Abstract: There is provided with a straddle type vehicle. A grip is gripped by a passenger. A sensing device detects an obstacle around the vehicle by using an ultrasonic wave. An electric harness is connected to the sensing device is arranged in the grip is connected to the sensing device through an interior of the grip.

Abstract: A wheel mounting member having a damping structure may include a dropout in which an axle insertion groove is formed at one side of a lower portion thereof, wherein a guide slot may be formed in a predetermined direction at a predetermined distance from the axle insertion groove; a bracket in which a protrusion inserted into the guide slot is formed at a lateral surface thereof; and an elastic member that is inserted into the guide slot and elastically supports the protrusion, wherein the elastic member may absorb impact transmitted to the dropout.

Abstract: A vehicle wheel hub assembly including: an axle assembly that is rotationally stationary about an axial axis; a hub shell rotatable about the axle assembly and about the axial axis; and a frame member to interface with the hub assembly. The axle assembly is secured to the frame member by means of a multi-lead threadable engagement. This threadable engagement may be manipulated between a threadably engaged arrangement to provide a retaining means to retain the hub shell to the frame member and a threadably released arrangement serving to remove the retaining means.

Abstract: A combination for a bicycle includes a one-piece disc brake mount, and a chain stay that forms a portion of a frame of the bicycle. The mount includes: a first protrusion comprising a first elongated shape with a first centrally disposed through-hole; a second protrusion comprising a second elongated shape with a second centrally disposed through-hole; the second through-hole disposed parallel with and spatially apart from the first through-hole; and, an integrally formed web portion fixedly connecting the first protrusion with the second protrusion. The chain stay includes a continuous surface absent any discontinuities in an attachment area configured to receive the mount, wherein the mount is joinable with the chain stay at the attachment area.

Abstract: An assembly for a motorcycle is disclosed which can adjust rake angle and trail on a motorcycle. The assembly includes an inner housing which engages with an outer housing. The outer housing attaches to the frame of a motorcycle and has a first aperture and at least two additional apertures. The inner housing has a pair of angled apertures formed therethrough, a first aperture aligned with the first aperture formed in the outer housing, and at least two additional apertures each of which is capable of being aligned with one of the at least two additional apertures formed in the outer housing. First and second attachment members join the inner housing to the outer housing at a predetermined angle. The assembly also includes a pair of forks capable of supporting an axle on which a front wheel is mounted. Each of the pair of forks has a first end which passes through one of the pair of angled apertures formed in the inner housing. The pair of angled apertures establishes the rake angle for the motorcycle.

Abstract: Attachment and detachment work of a detachable part is facilitated, while achieving secure attachment thereof, in a part attachment structure of straddle type vehicle including the detachable part attached to a body frame. A seat supporting member includes a base portion spanning paired right and left seat frames, and paired right and left extension portions, which are displaceable in the lateral direction, and extend in the longitudinal direction along the paired right and left seat frames, respectively, from the base portion; the base portion is fixed by being fastened to a body frame; each of the paired right and left extension portions includes an upper locking portion, both lateral locking portions, and a lower locking portion; and the lock on the seat frames is engaged or released by only moving the extension portions in two directions.

Abstract: A vehicle wheel axle assembly comprises an axle element with a first outer face and a second outer face and a clamping assembly including a clamping element and a gripping element. The gripping element includes an axially inwardly facing grip face and an axially outwardly facing pressure face. The clamping element includes a helical threaded portion and an axially inwardly facing clamping face. The clamping assembly includes an elastically resilient element to axially bias said grip face to be axially inward and distal from said clamp face. The pressure face is axially inboard of the clamping face. The gripping element is rotatable relative to said clamping element. The clamping element is rotationally coupled to the gripping element by a coupling means at a coupling interface.

Abstract: An adjustable quick release system and mechanism for use with a bicycle frame, a unicycle frame or other frame is disclosed. An embodiment of an adjustable quick release mechanism may comprise a housing, a spacer, a tubular nut, a cam system, and a lever.

Abstract: Adjustable boat seat handles are described. A described apparatus comprises a handle including a first portion rotatably coupled to a second portion via a pin disposed through corresponding bores of the first and second portions, where the first portion includes a hand grip, and the second portion is operatively coupled to an adjustment mechanism, where the first portion rotates in a first direction to fold relative to the second portion and the first and second portions rotate together in a second direction to operate the adjustment mechanism.

