Abstract: A process of making a full life size artificial rock formation of photocopy exactness from a natural rock formation surface is disclosed herein. A plurality of coats of latex is applied over the natural rock surface and allowed to dry thus forming a mask having all the natural cracks and crevices of the natural rock surface. This mask or liner is held in a fiberglass mold and a vacuum is applied to the inner surface of said liner causing all the cracks and crevices to open up. Cement is applied to the outer surface of the liner filling all the cracks and crevices. When the liner is removed the artificial surface resembles the natural rock surface in photocopy exactness.

Abstract: A process is described of coating the interior wall of a mould heated at a temperature of 130.degree. to 180.degree. C. with a dry powder of an aminoplast or phenoplast resin, in particular melamine-formaldehyde, having a grain size distribution of 10 to 100.mu., whose particles gel in contact with the walls without running, then introducing into the mould a moulding composition comprising a thermosetting resin, mineral fillers and a catalyst, hardening and polymerizing by heat and pressure the contents of the mould and releasing the article whose coating is solidly anchored in the moulding composition.Sanitary ware articles of polyester-based substrate and melamine-formaldehyde-based coating, and refrigerator boxes consisting of polyurethane foam substrate and melamine-formaldehyde coating can be produced.

Abstract: A filler which imparts heat dissipating and shrinkage reduction characteristics to a mixture of the filler with a synthetic resin. The mixture is useful for providing a layer between gel coat and a layer including glass fiber and resin to prevent the formation of small air voids. The filler imparts structural strength to resin so that a useful product may be made from only a layer of gel coat with a layer of the filler and resin. The filler is preferably a mixture of calcium silicate and mica, and in the preferred embodiment the calcium silicate is wollastonite. An improved apparatus for applying the mixture of synthetic resin and filler comprises a modified prior-art spray gun and a mixer which includes a plurality of augers for thoroughly mixing the filler with the resin. The preferred embodiment of the resin comprises a terpolymer mixed with styrene and having a Brookfield thixatropic index of from 2 to 4.

Abstract: A process and an apparatus for producing a molded skin product such as an interior decoration member like an instrument panel for an automobile or other vehicle. The process includes charging a desired amount of synthetic resin powder into a treating container disposed facing a predetermined shaped molding mold surface. The mold surface is heated to a temperature of at least the melting temperature of the synthetic resin. The powder is spattered onto the mold surface by violently agitating the same by an agitation means whereby a fused coating of the powder is formed on the mold surface. The spattering is discontinued when the coating reaches a predetermined thickness. The mold surface is cooled thereby solidifying the coating to form the molded skin material. The molded skin material is then removed from the mold surface. The powder can be fluidized during the spattering.

Abstract: A synthetic vascular graft is made by electrostatically spinning an organic polymeric material or a precursor thereof and collecting the spun fibres on a rotating mandrel (13), the method comprising the step of controlling the speed of rotation of the mandrel (13) such that a desired degree of anisotropy is present in the synthetic vascular graft.

Abstract: A method for the gunning of refractories characterized in that a refractory mixture consisting of a refractory aggregate and a binder is mixed in a nozzle with water, and thereafter the admixture is injected toward the working surface, while said nozzle is slidable and rotatable in the range from the vertical to 45.degree. at the angle to the working surface and further it is turnable by 360.degree. to the axis passing its fulcrum.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a process for manufacturing ceramic or ceramic oxide hollow bodies and a method for its manufacture. The ceramic hollow bodies of the present invention does not require the use of a binder or adhering substrate or any type of internal embedded supports. The hollow body is capable of being manufactured for any desired diameter and length and is especially suited for thick walled pipes. The ceramic hollow body is homogeneous, free of internal cracks, and highly heat stable and shock insensitive. It is produced in a continuous quasi-isothermal thermal spray process in which hot atomized ceramic or ceramic oxide particles are sprayed as a plasma onto a non-adhering highly thermally conductive internally cooled mold core. The mold core is mounted on a rotating lathe which in turn is mounted on a longitudinally movable carriage to accomplish the uniform layer thickness of the hollow body.

