pattern image in each stage as the first to nth bright pattern images and the first to nth dark pattern images, respectively; irradiating the respective pattern images with a read beam to detect the intensity of a diffracted beam from the central portion of each image of the bright and dark patterns; calculating Sa1/Sb1=SNR1, . . . , and San/Sbn=SNRn, where Sa1 to San are the intensity of a diffracted beam from the first to nth bright pattern images and Sb1 to Sbn are the intensity of s diffracted beam from the first to nth dark pattern images; and determining a recording exposure which is given at the SNRmax being the maximum value of the resulting SNR1 to SNRn.

Abstract: A method of forming thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) into an optical lens. Suitable TPUs contain urethane (—NHCOO—) repeating units that are present in at least 23% by weight. This range of urethane weights is an indicator of a flexural modulus above 1,400 MPa. The TPUs have refractive indices above 1.54 and Abbe numbers above 27. They have glass transition temperatures above about 100 degrees C. The selected TPU can be injection molded to form ophthalmic lenses, that are well suited for use in rimless spectacles. The lenses are highly solvent resistant, while at the same time being readily tintable. The lenses made according the invention meet FDA 21 CFR 801.41 Impact Requirement, and ANSI Z87.1 high velocity impact (HVI) standard.

Abstract: A method for fabricating an injection-molded product for a mold in which a pattern carved therein is prepared. An interim injection-molded product with a pattern arranged on an inner face thereof is fabricated using the mold having the carved pattern. Paint or a coloring agent is deposited on the inner face of the molded interim injection-molded product. The pattern on the injection-molded product finished by depositing paint is visible from an exterior of the finished product.

Abstract: The invention relates to a molding composition which is embodied as a molding composition, a thus produced molded body as a molded body, and a method for producing said molded body comprising a surface structure.

Abstract: Electronic devices may be provided with display structures such as glass and polymer layers in a liquid crystal display. The glass layers may serve as substrates for components such as a color filter layer and thin-film transistor layer. The polymer layers may include films such as a polarizer film and other optical films. During fabrication of a display, the polymer layers and glass layers may be laminated to one another. Portions of the polymer layers may extend past the edges of the glass layers. Laser cutting techniques may be used to trim away excess portions of the polymer layer that do not overlap underlying portions of the glass layers. Laser cutting may involve application of an adjustable infrared laser beam.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and to a device for marking objects, particularly components (10 of a motor vehicle, preferably filter elements, with an embossed hologram (11) and to objects marked in this way. The object (10) to be marked is provided with an embossing region (12) to be embossed in the soft state. An embossing body (14a) is pressed into the soft embossing region (12) such that the embossed hologram (11) emerges from the negative (16) of the embossing body (14a) in the embossing region (12), and the embossing body (14a) is separated from the embossing region (12) after the same has solidified.

Abstract: To provide a plastic polarized lens which is excellent in processability and the like as well as in adhesion property of the polarized film, and a method of producing the same. In the plastic polarized lens of the present invention, layers comprised of thiourethane-based resins obtained by reacting (A) isocyanate compounds with (B) active hydrogen compounds are stacked on both sides of a polarized film comprised of thermoplastic polyester formed under a predetermined temperature condition.

Abstract: An optical device having a sub-wavelength grating formed in a specified region is disclosed that is able to prevent wave front degradation accompanying a phase difference of a polarized light beam passing through the optical device. The optical device includes a circular-belt-like region where the sub-wavelength diffraction grating is formed, and a center portion where the sub-wavelength diffraction grating is not formed. A vertically polarized light beam used for operations on a blue-light optical recording medium A has a phase difference in the sub-wavelength diffraction grating to be an integral multiple of 2? and hence is transmitted through the sub-wavelength diffraction grating. A horizontally polarized light beam used for operations on a blue-light optical recording medium is diffracted by the sub-wavelength diffraction grating.

Abstract: An all-polymer grating microstructure device that exhibits a zero-order reflection under white light comprises a first polymer having a first refractive index and configured as a microstructure embedded within a second polymer having a second refractive index, each of the polymers of the first and second polymers at least translucent to white light with the proviso that the refractive index of the first polymer is at least 0.05 greater than the refractive index of the second polymer.

Abstract: The present invention provides a polarizing film or a polarizer that has an elastic modulus of at most about 3500 N/mm2 and suppresses occurrence of warping, the polarizing film is obtained by adsorbing a dichroic material in a polyvinyl alcohol-based film 20 ?m in thickness and stretching the film. The polarizing film has a transmittance of at least 43% and a polarization degree of at least 98%. A transparent protective layer is laminated on at least one surface of the polarizing film to form a polarizing plate.