Abstract: A bicycle wheel securing structure comprises a wheel securing axle and a wheel securing bolt. The wheel securing axle has a first end and a second end. The wheel securing bolt has a bolt shaft and a bolt head. The bolt shaft is coupled to one of the first and second ends of the wheel securing axle. The wheel securing bolt has a frame engageable surface extending in a peripheral direction of the bolt head and is configured to be non-rotatably engaged with a bicycle frame.

Abstract: A combination structure of bicycle frame and motor hub includes a bicycle frame, a motor hub, and an elongated axle. One can extend, from one side of the bicycle frame, the elongated axle through a through hole of the bicycle frame and the motor hub, and then with one hand, a tail end of the elongated axle can be fastened into an internal thread hole of the bicycle frame. This will facilitate assembly of the components of the motor hub and the bicycle frame. Besides, when screwing or unscrewing the elongated axle, since the elongated axle has passed through the through hole and the internal thread hole opposing each other at the bicycle frame, the motor hub will not fall accidentally, and convenience can be assured for maintenance staff during proceeding of maintenance work.

Abstract: The invention relates to the guiding of lines, or cables, on a two-wheeled vehicle frame. The guiding is carried out with a guide device on a frame element on which an additional frame element is movably supported in such a way that the line essentially intersects the rotational axis of the bearing.

Abstract: A bicycle frame comprising a front triangle and a rear triangle. The front triangle comprises, in turn, the following tubular elements: a seat tube; a top tube; a down tube; and a steering tube. Whereas the rear triangle comprises, in turn, the following tubular elements:—two inclined seat stays and two horizontal chain stays. The frame is characterized in that the elements comprised in the front triangle are manufactured as one single piece, and in that the two chain stays are joined to said front triangle by means of a bushing, which is inserted into a seat, which is obtained in correspondence to a bottom bracket axle.

Abstract: A bicycle frame with removable dropouts includes a bicycle frame having a left seat stay and a left chain stay joined at a left junction, and a right seat stay and a right chain stay joined at a right junction. A left dropout is removably connected to the bicycle frame at the left junction, the left dropout including a body defining an opening for receiving a rear wheel. A right dropout is removably connected to the bicycle frame at the right junction, the right dropout including a body defining an opening for receiving the rear wheel.

Abstract: A bicycle frame having a first frame section carrying a handle bar assembly and a front wheel assembly; a second frame section carrying a crank unit and a rear wheel assembly; a first primary connecting arm carried by said first frame section being received into a second primary connecting arm carried by said second frame section, wherein said first primary connecting arm is telescopically carried by said second primary connecting arm for extending and retracting said first frame section relative to said second frame section; a mounting plate included in said second frame section extending over said rear wheel assembly; a plate suspension member included in said second frame section connecting said mounting plate to said rear wheel assembly for controlling relative motion between said mounting plate and said rear wheel assembly. A rider platform is carried by said mounting plate for accommodating a rider.

Abstract: A bicycle including a main frame, a front wheel mounted for rotation relative to the main frame. a rear dropout, and a rear wheel mounted for rotation relative to the rear dropout about an axis. The rear wheel defines a center plane of the bicycle and is driven by a chain. The bicycle also includes a seat stay coupling the rear dropout to the main frame. The seat stay has an inner surface facing the rear wheel and an outer surface facing away from the rear wheel. The seat stay includes a steep portion having an outer surface disposed at a steep angle of between about 25 degrees and about 75 degrees relative to the center plane, and at least a portion of the steep portion is disposed outboard of the chain.

Abstract: A motorcycle is disclosed. The motorcycle includes a link member, a coupling rod, a first lever and a second lever. The link member is rotatably connected to a second end of a rear suspension via a first shaft, and is rotatably connected to a rear arm via a second shaft. A second end portion of the coupling rod is connected to a third shaft so as to rotate together with the third shaft. The first lever is connected to the third shaft so as to rotate together with the third shaft. The second lever is rotatably connected to the second shaft, and restricts the rotation of the first lever when engaged with the first lever. The second lever is provided with a torsion spring for providing a force for rotating the second lever around the second shaft.