Abstract: In order to produce a preform or parison from which an optical fiber can be drawn, a vitrifiable substance such as silicon chloride and a doping agent such as germanium chloride, for example, are fed in liquid form and at room temperature to a spray nozzle together with water or steam for continuous deposition on a relatively rotating and axially reciprocating inner or outer surface of a cylindrical support until that surface is covered with a heavy layer of as yet unvitrified hydrated silica admixed with the doping agent in proportions designed to provide a selected refractive-index profile. The resulting preform, after degassing and separation from the support if necessary, is freed from occluded water molecules by exposure to a flow of hot dehydrating gas which may contain anhydrous compounds and is thereafter collapsed into a solid rod and completely vitrified at high temperatures.

Abstract: This invention pertains to a method to permit the molding of a plurality of plies of polymeric compositions into an integral molded object having a minimum number of internal flaws and, therefore, improved properties. The plies are positioned in contiguous relationship, and the initiation of the polymerization reactions is controlled by selecting catalyst systems which substantially simultaneously initiate polymerization in each of the plies to prevent the development of curing seams at the points of contact between the plies.

Abstract: A method for making a panel adapted for mounting on a building, the panel being formed from a plurality of thin panels of a selected stone facing material, such as granite or marble, backed and interconnected by fiberglass-strengthened concrete underlaying the plurality of thin panels and covering and engaging anchor means mounted in the backs of the stone panels. The method of forming the building panel involves placing the granite or marble panels face down in a form, mounting anchor means in the backs thereof, and overlaying both the plurality of thin panels and the anchor means with a fiberglass-strengthened concrete mixture, and curing the mixture both within and without a support form.

Abstract: A completely self-contained apparatus and associated technique for the manufacture of large fiberglass structures. In a preferred embodiment, the system is designed to manufacture large fiberglass storage tanks for liquids, and is self-contained from the point of view that the machine is capable of performing all manufacturing steps without any auxiliary equipment and may be set up virtually anywhere that can provide a source of electricity and air. The main components of the machine include an operator's carriage which is cantilevered from a rear frame so as to enable same to be inserted into the open end of a large, substantially cylindrical revolving mold having a closed, substantially hemispherical end portion. The carriage includes an overhead canopy for the protection of the operator, as well as fresh air intake and exhaust fans to provide adequate ventilation for the operator.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of forming a coating on molded polymeric articles formed by curing a polymerizable monomer-containing molding composition in a mold comprised of a material having less bonding affinity for the abrasion-resistant coating than for the cured molding composition. The method comprises:(a) applying to a mold a coating composition comprising a pentaerythritol based polyacrylate or polmethacrylate and, a cellulose ester or a vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate containing copolymer;(b) exposing said coating composition to actinic radiation to form a cured coating;(c) adding to the mold a heat polymerizable monomer-containing molding composition; and(d) polymerizing said molding composition in the form of a molded article, said cured coating bonding to the surface of said molded article.

Abstract: Method of forming a rubber latex glove having a textured interior surface and a textured exterior surface, one of the textured surfaces being transfer textured and the other textured surface being formed by impact spray on a molded rubber latex film with liquid rubber latex droplets while the film is in uncured condition.

Abstract: Shaped articles of hydraulic cementitious compositions with aggregates and other components, of mortar, grout, and concrete, are produced by admixing super water reducers and silica fume, the last component being the by-product from the manufacture of metallic silicon and ferrosilicon alloys.

Abstract: The invention provides an improved method and apparatus for effecting the severing of successive gobs from a continuously extruded rod-like formation of organic thermoplastic material, followed by the successive transfer of the gobs to successive molding units which are continuously movable relative to the free-fall path of the gobs. Severing means are provided which are operative upon a vertically extruded rod-like formation of hot organic thermoplastic material. A plurality of molding members, each having an open top molding cavity, are moved in timed relationship to the gob severing means along a horizontal path adjacent to the free fall path of the severed gobs. Each gob is caught by a transfer device which is movable under the free-fall path of the gobs in timed relationship to the gob severing and the movement of the molding members.

