Abstract: A collector nozzle for continuous casting may include: a nozzle body extended toward a shroud nozzle, and having an internal movement path through which molten steel is moved; a first case covering a side surface of the nozzle body; and a second case including a second metal component, connected to the first case, and covering an exit surface of the nozzle body facing the shroud nozzle. The first case can include a first metal component, and the first and second cases may be connected through welding or formed as one body.

Abstract: A chamber for reacting exothermic material is disclosed, the chamber comprising a multilevel structure including at least: a receptacle for storing the material, corresponding to a lower level; a median level comprising a reactive load containing at least one alkaline-earth carbonate, so as to absorb heat emitted during the oxidation reaction of the material, the alkaline-earth carbonate decomposing under the effect of the heat in an endothermic reaction; an upper level comprising a cover. Optionally, the material stored is a carbide of plutonium and/or uranium.

Abstract: Disclosed is a device for metallizing uranium oxide and recovering uranium, which reacts uranium oxide with a lithium metal to product uranium metal powder, and filters the resulting product using a porous filter to separate the uranium metal powder from lithium chloride molten liquid to recover the uranium metal powder. The device includes a heating furnace including at least one first heating unit, and a reactor includes a reaction vessel having a discharging valve hole located at the center of a bottom thereof and a conical bottom tapered to the discharging valve hole, a sealing lid for sealing the reaction vessel airtight, an argon gas inlet port for feeding argon gas into the reactor therethrough, and an argon gas outlet port for venting argon gas from the reactor therethrough. A valve assembly controls the discharging valve hole of the reaction vessel, and a plurality of agitators mix a mixture in the reactor.

Abstract: A 99.99% pure indium feed is charged into a crucible and heated to 1250 ° C. by an upper heater in a vacuum atmosphere at 1×10?4 Torr, whereupon indium evaporates, condenses on the inner surfaces of an inner tube and drips to be recovered into a liquid reservoir in the lower part of a tubular member, whereas impurity elements having a lower vapor pressure than indium stay within the crucible. The recovered indium mass in the liquid reservoir is heated to 1100° C. by a lower heater and the resulting vapors of impurity elements having a higher vapor pressure than indium pass through diffuser plates in an upper part of the tubular member to be discharged from the system, whereas the indium vapor recondenses upon contact with the diffuser plates and returns to the liquid reservoir, yielding 99.9999% pure indium, while preventing the loss of indium.

Abstract: A 99.99% pure indium feed is charged into crucible 8 and heated to 1250° C. by upper heater 6 in a vacuum atmosphere at 1×10−4 Torr, whereupon indium evaporates, condenses on the inner surfaces of inner tube 3 and drips to be recovered into liquid reservoir 9 in the lower part of tubular member 11 whereas impurity elements having lower vapor pressure than indium stay within crucible 8. The recovered indium mass in liquid reservoir 9 is heated to 1100° C. by lower heater 7 and the resulting vapors of impurity elements having higher vapor pressure than indium pass through diffuser plates 12 in the upper part of tubular member 11 to be discharged from the system whereas the indium vapor recondenses upon contact with diffuser plates 12 and returns to liquid reservoir 9, yielding 99.9999% pure indium while preventing the loss of indium.

Abstract: A process for producing metallic powders a chlorination step for continuously producing chloride gas of metal by reacting metal with chlorine gas, and a reduction step for continuously reducing the metallic chloride gas by reacting the metallic chloride gas produced in the chlorination step with reducing gas. Regulating the feed rate of the chlorine gas can control the feed rate of the metallic chloride gas, whereby the particle diameters of produced metal powders can be stably controlled. Thus, the invention can make the particle diameters stable and arbitrarily control the diameters in the range of 0.1 to 1.0 &mgr;m.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for reclaiming metal chips formed while machining metal castings to their finished shape. The apparatus includes a stationary charging tube extending in a generally perpendicular direction from the charge well of a reverbratory furnace. The lower end of the charging tube is attached to a box-shaped structure which has an open bottom. The sides of the structure extend into a pool of molten metal contained in the charge well. A variable rate feeder provides a continuous supply of metal chips to the charging tube at a rate which is essentially the same as the rate at which the chips are being produced. The chips form a column within the charging tube which extends through the box-shaped structure and into the pool of molten metal. As the chips at the bottom of the column are melted, additional chips are added to the top, forcing the bottom of the column of chips into the pool of molten metal.