Abstract: Bicycle frames having rear stays that extend past the seat region and connect directly to the top region without being rigidly connected to the seat region. Some bicycle frames according to the present disclosure have a greater vertical compliance than comparably sized standard diamond frames having seat stays that are connected directly and rigidly to a seat tube.

Abstract: A shock-absorbing seat stay for a bicycle includes a seat tube connecting mount having a first coupling portion with a first through hole, an extension member, a shock-absorbing member and a fastening unit. The extension member has a second coupling portion with two connecting lugs each having a second through hole in alignment with the first through hole. The shock-absorbing member is made of elastic material and clamped between the first and second coupling portions. The shock-absorbing member is a U-shaped member having two arms each having a third through hole. The fastening unit is inserted in the first through hole, the second though holes and the third through holes to connect the first coupling portion, the second coupling portion and the shock-absorbing member together. The seat stay is light weight and has a proper shock-absorbing function.

Abstract: Stay members to which various parts are to be attached are provided at a rear portion of a motorcycle, and stay supporting portions that support the stay members are provided on a vehicle body frame. The various parts include side bag supporting members and a carrier member. The side bag supporting members and the carrier member are fastened together to the stay members by a plurality of fastening members, and the stay members to which the side bag supporting members and the carrier member are fastened together are fastened to the stay supporting portions.

Abstract: A saddle riding type vehicle without a case body for surrounding rear direction indicators. A rear portion of a motorcycle includes a rear cowl covering sides of a vehicle body frame, a grab rail disposed on vehicle body sides of a rear occupant seat of a tandem seat above the rear cowl, a rear lamp assembly in the rear of the rear occupant seat and a rear mudguard under the rear lamp assembly. The grab rail includes a lower plate and an upper plate attached on the lower plate with the grab rail extending to a rear of the rear occupant seat. A left and a right of the grab rail are integrated with each other to wrap around the rear of the rear occupant seat. The grab rail has an opening portion opened to the rear with the rear lamp assembly being collectively housed in the opening portion.

Abstract: A bicycle sliding dropout comprising a splitting body and a slider slidably engaging the splitting body. The splitting body comprises an inner body and an outer body, the inner and outer bodies being configured to abut each other vertically and matingly engage via a mechanical interface.

Abstract: An insert for a bicycle has a central portion and a contiguous outer portion to form a unitary elongated body, the body being dimensionable by reference to major and minor datum lines, the outer portion forming a flange. The body includes a first outer surface defined by the central portion, and a second opposing outer surface defined by the central portion and the outer portion. The central portion includes a through-hole that extends perpendicularly through the body from the first outer surface to the second outer surface, wherein the hole defines a hole axis. The central portion has a non-circular outer profile that encloses the hole axis, and the flange has a non-circular outer profile that encloses the hole axis, the outer profile of the flange being larger than the outer profile of the central portion. The hole is disposed asymmetric with respect to the minor datum line.

Abstract: A rear suspension system for bicycles, such as freeride, downhill and trail-style mountain bikes. The suspension system includes a rear suspension for coupling the rear wheel of the bicycle to the bicycle frame, a rear shock absorber disposed entirely in front of the seat tube of the frame and a linkage for operatively coupling the rear suspension to the rear shock absorber. The linkage intersects the longitudinal axis of the seat tube for transmitting rear suspension forces around the seat tube to the rear shock absorber. The seat tube is preferably continuous and is disposed so that the bicycle seat is adjustable over a full range of seat positions. Additionally, the seat tube and rear suspension system are configured so that the rear wheel and rear suspension will not contact the seat tube, seat, or bicycle rider even when the rear suspension system is in a fully compressed, forward position.

Abstract: A bicycle frame that supports a front wheel and a rear wheel defining a central plane. The bicycle frame includes a head tube, a bottom bracket configured to support a crank assembly, and a bicycle frame portion. The bicycle frame portion includes a leading edge and a trailing edge oriented such that a chord line between the leading edge and the trailing edge defines an angle of incidence greater than zero degrees relative to the central plane.

Abstract: A bicycle including a main frame, a front wheel mounted for rotation relative to the main frame. a rear dropout, and a rear wheel mounted for rotation relative to the rear dropout about an axis. The rear wheel defines a center plane of the bicycle and is driven by a chain. The bicycle also includes a seat stay coupling the rear dropout to the main frame. The seat stay has an inner surface facing the rear wheel and an outer surface facing away from the rear wheel. The seat stay includes a steep portion having an outer surface disposed at a steep angle of between about 25 degrees and about 75 degrees relative to the center plane, and at least a portion of the steep portion is disposed outboard of the chain.