Abstract: In reinforced phenolic resin laminates coated with a surface layer on at least one side, the improvement wherein said surface layer consists essentially of a furan resin coating which is directly bonded to the reinforced phenolic resin laminate, thereby removing surface irregularities in the resultant laminate.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for providing a measured quantity of extrudate material to a receiving means. The extrudate material exits through an outlet, and a cutting surface is positioned adjacent to the outlet. The extrudate material is severed by a cutting means having a flexible and resilient blade for severing the extrudate material into metered charges. The cutting blade contacts the cutting surface during each revolution and bends from a rest condition to a backwardly bent flexed condition. After severing a metered charge, the cutting blade is released from the cutting surface and snaps forwardly to the rest condition to propel the metered charge toward the receiving means at a velocity greater than the average tangential velocity per revolution of the cutting blade.

Abstract: Printed circuits, and techniques and materials for making printed circuits by prior-known metal-spraying techniques, particularly for making two-sided boards with metal through-hole connects. Preferably, a primer coating (40) of a metal such as zinc is sprayed onto one surface of the substrate, through a chrome-plated metal stencil (30), after which a conductive coating (13 or 16), such as copper or nickel, is sprayed onto the zinc coating to form the conductive patterns. Through hole connections (20) are fabricated by forming tapered holes (50), and placing a removable stop member (51) against the narrow end of the hole before spraying the patterns. The first pattern (16) is then sprayed on from the wide end of the hole (50) so that a portion (52) of the material coats the walls of the hole and forms a bridging strip (53) across the narrow end of the hole.

Abstract: An improved method for the manufacture of simulated marble and onyx products is disclosed. The process comprises the steps of applying a substantially clear coating to a mold, applying a first layer of a mixture of polyester resin and filler over the coating, forming readily visible striations in the first layer of resin and filler, applying a layer of glass fibers thereover, applying a second layer of polyester resin and filler over the layer of glass fibers and permitting the various layers to completely cure so as to form the final product.

Abstract: This invention relates to a structural laminate having a plastic surface finish coat laminated to a structural base which has exceptional bond strength between the structural base and the plastic layer with which it interfaces. The structural base comprises a glass reinforced gypsum layer. The plastic laminate portion comprises a plastic surface finish coat, preferably a polyester gel coat or an acrylic resin, bonded to a reinforcing layer of curable polyester or epoxy resin reinforced with glass fibers. The reinforcing layer is adhered to a bonding layer which comprises glass fibers protruding from the reinforcing layer and coated with a limited amount of organic resin such as polyester or epoxy resin. The glass reinforced gypsum layer is applied to the protruding fibers of the bonding layer to form an interface having a bond strength of at least about 150 psi as determined by ASTM C297-68.

Abstract: A composite module having a rigid foam core encapsulated in a shell of reinforced cementitious material. The shell is reinforced with at least two types of material, the first being a fiber reinforcing material distributed in an interconnected random matrix substantially throughout the shell and the second being a scrim reinforcing material adjacent at least one surface of the shell and/or the rigid foam core.

Abstract: A hollow tank is formed by placing a hollow glass fiber reinforced inner container within a hollow rigid form comprising pieces assembled around the inner container and spaced from it to leave an air gap between the inner container and the inner wall of the assembled form. A suitable concrete material is introduced into the space between the inner container and the assembled form and is allowed to cure as a jacket of concrete integrally attached to and enclosing the inner container. The inner container may be formed by coating an inflated balloon with a thin layer of polyester resin and thereafter spraying on the glass fiber reinforced material to a thickness of a few mm. The concrete may be a standard flowable concrete or a polyester concrete, which is a resin-bonded gravel mixture. The concrete may be the outer layer formed as a jacket around the glass fiber reinforced inner container, or another glass fiber reinforced layer may be formed on the outer surface of the concrete.

Abstract: A molding process, resinous formulations for use in the process, and the resulting products are disclosed characterized in that the product comprises mainly a bulk or fill resinous body having a film or skin of a cross-linked polyester resin formed about the body. Even though the body has intricate curving surface contours, the film is smooth and free of surface tears and blemishes. The product is molded by first spraying formulated, dry particles of a partially cured polyester resin against a hot female mold to cause the particles to fuse and flow and form a substantially continuous skin or film on the female mold. Thereafter, the bulk resin is added and the mold is heated to cure the polyester resin as well as the bulk resin and to interreact the bulk and polyester resins together to mold the bulk resin with a film of the polyester resin.