Abstract: Production of metallic sodium and potassium by reaction of their hydroxides or carbonates with carbon. The carbon may be produced in situ by pyrolysis of a pyrolyzable carbonaceous material. There are further disclosed a process and installation for performing the production while using solar energy.

Abstract: An apparatus efficiently produces of particles from gas phase chemical reactions induced by a radiation beam. The apparatus includes a reaction chamber and an elongated reactant inlet, where the reaction chamber is configured to conform generally to the elongated shape of the reactant inlet. Shielding gas may be introduced to form a blanket of inert gas on both sides of the reactant stream. A feed back loop may be used to maintain the desired pressure within the reaction chamber.

Abstract: A packing material for refractory capable of restraining the deterioration of working environment since there is generated no smoke and foul smell even if used for setting preheated submerged nozzles or long nozzles, allowing easy visual observation of fitting operation, and maintaining the packing material deformation suppression performance. A packing material for refractory of the present invention is characterized in that a part or the whole surface of a packing base material for refractory formed from inorganic refractory powder, inorganic and/or organic fibrous raw material, and being agents and/or various types of additives is covered with a metal foil. This packing material may be used together with an inorganic paint or ceramic fiber sheet, and when so used, the metal foil is to be applied to the outermost surface thereof. In addition, a metal foil having recessed and raised portions thereof may be used.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for reclaiming metal chips formed while machining metal castings to their finished shape. The apparatus includes a stationary charging tube extending in a generally perpendicular direction from the charge well of a reverbratory furnace. The lower end of the charging tube is attached to a box-shaped structure which has an open bottom. The sides of the structure extend into a pool of molten metal contained in the charge well. A variable rate feeder provides a continuous supply of metal chips to the charging tube at a rate which is essentially the same as the rate at which the chips are being produced. The chips form a column within the charging tube which extends through the box-shaped structure and into the pool of molten metal. As the chips at the bottom of the column are melted, additional chips are added to the top, forcing the bottom of the column of chips into the pool of molten metal.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for continuously producing metals such as zirconium, hafnium, titanium, niobium, vanadium, silicon and tantalum. The corresponding metal halide is reacted with a metallic reducing agent such as aluminum, calcium, magnesium and sodium in a reactor where the reaction takes place at a temperature where the metal reducing agent is below its vaporization temperature and where the metal halide is above its vaporization temperature. The metal formed by the reaction is recovered from the reactor by collecting it in a pool of molten product metal contained in a cold wall induction heated receptacle in the reactor from which the metal product is removed.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for producing a high-melting-point and high-toughness metal, comprising: reducing a high-melting point and high-toughness metal chloride with an activated metal to form a high-melting-point and high-toughness sponge metal in a reducing vessel arranged sideways relative to a condensing vessel, wherein the condensing vessel is integrally connected to the reducing vessel through a conduit, and at least one of the reducing vessel and/or the condensing vessel is supported so as to move with thermal expansion of said conduit; and measuring a weight-change of the vessel supported so as to move with thermal expansion of the conduit to estimate the degree of progress of a separating and recovering process on the basis of the detected weight-change when nonreacted activated metal and its chloride remaining in the sponge metal formed in the reducing vessel are recovered into the condensing vessel by vacuum separation.

Abstract: A sublimer-reactor system for reducing Group IVB metals with magnesium has a sublimer spaced from a reactor with a gas flow control valve in piping interconnecting them. A load cell weighs the feed in the sublimer and outputs a signal to the control valve to control the vapor flow of feed vapors to the reactor.

Abstract: A retort assembly comprises a retort defining a first chamber for containing zirconium tetrachloride. A crucible having a generally vertical sidewall defines a second chamber for containing magnesium and the reaction products. A vapor passageway extends from an inlet in the first chamber to an outlet in the second chamber. A diffusion means is disposed in the second chamber adjacent the outlet of the vapor passageway for diffusing vapor toward the sidewall of the crucible. The diffusion of vapors toward the sidewall of the crucible creates turbulence in the area of the crucible sidewall and a liquid circulation pattern which is downward along the crucible sidewall. Sponge discs produced under these conditions develop inwardly of the sidewall of the crucible, have less iron and are more compact than are sponge discs produced in prior art assemblies. Also, the skull losses are lower.