Abstract: An outer tube for a front fork having an FRP pipe body which is subjected to braiding processing using a braider, wherein the FRP pipe comprises a combination of braids interlacing with each other at an interlacing angle ±?° with respect to a center axis of the pipe and warp fibers having an angle 0° with respect to the pipe center axis, rigidity of the plurality of warp fibers disposed at positions in a circumferential direction of the pipe is varied depending upon the positions in the circumferential direction of the pipe, and bending rigidity of the FRP pipe in the longitudinal direction is varied in the circumferential direction of the pipe.

Abstract: A locking collar capable of coupling a hub-and-axle subassembly to a fork dropout of a bicycle for locking an antifriction bearing in place includes an outward pressed surface adapted to confront a pressing surface of the fork dropout, an inward abutting surface adapted to confront the antifriction bearing, an axially extending female threaded surface adapted to be screwed on a threaded end segment of an axle, a tubular extension extending from the outward pressed surface to be insertable into the fork dropout, and a plurality of circumferentially extending rib segments which are disposed on the outward pressed surface to be in pressing engagement with the pressing surface of the fork dropout in a tightened state.

Abstract: A movable vehicle includes a first frame member, a second frame member, and a biasing mechanism. The first frame member includes a front wheel and a handlebar configured to turn the front wheel in various directions. The second frame member has at least one rear wheel and is coupled to the first frame member such that the first frame member can rotate with respect to the second frame member. The biasing mechanism is operatively coupled to the first and second frame members and biases the front wheel in a preferred direction, such as a straight direction. The biasing mechanism may include a resilient gasket and a cavity having at least partially corresponding polygonal cross sections.

Abstract: A bicycle that includes a main frame, a front wheel mounted for rotation relative to the main frame, a rear dropout, and a rear wheel mounted for rotation relative to the rear dropout. The rear wheel defines a center plane of the bicycle. The bicycle further includes a rear stay that couples the rear dropout to the main frame. The rear stay has an inner surface facing the rear wheel and an outer surface facing away from the rear wheel. The rear stay includes a steep portion having an outer surface at a steep angle of between about 25 degrees and about 75 degrees relative to the center plane.

Abstract: A suspension linkage that produces a rearward arcing wheel path, comprising of either single or paired pivotally connected members. Cross linked trailing arm members attach pivotally to the frame and a rearmost vertical contact mounting point member with the mounting point for the rear wheel axle, ski or skid protruding below the cross linked trailing arms. This offers benefit for vehicle navigating rough terrain at high speed. The present invention provides a suspension linkage that produces a more rearward arcing wheel path than could be produced by a single pivot placed within the same physical bounds as the pivot points of the invention and introduces desirable ride effects related to accelerating and braking.

Abstract: A bicycle wheel carrier assembly is equipped with a rim brake with pads (5) which is built into the structure of the carrier assembly. The pad-type rim brake includes two actuating arms (3) and two pad-bearing brake arms (4). Each actuating arm (3) associated with a pad-bearing brake arm (4) is articulated in a recess of the structure of the carrier assembly between a first position in which it is retracted within the structure and a second position providing access to the pad-bearing brake arm (4).

Abstract: Multiple pivot points on a bicycle frame provide for automatic adjustment of the saddle of the bicycle during usage of the bicycle within a range of positions. The bicycle will normally position the saddle in a neutral position area of the range of positions during steady pedaling over level ground. During sprinting the bicycle will position the saddle in a sprinting position area of the range of positions where the saddle raises and moves forward to maintain contact with the rider to support the rider. During downhill riding the bicycle will position the saddle in a downhill position area of the range of positions where the saddle drops and moves rearward while supporting the rider. A saddle locking assembly permit the rider to prevent the saddle from raising to permit the rider to raise off of the saddle when desired.

Abstract: A bicycle shock absorber and methods for differentiating between rider-induced forces and terrain-induced forces includes a first fluid chamber having fluid contained therein, a piston for compressing the fluid within the fluid chamber, a second fluid chamber coupled to the first fluid chamber by a fluid communication hose, and an inertial valve disposed within the second fluid chamber. The inertial valve opens in response to terrain-induced forces and provides communication of fluid compressed by the piston from the first fluid chamber to the second fluid chamber. The inertial valve does not open in response to rider-induced forces.