Abstract: A method of producing laminar structures, preferably consisting of fibreglass-reinforced polyester, which are free of air-pockets and pores, by spraying layers of the plastics and reinforcement fibres at a partial vacuum. The method may be carried out by an industrial robot. An airtight surface layer may be sprayed onto the laminate, whereby any pores or air-pockets collapse when the laminate is exposed to air at atmospheric pressure.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of fiber-reinforced cement-based hydraulically hardenable shaped objects, which comprises spraying matrix and fibers with a spraying apparatus onto a deflecting surface to produce a mixture of matrix and fibers, removing the mixture in the unhardened state from the deflecting surface into a mould, and preparing from the mixture fiber-reinforced cement-based hydraulically hardenable shaped objects.The invention further relates to an apparatus for the preparation of the above described shaped objects.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of manufacturing a metallized plastic reflector in which a layer of fibrous material is provided on the convex surface of a mold. The layer is then just saturated with a thermohardening synthetic resin, and after partial hardening, a metal layer is applied onto the partially hardened resin layer by means of a spraying process. A supporting layer of a fiber reinforced thermohardening synthetic resin is then provided on the metal layer and after hardening the reflector is finally removed from the mold.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for forming shaped articles from glass fiber reinforced gypsum. An aqueous slurry of gypsum hemi-hydrate, water and glass fibers contains between 22 and 45 parts by weight water, 100 parts by weight gypsum hemi-hydrate and 3 to 10 parts by weight glass fiber. The slurry is deposited as a continuous ribbon on a moving, water-impermeable formable sheet which is pre-shaped and thereafter the slurry ribbon is pressed into a desired profile. The formable sheet and slurry ribbon are maintained in the desired profile until the slurry sets. Thereafter the product ribbon is cut transversely into lengths as desired. The formable sheet may be removed before cutting, or may be retained in engagement with the product ribbon during and after cutting to serve as a protective cover for the surface of the article. The process and apparatus are especially adapted to produce liner sheets for building construction panels.

Abstract: A building structure and method of making the same are disclosed wherein an inflatable form is inflated and an insulation layer of urethane form is applied to the undersurface of the foam. Hanger members are secured to the foam layer by adhesively affixing planar base portions of the hangers to the foam layer whereafter additional foam is applied to embed the hanger bases. Reinforcing mesh is secured to and supported by the hangers followed by the application of one or more layers of a cementitious material which is allowed to cure. Air pressure beneath the form is progressively increased to maintain a substantially constant uplift force on the foam. The inflatable form may be removed after curing and a protective coating applied to the outer exposed surface of urethane foam to protect it from ultraviolet degradation.

Abstract: A process for the production of a refractory lining within a tubular vessel which comprises disposing said tubular vessel so that the longitudinal axis running therethrough is horizontal, slinging a moist refractory mass onto a longitudinal or annular section of the interior wall of the tubular vessel and thereafter applying moist refractory mass to additional longitudinal or annular sections as the case may be. The process can be conducted either by rotating the vessel so as to expose successive annular sections and applying refractory mass to said sections from a fixed position or it can be performed by moving the source of refractory mass longitudinally to cover longitudinal sections and rotating the vessel only partially so as to bring the stream of refractory mass against a second longitudinal section. Devices to carry out these processes are disclosed including a slinger machine disposed for longitudinal movement within the vessel and means for rotating the vessel to the desired extent.

Abstract: An improved process for forming cast articles of plaster reinforced with fibers is disclosed wherein low consistency plaster slurries that include a fluidizing agent and fibrous reinforcing materials are co-sprayed onto a sectionalized casting bed having a flexible membrane section connecting rigid sheet forming bed portions; allowed to stand in a horizontal position through initial stiffening; and then before the slurry has set, the sectionalized casting bed is reformed so as to produce a contoured shape to the gypsum cement sheet.

Abstract: Method of manufacturing molded articles of liquid phenol resins or resols, obtained by simultaneously projecting onto a mold surface at least one resin of the aforesaid type, glass reinforcing elements and at least one acid catalyst, as main component elements, this method being characterized in that at least one anhydrous and hydrophilous inorganic compound is projected simultaneously with said main component elements in an amount corresponding to 8% to 12% of the weight of liquid phenol resin.

Abstract: A building form and method of preparing molded articles thereon which comprises molding an article on the casting surface of a building form comprising a casting surface adhered to a water destructible support layer, the said casting surface comprising a water permeable polymeric film, water destructing the said support layer, water penetrating the said casting surface, and removing the molded article.