Abstract: The invention concerns a process for the production of metal Zr by means of molten Mg in a reactor 1 having a hearth plate 3, comprising separating the magnesium chloride formed in the reduction reaction from the metal Zr formed. The process is characterized by separating the magnesium chloride formed by tapping off towards the bottom of the reactor 1 by means of a chimney 6 whose bottom end portion 5 is fixed to an orifice 4 in the hearth plate 3 and whose transverse open top end 7 is above the portion of the metallic mass Zr, Mg which borders the chimney 6 at the end of the reduction reaction. The invention also concerns the corresponding apparatus for the production of metal zirconium. The invention provides a simplification in the operation of separating the MgCl.sub.2 formed and possibly, by virtue of a particular structure of the chimney according to the invention, gives an improvement in the operation of extracting the sponge cake produced.

Abstract: A process for preparing alloyed or non-alloyed, reactive metals by reaction of halides thereof, in particular chlorides, with a reducing agent at a temperature higher than the melting temperature of the metal to be developed, comprises solidifying the developed metal while maintaining in the reaction zone wherein the reduction proceeds, a layer of this metal in the liquid state, at a temperature higher than the boiling or sublimation temperature of the other reaction products at the pressure at which the reduction develops, these other reaction products being substantially continuously discharged in the gaseous state.

Abstract: The invention concerns a process for the production of metal Zr by means of molten Mg in a reactor (1) having a hearth plate (3), comprising separating the magnesium chloride formed in the reduction reaction from the metal Zr formed and the magnesium, then cooling, then extracting the sponge cake of metal Zr formed. The process is characterized by separating the magnesium chloride formed by tapping off towards the bottom of the reactor (1) by means of a chimney (6) whose bottom end portion (5) is fixed to an orifice (4) in the hearth plate (3) and whose transverse open top end (7) is above the portion of the metallic mass (Zr, Mg) which borders the chimney (6) at the end of the reduction reaction.The invention also concerns the corresponding apparatus for the production of metal zirconium.The invention provides a simplification in the operation of separating the MgCl.sub.

Abstract: This is a process for producing high quality zirconium or hafnium sponge. It is especially useful for producing the very high purity zirconium which may be used to line the inner surface zirconium of Zircaloy tubing for nuclear fuel rods. The process uses a combination reduction-distillation vessel which is directly fed with zirconium or hafnium tetrachloride from a molten salt sublimer. A precharge of magnesium chloride is used to prevent reduction of metal outside the inner liner, and thereby facilitate removal of the inner liner after reduction and distillation. The agitator for the molten salt sublimer preferably utilizes a molten metal seal around the agitator shaft.

Abstract: Molybdenum trioxide in granular or powder form is reduced to molybdenum metal by stagewise fluid bed reduction wherein molybdenum trioxide is reduced to molybdenum dioxide using ammonia as the fluidizing-reducing gas at 400.degree. C. to 650.degree. C. and molybdenum dioxide is reduced to metal using hydrogen as the fluidizing-reducing gas at 700.degree. C. to 1400.degree. C. The content of impurities such as lead, zinc, bismuth and copper is reduced during the process.

Abstract: This is a method for reducing the chlorides of zirconium, hafnium, or titanium. It utilizes a solidified magnesium (or sodium) chloride matrix in which chunks of the product metal are contained as a seal on the bottom of the reduction vessel. A withdrawal mechanism is used in conjunction with a cooling means (e.g. water jacket) to slowly withdraw the product metal chunks in the salt matrix. This invention makes possible the operation of the reduction process as a continuous process.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for producing purified refractory metal from a chloride thereof, comprising: a conversion/evaporation chamber, defined by a first substantially cylindrical vessel means and a first detachable top thereover, said top comprising therewithin an axially extending cell with an opening at a bottom thereof, a cavity with a flanged outlet to serve as a path for effluent vapor, further, a gas jacket and a water jacket arranged close to said cell and cavity for temperature control, and a valve arranged in the cavity for regulation of vapor flow, a tube so arranged as to movable vertically and to extend along the axis of the top for feeding the chloride to magnesium as fused and held in said chamber, a closure arranged around and movable together with said tube for regulating the opening of the cell, a furnace means which surrounds to heat said chamber, a condensation chamber, defined by a second substantially cylindrical vessel means and a second detachable top thereover, said top having a cav