Abstract: The invention describes a portion of a bicycle assembly that allows for a wheel hub width adjustment using replaceable dropouts of varying widths or arrangements with spacers. Alternative forms allow different arrangements for varying the wheel hub assembly without changing the dropout either by moving the dropouts relative to the mounting lugs or having extendable dropout arrangements. In addition, the dropout can have fastener holes at different locations to adjust the height of the bicycle frame relative to the ground. Moreover, the dropout can have additional fastener holes to prevent rotation of the dropout.

Abstract: A bicycle comprising a front triangle and a rear wheel having a rear wheel axis, a rear wheel suspension system further comprising a link further comprising a first pivotal axis for connection to said front triangle and a second pivotal axis for connection to a rear wheel swingarm, wherein the distance from said second pivotal axis to a first vertical plane decreases during a first portion of suspension compression and increases during a second portion of suspension compression; and wherein said first vertical plane is defined as a plane which is perpendicular to the ground and offset in the direction of the rear wheel with respect to the first and second pivotal axis. During the first portion of suspension compression and during the second portion of suspension compression the front triangle remains stationary with respect to the first vertical plane.

Abstract: Disclosed are various embodiments of a mountain bike frame and method of making a mountain bike frame where a rear suspension shock absorber is configured to compress when a rear triangle moves upwardly with respect to a force channelling top tube and a seat tube. At least portions of forces generated by upward movement of the rear triangle with respect to the force channelling top tube and the seat tube are transmitted through elongated front and rear torque conversion devices to the shock absorber, a shock absorber mount and the force channelling top tube. An upper portion of the front torque conversion device and a rear portion of the rear torque conversion device, when the mountain bike frame is viewed from a right side view, each rotate in a clockwise direction when the rear triangle moves upwardly with respect to the force channelling top tube and the seat tube.

Abstract: A continuous, one-piece bicycle frame end includes a forward portion and a rearward portion, wherein the forward portion extends from a chain stay and a seat stay, and wherein the rearward portion extends rearward from the forward portion. The frame end defines an axle receiving opening dimensioned to receive a bicycle wheel axle therein to rotate around a rotational axis. The axle receiving opening is intersected by a horizontal axis of a Cartesian coordinate system, wherein the axle receiving opening forms the origin of the Cartesian coordinate system, and the zero axis of the Cartesian coordinate system is the portion of the horizontal axis forward of the origin. A derailleur-attachment structure is located from approximately 180° to approximately 240° in the Cartesian coordinate system.

Abstract: An improved bicycle rear drop out assembly combined with a flexible power transmission means, such as a chain or belt. The assembly consists of plates allowing installation through the bicycle's support frame stays and tensioning of the flexible power transmission device. When fastening the plates together the receiving gap the belt was installed in is closed and concurrently the plates are secured in the desired location for optimal operation of a belt drive system to power the wheel.

Abstract: A bicycle including a front wheel, a rear wheel, and a frameset supported by the front wheel and the rear wheel. The rear wheel includes a first end cap and a second end cap, and each end cap has an aligned hole extending through the end cap. The rear wheel includes an axle that is positioned in the holes in the end caps and that defines an axial direction. The frameset includes a first dropout and a second dropout, each including an opening. The axle is positioned in the opening of each dropout. Each drop out has a lip that defines a slot aligned with and larger than the openings. Each of the lips is dimensioned to receive a corresponding end cap of the rear wheel. The lip of the first dropout has an axial length less than the lip of the second dropout.

Abstract: A bicycle comprising a front triangle and a rear wheel having a rear wheel axis, a rear wheel suspension system further comprising a link further comprising a first pivotal axis for connection to said front triangle and a second pivotal axis for connection to a rear wheel swingarm, wherein the distance from said second pivotal axis to a first vertical plane decreases during a first portion of suspension compression and increases during a second portion of suspension compression; and wherein said first vertical plane is defined as a plane which is perpendicular to the ground and offset in the direction of the rear wheel with respect to the first and second pivotal axis. During the first portion of suspension compression and during the second portion of suspension compression the front triangle remains stationary with respect to the first vertical plane.