Abstract: A unitary, three-dimensional flexible shell of plasticized polyvinyl chloride of substantially uniform thickness. The shell is produced by spraying a thin layer of a polyvinyl chloride plastigel comprising a dispersion of polyvinyl chloride in a plasticizer onto the surface of a three-dimensional mold corresponding to the outer face of the shell while the mold surface is maintained between room temperature and 100.degree. C. The plastigel during use has a viscosity of 20,000 to 50,000 cps and at least 110,000 cps after 48 hours rest and contains no particles which are sedimentable at these viscosity levels. The layer of polyvinyl chloride is then heated in order to gel the layer.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are disclosed for preshaping a sheet material, more particularly a textile and/or a plastic sheet, under differential pressure in a molding die, whereby to form a sack-like structure which becomes integrally incorporated as the cover of a foamed plastic cushion, vehicle seat, protective padding element or similar article, by the introduction of a self-foaming elastomeric material into the sack while it is being held in the molding die.

Abstract: A marble-patterned enclosure such as a bathtub, basin or sink is provided wherein a marble pattern is applied to the back of a transparent acrylic sheet prior to thermoforming. After the acrylic sheet with the marble pattern applied to the back thereof has been thermoformed into the desired configuration a layer of opaque-colored primer, which is a paint consisting essentially of unsaturated polyester and pigment is applied on the pattern printed exterior side of the configuration for the dual purposes of preventing the marble pattern from bleeding, discoloration, etc. and to increase both impact strength and heat resistance of the formed structure. Thereafter on top of the primer, another layer of fiber glass reinforced polyester is applied to provide general reinforcement to the structure.

Abstract: Method for manufacturing rigid articles having a resiliently deformable cushioned surface in a vacuum forming operation wherein a drapable sheet of resiliently deformable cushioning material is vacuum formed into a desired shape on the shaping surface of a vacuum forming mold, and wherein vacuum is maintained on the mold to retain the sheet in dimensionally fixed configuration on the shaping surface while the exposed surface of the sheet is intimately bonded to a rigid support layer to provide a rigid cushioned article. The apparatus used comprises an assembly line including a portable vacuum forming mold which is transported between spaced treating stations on the assembly line while at all times maintaining vacuum on the mold to retain the cushioning material in dimensionally fixed configuration until intimately bonded to and rigidized by a layer of supporting material.

Abstract: The method consists in that a refractory mass is delivered by a sand-blast head along the ladle lining surface and parallel thereto, and, simultaneously, the sand-blast head is imparted such a complex movement inside the ladle as to fill the lining continuously along a helical trajectory and over the entire height of the ladle from the bottom to the top. A backing shaping element is positioned behind the head to ensure a predetermined narrow gap that is to be filled with the refractory mass.The apparatus for effecting the method is mounted on a platform installed inside the ladle on a hollow supporting rod through which the mass is fed to the sand-blast head. The head feeds the mass to apply the same to the inner surfaces of the ladle, while the backing shaping element limits the gap to be filled with the mass behind the head.

Abstract: Shaped articles of hydraulic cement compositions reinforced with fiber glass fabric or with chopped fiber glass, and having a smooth, reflective surface, are produced by the admixture of "super" water reducers to the aqueous cementitious slurries followed by casting or spraying into synthetic polymer molds, or molds coated with such synthetic polymers which are water repellent and non-sticking to hydraulic cements, to yield cured articles of high flexural strength with at least one surface which is an exact reproduction of the surface of the synthetic polymer mold, such as high gloss and patterned design. A great variety of useful articles may be produced, such as building panels, curtain walls, hollow utility poles and pipes, "raised" flooring panels, roofing tiles, protective barriers, and other products requiring thin shell, high flexural strength products for decorative and utilitarian uses.

Abstract: An improved molded bathtub fixture adapted to be manufactured as a single piece to allow separation into two integral elements for installation and handling is disclosed. The subject bathtub fixture, including a bathtub and three upwardly extending contiguous walls is characterized by having a lateral bulge which extends for the length of the walls and which serves to permit the molded bathtub fixture to be separated into two separate pieces at a construction site to facilitate handling and installation.