Abstract: A combination reduction, distillation, reducing metal recovery furnace and process of using the same comprising a pair of vertically displaced vessels in fluid communication wherein the upper vessel contains a perforated inner liner and means to at least periodically charge the top of the vessel with the metal salt to be reduced and a reducing metal, and wherein the lower vessel has a means to periodically withdraw the molten reducing metal salt produced by the redox reaction occurring within the furnace. By initially charging the furnace with sufficient reducing metal salt to establish a liquid level to provide a liquid seal above the bottom of the inner liner and by maintaining this level during the redox reaction, the inner liner can be filled with solid phase reduced metal produced by the reaction (and no reduced metal is produced outside of the liner).

Abstract: An improved apparatus for preparation of high-melting-point high-toughness metals comprising a reaction chamber in which a halide of said metal is reacted with an active metal and the remaining active metal and the produced active metal halide are vaporized and a condensation chamber in which vapors of the remaining active metal and the active metal halide are condensed is disclosed. The apparatus comprises a reaction chamber and a condensation chamber as described above both of which are provided with a neck having a passage-closing means of the seal pot structure, and the two chambers are placed in parallel in the upright position and are connected with a horizontal connecting duct.

Abstract: This is a control method for large scale batch reduction of zirconium tetrachloride to zirconium metal. Solid zirconium tetrachloride is fed at least periodically into a sublimer and the sublimer heated to vaporize the zirconium tetrachloride. The vaporized zirconium tetrachloride is fed from the sublimer to a reduction vessel and a measurement is made indicative of this feed (e.g., the flow rate or the pressure in the reduction vessel). A condenser is used to conjunction with said sublimer and the temperature of the condenser is controlled to control the feed of the vaporized zirconium tetrachloride. Preferably, a flow restriction is used between the sublimer and the condenser to provide improved control.

Abstract: A hermetically closable and evacuable apparatus for preparing high melting point high toughness metals by reduction of a chloride of said metals comprising a heatable reaction chamber and a coolable condensation chamber provided above the reaction chamber which chambers communicate with each other through an intermediate connecting section, wherein the intermediate connecting section is provided with a seal pot closing means comprising a funnel body and a pan which can be opened to form a wide gas passage, is disclosed.

Abstract: In an apparatus for preparation of high-melting-point high-toughness metals by reduction of chlorides thereof with an active metal which comprises a heatable and tightly closable reaction chamber, an evacuable and coolable condensation chamber for separating the unreacted active metal and the formed chloride of the active metal from the formed object metal and an intermediate connecting section for communicating and cutting off the two chambers, the improved apparatus which is characterized in that it comprises a seal pot closing means having a funnel and a pot which is closed by introducing a melt of a fusible and vaporizable material and solidifying it therein, is disclosed.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for producing zirconium by reducing zirconium halides in the presence of a reducing agent and an inert gas. The zirconium halide is mostly reduced while being in the solid state. The apparatus permits successive reduction and vaccum distillation in one batch.

Abstract: Magnesium metal is made by injecting sodium metal beneath the surface of a magma of MgCl.sub.2 and withdrawing molten magnesium metal from the magma surface.

Abstract: This invention relates to a vacuum rotatable tubular furnace for metallothermal reactions comprising an outer housing adapted to be evacuated and having one end thereof a closable filler cap, and a vacuum-tight passage for a shaft on the other end, rotatable tube means in said outer housing, said tube means being open on an end thereof facing said filler cap, and having a shaft connected to the other end of said tube and extending through said housing, a cylindrical reaction chamber mounted in said rotatable tube means symmetrically to the longitudinal axis of the latter, and being detachably connected thereto, said reaction chamber being narrowed on a filling end thereof to a tube having a small lumen and being closed at the other end thereof, a cylindrical evaporation chamber mounted in the area of the filling end of the reaction chamber and being adapted to contain metal effecting a metallothermal reaction, said evaporation chamber having an opening on an end thereof facing said filler cap, heating means o