Abstract: A bicycle including a front wheel, a rear wheel, and a frameset supported by the front wheel and the rear wheel. The rear wheel includes a first end cap and a second end cap, and each end cap has an aligned hole extending through the end cap. The rear wheel includes an axle that is positioned in the holes in the end caps and that defines an axial direction. The frameset includes a first dropout and a second dropout, each including an opening. The axle is positioned in the opening of each dropout. Each drop out has a lip that defines a slot aligned with and larger than the openings. Each of the lips is dimensioned to receive a corresponding end cap of the rear wheel. The lip of the first dropout has an axial length less than the lip of the second dropout.

Abstract: A bicycle rear suspension system includes a front part including a top tube, a down tube, a head tube and a seat tube. A rear part of the bicycle rear suspension system includes two seat stays and two chain stays. The seat stays have first ends pivotally connected to the dropouts on the first ends of the chain stays and two second ends pivotally connected to a first end of a connection member at a first pivot point. Two second ends of the chain stays are pivotally connected to a bridge between the down tube and the seat tube. A second end of the connection member is pivotally connected to the top tube. A cylinder has a first end pivotally connected to the bridge and a second end pivotally connected to a mediate portion of the connection member at a second pivot point.

Abstract: The invention relates to suspension systems comprising, in certain embodiments, a pivoting means concentric to a wheel rotation axis so that braking forces can be controlled by placement of an instant force center, and so that acceleration forces can be controlled by a swinging wheel link.

Abstract: An aerodynamic braking system is disclosed herein. In particular, the brake arms may define an aerodynamic leading portion or edge and may be integrated into the legs of the front fork. Also, the brake arms may be disposed behind the bottom bracket shell to take the rear brake out of the air flow path and reduce aerodynamic drag. The rear brake arms are tapered so that the brake arms remain sufficient stiff to provide sufficient brake response times. The rear brake arms may be matched to recesses formed on an underside of chain stays.

Abstract: This application relates to rear suspension system for bicycles, such as freeride, downhill and trail-style mountain bikes. The suspension system includes a rear suspension for coupling the rear wheel of the bicycle to the bicycle frame, a rear shock absorber disposed entirely in front of the seat tube of the frame and a linkage for operatively coupling the rear suspension to the rear shock absorber. The linkage intersects the longitudinal axis of the seat tube for transmitting rear suspension forces around the seat tube to the rear shock absorber. The seat tube is preferably continuous and is disposed so that the bicycle seat is adjustable over a full range of seat positions. The seat tube orientation ensures that the seat is movable between optimum biomechanical positions for both uphill pedaling and aggressive downhill freeriding.

Abstract: A motorcycle includes a swing arm swingably provided on a body frame, a wheel rotatably provided at an end part of the swing arm, a disk plate attached to the wheel, a caliper bracket provided on the body frame side of the vehicle, a disk brake caliper provided on the caliper bracket, and a wheel speed sensor attached to the caliper bracket. The wheel speed sensor is disposed between the swing arm and the wheel. The wheel speed sensor and the swing arm overlap one other in a side view of the vehicle.

Abstract: A twenty-nine inch wheel bicycle frame includes substantially rigid front and rear triangles that are pivotally connected to one another by a pair of linkages. The frame is designed so that chain tension urges the linkages to pivot in opposite directions, while bumps urge the linkages to pivot in the same direction.

Abstract: A bicycle wheel dropout assembly that includes a split component axle mount assembly. An inboard and an outboard component of the axle mount assembly cooperate with overlapping portions of a respective seat stay and chain stay and are rotatably engaged therewith. An axle passes between adjacent mount assemblies and is offset with respect to an axis of rotation of the respective mount assemblies. The axle mount assemblies secure the overlapping portions of the seat stay and the chain stay relative to one another and support the axle in a manner that is convenient for drive train maintenance and/or servicing.

Abstract: Described are dropout assemblies for bicycles, which include a receiver and a dropout. The dropout assemblies can allow a single bicycle frame to be compatible with various drivetrains, wheels and other components and accessories. The receiver may include inner and outer mounting surfaces on which a dropout may be mounted. The dropout may include first and second mounting surfaces formed to be mounted on the inner or outer mounting surfaces of the receiver. The axle spacing may be adjusted by mounting of either the first or second surface of the dropout on the inner or outer surface of the receiver.