Abstract: Method of making a spherical bearing includes a bearing liner having a low-friction layer containing a resin matrix which includes therein a dispersion of self-lubricating particles. The particles include powdered or flock polytetrafluoroethylene particles and grahite fibers.

Abstract: Method of reinforcing concrete pipe in a rotary molding method using a wire reinforcing cage having a helical strand disposed about its exterior to resist torsional forces on the cage during molding, the cage being formed from a flat sheet.

Abstract: A method of forming a continuous film of an elastomeric latex and a phenolic resin comprising spraying a plurality of coats of the aqueous admixture onto a nonadherent surface. The nonadherent surface is at a temperature of 120.degree. F. or greater and each coat of the aqueous admixture is less than about 0.7 mil dry film thickness. The film so formed can be tested for physical properties and the testing results are capable of being correlated with the performance of glass fibers with the aqueous admixture coated thereon for reinforcement of elastomeric matrices.

Abstract: Method of making a mold for vacuum thermoforming is made by (a) applying a polyester gel coat to a master pattern; (b) applying a rigidizing mixture of a thermosetting resin and glass to the gel coat; (c) constructing and bonding an egg crate framework to the cured thermoset resin and glass fiber mixture; (d) filling the spacings of the egg crate framework with a polymeric rigidizing foam; (e) forming a vacuum plenum on the foam-filled egg crate; (f) attaching to the vacuum plenum a means for introducing a vacuum and; (g) forming air passageways through the gel coat which communicate with the vacuum plenum.

Abstract: A foamed article having zones of varying hardness is prepared by moving a shaping means relative to at least two foam pouring means to distribute a foamable mixture over the surface of the shaping means in a fan-shaped pattern in response to the relative motion between the pouring means and the shaper, adjusting the fan-shaped pattern to define zones in the foamed article having the desired physical characteristics.

Abstract: Thin-walled ovenable parts made from polybutylene terephthalate.

Abstract: Buoyancy members in the form of a segment of a hollow cylinder are produced by providing a cylindrical mold having two longitudinally extending flanges spaced apart by not more than 180.degree.

Abstract: Improved process for applying locking patches of resilient resin to internally threaded articles such as nuts having openings at both ends of the threaded portions in which process there is used apparatus including, a support and treating member, preferably a rotatable, circular table with edge notches complementary to a portion of the exterior of a threaded article to be treated, which receives a succession of threaded articles heated to a temperature above the melting point of the resin to be applied and moves the articles along a path for treatment with the axes of the threaded articles in an up and down position and with the openings at the upper and lower ends of the threaded portions substantially uncovered, conduits on the support and treating member are associated with each threaded article to direct particles of heat fusible resin upwardly through the opening at the lower end of the article against a portion of the threaded surface of the article to form a first deposit of resin on an area of the thr

Abstract: A low toxicity, castable, fast curing, polyurethane high strength elastomer is prepared from a liquid prepolymer diol, a cycloaliphatic diisocyanate, a polyalkanol amine and a small amount of soluble metal salt catalyst. The composition can be formulated by either a prepolymer or "one-shot" technique and cures at ambient temperature.

Abstract: Improved insulation system for cryogenic vessels wherein substantially uniform stress levels under loads are maintained in various parts of the foam insulating material layers applied to the wall structures of such vessels and methods for applying foam insulating materials to the said vessel wall structures.

Abstract: The disclosed process for making cast vegetable/mineral structural products having flame retardant properties utilize a major volume portion of ligneus plant fragments such as soft and hardwoods, sugarcane, cereal and fiber plant stalks, and a minor volume proportion of a mineral binder deposit comprised of magnesium or calcium oxyphosphates and inert filler particles. Fragments having thickness ranging from 0.3 mm to 8 mm including chips, shavings, strips, strands, fibre bundles, slivers, fibres and peeled and sawn veneer sheets, have applied to their surfaces an aqueous solution of ammonium polyphosphate or soluble acid phosphate salt supplying from 0.15 to 0.40 parts of P.sub.2 O.sub.5 as phosphate ion per part of fragments by weight, and particulate cement solids comprised of MgO or CaO or Mg(OH).sub.2 or Ca(OH).sub.2 or MgCO.sub.3 or CaCO.sub.3 ranging from 0.25 to 1.0 part per part of fragment, and from 0.01 to 0.